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HomeMy WebLinkAbout6450 RESOLUTION NO. 6450 A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF ARCADIA, CALIFORNIA, SUPPORTING THE 2004 NATURAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN WHEREAS, the City of Arcadia recognizes that on October 30, 2000, the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 ("DMA") was signed into law, amending provisions of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief Act of 1988; and WHEREAS, the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-390) states that for a community to receive pre-disaster and post-disaster funds and Federal Emergency Management Funds, a Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan (''NHMP'') must be submitted to the California Office of Emergency Services and the Federal Emergency Management Agency ("FEMA"), and the failure to submit a plan wi)) disqualify a community from receiving disaster assistance; and WHEREAS, the DMA reinforces the importance of pre-disaster infrastructure mitigation planning to reduce disaster losses nationwide because it focuses on planning and recognizes the significance of hazard mitigation planning at the local level, and the necessity for effective coordination between state and local entities to promote an integrated, comprehensive approach to mitigation planning; and 1 6450 \ WHEREAS, the DMA requires local agencies like the City of Arcadia to develop a mitigation plan that includes a detailed City profile and identification of specific threats and vulnerabilities within the City, and which sets forth specific mitigating measures to address such threats and vulnerabilities; and WHEREAS, the DMA requires detailed documentation of all actions, meetings, studies, and directives undertaken in furtherance of the DMA plan; and WHEREAS, the DMA includes new criteria for local mitigation planning, including the development and submittal of mitigation plans as a condition to receiving Natural Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funds; and WHEREAS, the City of Arcadia has met all federal requirements of the Stafford Act and applicable amendments, and has further met all requirements of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, including development of a Natural Disaster Mitigation Plan, through public participation and Steering Committee establishment, and development of a maintenance program for annual plan review and federal plan review every five (5) years. NOW, THEREFORE, THE CrTY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF ARCADIA, CALIFORNIA, DOES HEREBY RESOLVE AS FOLLOWS: SECTION I. Pursuant to the foregoing recitations, the following findings and deternrinations are hereby made: 2 6450 1. The City of Arcadia's Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan is subject to a stalutory exemption pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines, Section 15262 because it is a feasibility and planning study; 2. The City Council expresses its full support for, and willingness to devote appropriate resources to, the DMA program and the adoption of a DMA plan for the City; and 3, The City Council supports the active participation of all interested agencies, departments, community groups, and the public with respect to the DMA program. SECTION 2. The Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan is consistent with the City's General Phm in that it implements the following Public Safety Element Goals, Objectives, and Policies: I. Establishment and enforcement of standards and criteria to reduce unacceptable levels of fire and geologic risk; 2. Development of stringent site criteria for construction in areas with fire and/or geologic risks and/or problems and prohibition of construction if these criteria are not met; 3 6450 3. Encouragement of continued research in the fields of geologic and fire safety; 4. Strengthening of existing codes and ordinances pertaining to fire and geologic hazards; 5. Requirement that all new developments and selected existing developments comply with established fire and geologic safety standards; 6. rmprovement of programs and practices for dealing with land subsidence and erosion; 7. Expansion of public education programs pertaining to fire. and geologic risks and/or problems; 8. Encouragement of improved fire and geologic hazard Insurance programs; 9, Review and improvement of disaster preparedness and emergency response capabilities; and lO.Increase in cooperation and coordination between the vanous jurisdictions and agencies involved m fire protection and the mitigation of geologic problems. 4 6450 SECTION 3. The City Council hereby approves and adopts the City of Arcadia 2004 Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan, as set forth in Attachment "A", attached hereto and incorporated herein as part of this Resolution. SECTION 5. The City Clerk shall certify the adoption of this Resolution. Passed, approved and adopted this 7th day of December , 2004. ~Ai~' ~~~ yor the CitY of Arcadia ATTEST: ~, /JPL ity Clerk ---- -- APPROVED AS TO FORM: ~p,~ City Attorney 5 6450 STATE OF CALIFORNIA ) COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES ) SS: CrTY OF ARCADIA ) I, JAMES H. BARROWS, City Clerk of the City of Arcadia, hereby certifies that the foregoing Resolution No. 6450 was passed and adopted by the City Council of the City of Arcadia, signed by the Mayor and attested to by the City Clerk at a regular meeting of said Council held on the 7th day of December, 2004 and that said Resolution was adopted by the fo]]owing vote, to wit: A YES: Council Member Chandler, Marsha]], Segal, Wuo and Kovacic NOES: None ABSENT: None ~c- /~ ~ ity Clerk of the City of Area la 6 6450 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ',-'C,.:> -, - ~ Ci,ty of> ArJcadla Natural Hazard Mitiga~tion Pla.D ARCADJIA Adopted on December 7, 2004 A H-&iGh iVlQ.nt A I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I STAFF REPORT Fire Department DATE: December 7, 2004 FROM: Mayor and City Council David R. Lugo, Fire Chief pI By: Heather McDowell, Management Analyst Kenneth J. Marston, Battalion Chief David Odell, Captain TO: SUBJECT: Report and Recommendation to Approve Resolution No. 6450 Supporting the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan in Compliance with the Disaster Mitigation Act of2000 (DMA 2000). Recommendation: Adopt Resolution SUMMARY This report requests City Council approval of the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan. This plan was developed as a result of new requirements from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to establish such a plan as a prerequisite to receipt of hazard mitigation funding and/or other public assistance following a significant disaster. Staff recommends that the City Council adopt Resolution No. 6450 Approving the City of Arcadia's 2004 Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan, BACKGROUND The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) amended the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (the Act) by repealing the previous mitigation planning section and replacing it with Section 322. The new laws establish the mitigation planning requirements for local governments and require that in order to remain eligible to receive federal funding for both pre-disaster and post-disaster mitigation project funding, a local government must have a FEMA approved Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan (NHMP) written in accordance with Section 322 of the Act. I I I ., I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Mayor and City Council December 7, 2004 Page 3 The major objectives sited in the 2004 Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan are to protect life and property, increase public awareness, support natural systems that assist the balance of land use planning with natural hazard mitigation efforts, create community partnerships, and .to strengthen emergency services within the community. The report itself is over 100 pages in length, excluding appendices and maps. Due to its size, it was not feasible to make copies and is available for review in the City Manager's office, City Clerk's office, and at the Library. The resources and information cited in the mitigation plan provide a strong local perspective and help identify strategies and activities to make Arcadia more disaster resilient. Furthermore, adoption of the NHMP by the local jurisdiction's governing body is one of the prime requirements for approval of the plan by FEMA. FISCAL IMPACT Adoption of Resolution No, 6450 has no fiscal impact to the City. Arcadia will have the opportunity to implement recommended mitigation action items through existing programs and procedures. Failure to adopt a Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan will forfeit the City of Arcadia's eligibility of federal funding for disaster assistance, RECOMMENDA nON It is recommended that the City Council endorse Resolution No, 6450 approving the City of Arcadia's 2004 Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan. Approved: ~ lk:l~ William R. Kelly, City Manager I I I I I I . I I I I I I .) I I I I I WHEREAS, the DMA requires local agencies like the City of Arcadia to develop a mitigation plan that includes a detailed City profile and identification of specific threats and vulnerabilities within the City, and which sets forth specific mitigating measures to address such threats and vulnerabilities; and WHEREAS, the DMA requires detailed documentation of all actions, meetings, studies, and directives undertaken in furtherance of the DMA plan; and WHEREAS, the DMA includes new criteria for local mitigation planning, including the development and submittal of mitigation plans as a condition to receiving Natural Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funds; and WHEREAS, the City of Arcadia has met all federal requirements of the Stafford Act and applicable amendments, and has further met an requirements of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, including development of a Natural Disaster Mitigation Plan, through public participation and Steering Committee establishment, and development of a maintenance program for annual plan review and federal plan review every five (5) years. NOW, THEREFORE, THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF ARCADIA, CALIFORNIA, DOES HEREBY RESOLVE AS FOLLOWS: SECTION 1. Pursuant to the foregoing recitations, the following findings and determinations are hereby made: 2 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . I I I 3. Encouragement of continued research in the fields of geologic and fire safety; 4. Strengthening of existing codes and ordinances pertaining to fire and geologic hazards; 5. Requirement that all new developments and selected existing developments comply with established fire and geologic safety standards; 6. Improvement of programs and practices for dealing with land subsidence and erosion; 7. Expansion of public education programs pertaining to fire and geologic risks and/or problems; 8. Encouragement of improved fire and geologic hazard msurance programs; 9. Review and improvement of disaster preparedness and emergency response capabilities; and IO.Increase in cooperation and coordination between the vanous jurisdictions and agencies involved 111 fire protection and the mitigation of geologic problems. 4 I I I I I I I I I I I I . I I I I I I Novemcer 3. 2004 (9:00PM) 2 Arcadia's fmal DMA2k I I I I I I I ,J I I I I I I . . I I I Notes of Special Recognition and Profound Appreciation: The Disaster Management Area Coordinators of Los Angeles County owe no small debt of gratitude to Clackamas County Oregon and its Natural Hazards Mitigation Committee. Vicki Harguth, the County's Emergency Management Coordinator and Cindy Kolomechuck, their Hazard Mitigation Specialist graciously shared their plan with us and allowed us to use it as a basis for our working plan template. While there are sometimes interesting differences between the climate and topography of Clackamas County, Oregon and the greater Los Angeles basin, the plan was so well organized and it was easily adapted to suit the needs of the independent cities of Los Angeles County. The generosity of Clackamas County and its emergency management personnel is typical of the spirit of cooperation that pervades the emergency management profession. We also availed ourselves of data, reports and plans from a variety of cities, counties and states from across the country as part of the research in preparing this template plan. Thank you to all those agencies who are so generous to their colleagues in the emergency management profession. The work of many of these agencies is cited in Section I. NovemtJer 3. 200", (9:00PM) 3 Arcadia's Final DMA2K "l I I I I I I I I I I , I I I I I I I Special Thanks & Acknowledgments Project Steering Committee: - City of Arcadia Fire Departmen. - City of Arcadia Police Department - City of Arcadia Administrative Services Department - City of Arcadia Public Works Services Department - City of Arcadia Recreation Services and Community Services Department - City of Arcadia Development Services Department - Office of Disaster Management, Area D: Brenda Hunemiller, Coordinator - Office of Disaster Management, Area E: Fan Abel, Coordinator - Office of Disaster Management, Area G: Mike Martinet, Executive Director - Los Angeles County Office of Emergency Management: Constance Perett, Manager - California Division of Forestry - Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region IX - Governor's Office of Emergency Services Project Manager: Battalion Chief Kenneth J. Marston, Arcadia Fire Department, Emergency Services Coordinator Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Maps: City of Arcadia Public Works GIS developed all of the maps included in this plan. The contributions from this department were essential in illustrating the extent and potential losses associated with the natural hazards affecting the City. - GIS Specialist, City of Arcadia GIS The information on the maps in this plan was derived from City of Arcadia GIS. Care was taken in the creation of these maps, but is provided "as is." City of Arcadia cannot accept any responsibility for any errors, omissions or positional accuracy, and therefore, there are no warranties that accompany these products (the maps). Although information from Land Surveys may have been used in the creation of these products, in no way does this product represent or constitute a Land Survey. Users are cautioned to field verify information on this product before making any decisions. November 3, 2004 (9:00PM) 4 Arcadia's final DMA2k --. I I I I I I I I , I I I I I I I I '.. List of maps Base Map of City (with major roads and highways, rivers) Critical Facilities (Public Safety & Hospitals) *Essential Facilities (all City facilities, schools, commercia) and major retail areas) *Major Hazardous materials handlers *lnfrastructure (watcr & sewer mains, electrical substations, telephone exchanges, petroleum pipelines, railroad lines) Earthquake Fault map (L.A. Basin) Earthquake Fault Map (Local) Liquefaction Areas 100 Year Flood plain Historic Precipitation Chart Dam Inundation Areas Wildland / Urban Interface Areas Landslide Areas Debris Flow Areas Maps of Critical Facilities, Major Hazardous Materials Handlers and Infrastructure are not included, due to security concems post 9-11. Novemtler 3. 2004 (S.COPM) 5 ArcaClla's Final DMA2K "l I I I I I '. I I I I I I I I I I I 'I City of Arcadia Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Index Resolution and Adoption by Council Federal Emergency Management Administration Crosswalk 11 Acknowledgments.. ......................... ... .......... ....... ....... ... .......... ............. ...... ....... ......... ......................4 List 0 f Maps.....................................................................................................................................5 Part I: Mitigation Action Plan Page Executive Summary......................................................................................................................... 7 Section 1: .................................................................................................................. Introduction 19 Section 2: .......................................................................................................Community Profile 27 Section 3: .......................................................................................................... Risk Assessment 36 Section 4: .........................................................................Multi-Hazard Goals and Action Items 40 Section 5: .........................................................................................................Plan Maintenance 51 Part II: Specific Natural Hazards Section 6: .................................................................................................................. Earthquake 6-1 Section 7: ...............................................................Earth Movement (Landslide / Debris Flow) 7-1 Section 8: ............,.. ............................................................................................................ Flood 8-1 Section 9: ...........~:~..........................:............................................................................... Wildfire 9-1 Section I 0: .............................................................................................................. Windstorm 10-1 Part III: Resources Appendix A:............................................................................................... Plan Resource Directory Appendix B: .......................................................................................... Public Participation Process Appendix C: ................................................................................................... Benefit Cost Analysis Appendix D:.......................................................................................................... List of Acronyms Appendix E: ........................................................................................................................ Glossary Maps November 3, 2004 (9:00PM) 6 Arcadia's linal DMA2k I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I 1 Executive Summary: Five -Year Action Plan Matrix The City of Arcadia Natural Hazards Mitigation Action Plan includes resources and information to assist City residents, public and private sector organizations, and others interested in participating in planning for natural hazards. The mitigation plan provides a list of activities that may assist City of Arcadia in reducing risk and preventing loss from future natural hazard events. The action items address multi-hazard issues, as well as activities for earthquakes, earth movements, flooding, tsunamis, wildfires and windstorms. How is tbe Plan Organized? The Mitigation Plan contains a five-year action plan matrix, background on the purpose and methodology used to develop the mitigation plan, a profile of City of Arcadia, sections on six natural hazards that occur within the City, and a number of appendices. All of the sections are described in detail in Section I, the plan introduction. Who Participated in Developing tbe Plan? The City of Arcadia Natural Hazards Mitigation Action Plan is the result of a collaborative effort between City of Arcadia's citizens, public agencies, non-profit organizations, the private sector, and regional and state organizations. Public participation played a key role in development of goals and action items. Interviews were conducted with stakeholders across the City, and two public workshops were held to include City of Arcadia's residents in plan development. A project Steering Committee guided the process of developing the plan. The Steering Committee was comprised of representatives from: City of Arcadia Development Services Department City of Arcadia Administrative Services City of Arcadia Fire Department City of Arcadia Police Department City of Arcadia Recreation Department City of Arcadia Public Works Department Office of Disaster Management, Area D NOllember 3. 2004 (S.OOPM) 7 Arcadia's Final DMA2K . . I I I I I I 'I I I I I I I What is the Plan Mission? The mission of the City of Arcadia Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan is to promote sound public policy designed to protect citizens, critical facilities, infrastructure, private property, and the environment from natural hazards. This can be achieved by increasing public awareness, documenting the resources for risk reduction and loss-prevention, and identifying activities to guide the City towards building a safer, more sustainable community. Wbat are tbe Plan Goals? The plan goals describe the overall direction that City of Arcadia's agencies, organizations, and citizens can take to work toward mitigating risk from natural hazards. The goals are stepping- stones between the broad direction of the mission statement and the specific recommendations outlined in the action items. Protect Life and Property Implement activities that assist in protecting lives by making homes, businesses, infrastructure, critical facilities, and other property more resistant to losses from natural hazards. Reduce losses and repetitive damages for chronic hazard events while promoting insurance coverage for catastrophic hazards. Improve hazard assessment information to make recommendations for discouraging new development in high hazard areas and encouraging preventative measures for existing development in areas vulnerable to natural hazards. Public Awareness Develop and implement education and outreach programs to increase public awareness of the risks associated with natural hazards. Provide information on tools; partnership opportunities, and funding resources to assist in implementing mitigation activities. Natural Systems Balance natural resource management, and land use planning with natural hazard mitigation to protect life, property, and the environment. Preserve, rehabilitate, and enhance natural systems to serve natural hazard mitigation functions. I I I Partnerships and Implementation Strengthen communication and coordinate participation among and within public agencies, citizens, non-profit organizations, business, and industry to gain a vested interest in implementation. Encourage leadership within public and private sector organizations to prioritize and implement local and regional hazard mitigation activities. NO\lemoer 3. 2004 {9:00PM\ 8 Afcacha's {n"lal OMA2k I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I Emergency Services Establish policy to ensure mitigation projects for critical facilities, services, and infrastructure. Strengthen emergency operations by increasing collaboration and coordination among public agencies, non-profit organizations, business, and industry. Coordinate and integrate natural hazard mitigation activities, where appropriate, with emergency operations plans and procedures. How are tbe Action Items Organized? The action items are a listing of activities in which City agencies and citizens can be engaged to reduce risk. Each action item includes an estimate of the time line for implementation. Short- term action items an: activities that City agencies may implement with existing resources and authorities within one to two years. Long-term action items may require new or additional resources or authorities, and may take between one and five years (or mor~)!o implement. The action items are organized within the following matrix, which lists all of the multi-hazard and hazard-specific action items included in the mitigation plan. Data collection and research and the public participation process resulted in the development of these action items (see Appendix B). The matrix includes the following information for each action item: Coordinating Organization. The coordinating organization is the public agency with regulatory responsibility to address natural hazards, or that is willing and able to organize resources, find appropriate funding, or oversee activity implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Coordinating organizations may include local, county, or regional agencies that are capable of or responsible for implementing activities and programs. Time line. Action items include both short and long-term activities. Each action item includes an estimate of the time line for implementation. Short-term action items are activities which City agencies are capable of implementing with existing resources and authorities within one to two years. Long-term action items may require new or additional resources or authorities, and may take between one and five years (or more) to implement. I I I 1 Ideas for Implementation. Each action item includes ideas for implementation and potential resources, which may include grant programs or human resources. The matrix includes the page number within the mitigation plan where this information can be found. Plan Goals Addressed. The plan goals addressed by each action item are included as a way to monitor and evaluate how well the mitigation plan is achieving its goals once implementation begins. The plan goals are organized into the following five areas: Protect Li fe and Property Public Awareness Novemoer 3. 2004 (9:00PM) 9 ArcaOla's Final DMA2K . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Natural Syst<:ms Partnerships and Implementation Emergency Services Partner Organizations. The Partner organizations are not listed with the individual action items or in the plan matrix. Partner organizations are listed in Appendix A, of this plan and are agencies or public/private sector organizations that may be able to assist in the implementation of action items by providing relevant resources to the coordinating organization. The partner organizations listed in the Resource Directory of the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan are potential partners recommended by the project steering committee, but were not necessarily contacted during the development of the Mitigation Plan. Partner organizations should be contacted by the coordinating organization to establish commitment of time and resources to action items. Constraints. Constraints may apply to some of the action items. These constraints may be a lack of city staff, lack of funds, or vested property rights, which might expose the City to legal action as a result of adverse impacts on private property. How Will the Plan be Implemented, Monitored, and Evaluated? The Plan Maintenance Section of this document details the formal process that will ensure that the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan remains an active and relevant document.. The plan maintenance process includes a schedule for monitoring and evaluating the Plan annually and producing a plan revision every five years. This section describes how the City will integrate public participation throughout the plan maintenance process. Finally, this section includes an explanation of how City of Arcadia's government intends to incorporate the mitigation strategies outlined in this Plan into existing planning mechanisms such as the City's General Plan, Capital Improvement Plans, and Building & Safety Codes. Plan Adoption Adoption of the Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan by the local jurisdiction's governing body is one of the prime requirements for approval of the plan. Once the plan is completed, the City Council will be responsible for adopting the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan. The local agency governing body has the responsibility and authority to promote sound public policy regarding natural hazards. The City Council will periodically need to re-adopt the plan as it is revised to meet changes in the natural hazard risks and exposures in the community. The approved Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan will be significant in the future growth and development of the community. NoverrlJer 3, 2004 (9:00PM) 10 Arcadia's final DMA2k I I I I I I I , I I I I II I . I I II Coordinating Body A City of Arcadia's Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will be responsible for coordinating implementation of Plan action items and undertaking the formal review process. The City Council/City Manager will assign representatives from City agencies, including, but not limited to, the current Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee members. Convener The City Council willlldopt the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan, and the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will take responsibility for plan implementation. The City Manager will serve as a convener to facilitate the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee meetings, and will assign tasks such as updating and presenting the Plan to the members of the committee. Plan implementation and evaluation will be a shared responsibility among all of the Natural Hazard Advisory Committee Members. Implementation through Existing Programs The City of Arcadia addresses statewide planning goals and legislative requirements through its General Plan, Capital Improvement Plans, Fire Codes, City Building & Safety Codes and other related documents. The Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan provides a series of recommendations that are closely related to the goals and objectives of these existing planning programs. City of Arcadia will have the opportunity to implement recommended mitigation action items through existing programs and procedures. Economic Analysi~ of Mitigation Projects The Federal Emergency Management Agency's approaches to identify costs and benefits associated with natural hazard mitigation strategies or projects fall into two general categories: benefit/cost analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis. Conducting benefit/cost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a project is worth undertaking now, in order to avoid disaster-related damages later. Cost-effectiveness analysis evaluates how best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a specific goal. Determining the economic feasibility of mitigating natural hazards can provide decision makers with an understanding of the potential benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis upon which to compare alternative projects. Formal Review Process The City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan will be evaluated on an annual basis to determine the effectiveness of programs, and to reflect changes in land development or programs that may affect mitigation priorities. The evaluation process includes a firm schedule and time line, and identifies the local agencies and organizations participating in plan evaluation. The City Manager or disignee will be responsible for contacting the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Novemoer J. 2004 (9:00PM) 11 Arcadia's FII'\31 DMA2K I I I I I I I I a I I I I I I I I I I Committee members and organizing the annual meeting. Committee members will be responsible for monitoring and evaluating the progress of the mitigation strategies in the Plan. Continued Public Involvement The City of Arcadia is dedicated to involving the public directly in the continual review and updates of the Hazard Mitigation Plan. Copies of the plan will be catalogued and made available at city hall, City Clerk' office and at City of Arcadia Library. The existence and location of these copies will be publicized in City newsletters. In addition, locations of the Plan and any proposed changes will be posted on the City website. This site will also contain an email address and phone number to which people can direct their comments and concerns. NovemlJer 3.2004 (9:00PM) 12 Arcadia's final OMA2k I I I I I I I I I, I I I I I I I I I I Mitigation Activities Natural Hazard SHORT TERM ACTIVITY - MULTI HAZARD #1 Action Item Integrate the goals and action items from the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazard Mitioation Plan into existino renulatorv documents and proarams. where approoriate Coordinating Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee Oroanization Ideas for Use the mitigation plan to help the city's General Plan meet State Land Use Implementation Planning Goal 7, designed to protect life and property from natural disasters and hazards through planning strategies that restrict development in areas of known hazards: Integrate the city's mitigation plan into current capital improvement plans to ensure that development does not encroach on known hazard areas: and Partner with other organizations and agencies with similar goals to promote Building & Safetv Codes that are more disaster resistant at the state level. Time line Ongoing Constraints Plan Goals Addressed Protect Life and Property Public Awareness Natural Systems X Partnerships and Implementation Emergency Services Natural Hazard SHORT TERM ACTIVITY - MULTI HAZARD #2: Action Item Identify and pursue funding opportunities to develop and implement local and city mitioation activities. Coordinating City Manager Office Ornanization Ideas for Develop incentives for citizens and businesses to pursue hazard mitigation projects: Implementation Allocate city resources and assistance to mitigation projects when possible: and Partner with other organizations and agencies in City of Arcadia to identify grant oroorams and foundations that mav suooort mitioation activities Time line Onnoina Constraints Plan Goals Addressed Protect Life and Property Public Awareness Natural Systems X Partnerships and Implementation Emergency Services Novemoer 3.2004 (9:00PM) 13 ArcadIa's Final DMA2K .... I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I Natural Hazard SHORT TERM ACTIVITY - MULTI HAZARD #3 Establish a formal plan for tha City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Action Item Committee to develop a sustainable process for implementing, monitoring, and evaluatina citYWide mitiaation activities Coordinating Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee Oroanization Ideas for Establish clear roles for participants, meeting regularly to pursue and evaluate Implementation implementation of mitigation strategies. Oversee implementation of the mitigation plan. Establish measurable standards to evaluate mitigation policies and programs and provide a mechanism to update and revise the mitigation plan. Monitor hazard mitigation implementation by jurisdictions and participating organizations through surveys and other reporting methods. Develop updates for the Natural Hazards Mitigation Action Plan based on new information. Conduct a full review of the Natural Hazards Mitigation Action Plan every 5 years by evaluating mitigation successes, failures, and areas that were not addressed. Provide training for Committee members to remain current on developing issues in the natural hazard loss reduction field. Time line Ongoing Constraints Plan Goals Addressed X Protect Life and Property X Public Awareness X Natural Systems X Partnerships and Implementation Emergency Services Natural Hazard SHORT TERM ACTIVITY. M UL TI HAZARD #4 Identify, improve, and sustain collaborative programs focusing on the real Action Item estate and insurance industries, public and private sector organizations, and individuals to avoid activity that increases risk to natural hazards. Coordinating City Managers Office or designee Ornanization Ideas for Distribute information about flood, fire, earthquake, and other forms of Implementation natural hazards insurance to property owners in areas identified to be at risk through hazard mapping. Educate individuals and businesses on the benefit of engaging in mitigation activities such as developing impact analyses. Pinpoint areas of high risk and transfer the cost of risk to property owners. Time line Oni:!oini:! Novemoer 3. 2004 (9:00PM) 14 ArC3dla'sflnaIDMA2k . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . I I Constraints Staff and Budget Plan Goals Addressed Protect Life and Property Public Awareness Natural Systems X Partnerships and Implementation Emergency Services SHORT TER:\-I ACTIVITY - MVL TI HAZARD #5 Develop public and private partnerships to foster natural hazard mitigation program coordination and collaboration in City of Arcadia. Ideas for Implementation: Identify all organizations within City of Arcadia that have programs or interests in natural hazards mitigation. Involve private businesses throughout the city in mitigation planning. Coordinating Organization: City Managers Office Time line: Ongoino Plan Goals Addressed: Partnerships and Implementation Constraints: Staffing and Budget November 3. 2004 (9:00PM) 15 Arcadia's Final OMA2K I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . SHORT TERM ACTIVITY - MVL TI HAZARD #6 Develop inventories of at-risk buildings and infrastructure and prioritize mitigation projects. Ideas for Implementation: Identify critical facilities at risk from natural hazards events. Develop strategies to mitigate risk to these facilities, or to utilize altemative facilities should natural hazards events cause damages to the facilities in question. Coordinating Organization: City Managers Office Time line: 1-2 Years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Partnerships and Implementation Constraints: Staff Time, Partnerships and Budget LONG TERM ACTIVITY - MVL TI HAZARD.1f1 Strengthen emergency services preparedness and response by linking emergency services with natural hazard mitigation programs, and enhancing public education on a regional scale. Ideas for Implementation: Encourage indivioual and family preparedness through public education projects such as safety fairs. .... Identify opportunities for partnering with citizens, private contractors, and other jurisdictions to increase availability of equipment and manpower for efficiency of response efforts. Familiarize public officials of requirements regarding public assistance for disaster response. Coordinating Organization: City Managers Office Time line: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Emergency Services Constrai nts: Staff time and Budget NovefrCler 3, 2004 (9'OOPM) 16 ArcadIa's final OMAlk . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I LO"'G TERM ACTIVITY - MULTI HAZARD-MH #2 Develop, enhance, and implement education programs aimed at mitigating natural hazards, and reducing the risk to citizens, public agencies, private property owners, businesses, and schools. Ideas for Implementation: Multi hazard Action Items Make the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan available to the public by publishing the plan electronically on the city and emergency managernent websites. Enhance map capabilities by creating a website that includes information specific to City of Arcadia residents, including site-specific hazards information, Building & Safety Codes information, insurance companies that provide earthquake insurance for city residents, and educational information on damage prevention. Develop outreach programs to business organizations that must prepare for Natural hazard events Education: Develop curriculum for school programs and adult education on reducing risk and preventing loss from natural hazards. ..... Conduct natural hazards awareness programs in schools and community centers. Coordinating Organization: City Managers Office Time line: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protect Life and Property Constraints: Staff and Budget NovemberJ, 2004 (9,QOPM) 17 Arcadia's Fmal DMA2K . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I LO;o;G TERM ACTIVITY - MULTI HAZARD #3 Use technical knowledge of natural ecosystems and events to link natural resource management and land use organizations to mitigation activities and technical assistance. Ideas for Implementation: Review ordinances that protect natural systems and resources to mitigate for natural hazards for possible enhancements. Develop education and outreach programs that focus on protecting natural systems as a mitigation activity. Coordinating Organization: City Managers Office Time line: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Natural Systems Constraints: Staffing and Budget . .... November 3. 2004 (9:00PM) 18 Arc:adla'sfinal DMA2K ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Section 1 l Introduction Throughout history, the residents of City of Arcadia have dealt with the various natural hazards affecting the area Photos, journal entries, and newspapers from the 1800's show that the r,esidents of the area dealt with earthquakes, earth movements, flooding, wildfires and wind Storms. Although there were fewer people in the area, the natural hazards adversely affected the lives of those who depended on the land and climate conditions for food and welfare. As the population of the City continues to increase, the exposure to natural hazards creates an even higher risk than previously experienced. City of Arcadia is the 53rd most populous City in Los Angeles County, and offers the benefits of living in a Mediterranean type of climate. The City is characterized by the unique and attractive landscape that makes the area so popular. However, the potential impacts of natural hazards associated with the terrain make the environment and population vulnerable to natural disaster situations. The City is subject to earthquakes, earth movements, flooding, wildfires and windstorms. It is impossible to predict exactly when these disasters will occur, or the extent to which they will affect the City. However, with careful planning and collaboration among public agencies, private sector organizations, and citizens within the community, it is possible to minimize the losses that can result from these natural disasters. City of Arcadia's most recently experienced large-scale destruction during the 1994 earthquake. The City of Arcadia's businesses, residences, and infrastructure suffered light damage. The City sought and received a County, State and Presidential Disaster Declaration to obtain assistance for its recovery effort. The City of Arcadia estimated that the event of the 1994 directly or indirectly affected 3% of the City's 49,00 residents. Even though the earthquake of 1994 was not a strong event, it showed that a large natural disaster would affect the city's ability to response and repair large-scale damage without the assistance of the county, state and federal government. Why Develop a Mitigation Plan? As the costs of damage from natural disasters continues to increase, the community realizes the importance of identifying effective ways to reduce vulnerability to disasters. Natural hazard mitigation plans assist communities in reducing risk from natural hazards by identifying resources, information, and strategies for risk reduction, while helping to guide and coordinate mitigation activities throughout the City. November 3. 2004 (9.00PM) 19 Arcadia's Final DMA2K .... I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I The plan provides a set of action items to reduce risk from natural hazards through education and outreach programs and to foster the development of partnerships, and implementation of preventative activities such as land use programs that restrict and control development in areas subject to damage from natural hazards. The resources and information within the Mitigation Plan: (I) establish a basis for coordination and collaboration among agencies and the public in City of Arcadia. (2) identify and prioritize future mitigation projects; and (3) assist in meeting the requirements of federal assistance programs. The mitigation plan works in conjunction with other City plans, including the City General Plan and Emergency Operations Plans. Whom Does the Mitigation Plan Affect? The City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan affects entire city. Map 1 shows major roads in the City of Arcadia This plan provides a framework for planning for natural hazards. The resources and background information in the plan is applicable Citywide, and the goals and recommendations can lay groundwork for local mitigation plans and partnerships. Planning for natural hazards should be an integral element of any city's land use planning program. All California cities and counties have General Plans and the implementing ordinances that are required to comply with the statewide planning regulations. The continuing challenge faced by local officials and state government is to keep the network of local plans effective in responding to the changing conditions and needs of California's diverse communities, particularly in light of the very active seismic region in which we live. This is particularly true in the case of planning for natural hazards where communities must balance development pressures with detailed information on the nature and extent of hazards. Planning for Natural Hazards, calls for local plans to include inventories, policies, and ordinances to guide development in hazard areas. These inventories should include the compendium of hazards facing the community, the built environment at risk, the personal property that may be damaged by hazard events, and most of all, the people who live in the shadow of these hazards. NOl/cmtler :1, 2004 (S:QQPMj 20 AtCadla's {mal OMA2k ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II Support for Natural Hazard Mitigation All mitigation is local, and the primary responsibility for development and implementation of risk reduction strategies and policies lies with local jurisdictions. Local jurisdictions, however, are not alone. PartnerS and resources exist at the regional, state and federal levels. Numerous California state agencies have a role in natural hazards and natural hazard mitigation. Some of the key agencies include: The Governor's Office of Emergency Services (OES) is responsible for disaster mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and the administration of federal funds after a major disaster declaration; The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC), gathers information about earthquakes, integrates this information on earthquake phenomena, and communicates this to end-users and the general public to increase earthquake awareness, reduce economic losses, and save lives. The California Division of Forestry (CDF) is responsible for all aspects of wildland fire protection on private, state, and administers forest practices regulations, including landslide n I itigation, on non-federal lands. The California Division of Mines and Geology (DMG) is responsible for geologic hazard characterization, public education, the development of partnerships aimed at reducing risk, and exceptions (based on science-based refinement of tsunami inundation zone delineation) to state mandated tsunami zone restrictions; and The California Division of Water Resources (DWR) plans, designs, constructs, operates, and maintains the State Water Project; regulates dams; provides flood protection and assists in emergency management. It also educates the public, serves local water needs by providing technical assistance Plan Methodology Information in the Mitigation Plan is based on research from a variety of sources. Staff from the City of Arcadia conducted data research and analysis, facilitated steering committee meetings and public workshops, and developed the final mitigation plan. The research methods and various contributions to the plan include: Input from the steering committee: The Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee convened about every 2 weeks (a total of 12 meetings) to gui(ie development of the Mitigation Plan. The committee played an integral role in developing the mission, goals, and action items for the mitigation plan. The committee consisted of representatives of public and private agencies and organizations in City of Arcadia. November 3. 2004 (9:00PM) 21 Arcadia's Final DMA2K ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I , Stakeholder interviews: The City of Arcadia conducted an open public session and invited major stakeholders. City staff conducted a PowerPoint presentation of the Disaster Mitigation Act of2000 and passed out a survey to gather input to be used in not only the plan, but also future mitigation and educational programs. The surveys identified cornmon concerns related to natural hazards and identified key long and short-term activities to reduce risk from natural hazards Stakeholders surveyed for the plan-included representatives from: Homeowners Associations Water Providers Santa Anita Race Track Arcadia Methodist Hospital Arcadia School District Utility Providers Chamber of Commerce Area "Coo and "D" Disaster Services Coordinators Los Angeles County Office of Emergency Management Westfield Shoppingtown Arcadia Southern California Gas Company Southern California Edison Company Interfaith Council (Church Leaders) Cal Trans Top Twenty-Five Employers State and federal guidelines and requirements for mitigation plans: Following are the Federal requirements for approval of a Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan: Open public involvement, with public meetings that introduce the process and project requirements. The public mllst be afforded opportunities for involvement in: identifying and assessing risk, drafting a plan, and public involvement in approval stages of the plan. Community cooperation, with opportunity for other local government agencies, the business community, educational institutions, and non-profits to participate in the process. Incorporation of local documents, including the local General Plan, the Zoning Ordinance, the Building Codes, and other pertinent documents. The following components must be part of the planning process: Complete documentation of the planning process A detailed risk assessment on hazard exposures in the community A comprehensive mitigation strategy, which describes the goals & objectives, including proposed strategies, programs & actions to avoid long-term vulnerabilities. A plan maintenance process, which describes the method and schedule of monitoring, evaluating and updating the plan and integration of the All Hazard Mitigation Plan into other planning mechanisms. Formal adoption by the City Council. Plan Review by both State OES and FEMA November 3. 2004 (9:00PM) 22 Arcadl.l's final DMA21<. . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I These requirements are spelled out in greater detail in the following plan sections and supporting documentation. The City of Arcadia staff examined existing mitigation plans from around the country, current FEMA hazard mitigation planning standards (386 series) and the State of California Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan Guidance. Other reference materials consisted of county and city mitigation plans, including: Clackamas County (Oregon) Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan Six County (Utah) Association of Govemments Upper Arkansas Area Risk Assessment and Hazard Mitigation Plan Urbandale-Polk County, Iowa Plan Hamilton County, Ohio Plan Natural Hazard Planning Guidebook from Butler County, Ohio Hazard specific research: City of Arcadia staff collected data and compiled research on 5' hazards: earthquakes, earth movements, flooding, wildfires and windstorms. Research materials came from state agencies including OES, and CDF. The City of Arcadia staff conducted research by referencing historical local newspapers, interviewing long time residents, long time City of Arcadia employees and locating City of Arcadia information in historical documents. The City of Arcadia staff identified current mitigation activities, resources and programs, and potential action items from research materials and stakeholder interviews. Public workshops The City Arcadia staff facilitated two public workshops to gather comments and ideas from City of Arcadia citizens about mitigation planning and priorities for mitigation plan goals. The first workshop, held August 12, 2004, and the second, held August 19,2004. A survey instrument was handed out at each session to secure input as to the type of hazard facing the city, ideas for programs and interest level in Disaster Mitigation Act of2000. The resources and information cited in the mitigation plan provide a strong local perspective and help identify strategies and activities to make City of Arcadia more disaster resilient. How Is the Plan Used? Each section of the mitigation plan provides information and resources to assist people in understanding the City and the hazard-related issues facing citizens, businesses, and the environment. Combined, the sections of the plan work together to create a document that guides the mission to reduce risk and prevent loss from future natural hazard events. The structure of the plan enables people to use a section of interest to them. It also allows City NOlo'ember 3, 2004 (9:00PM} 23 Arcadia's Final OMA2K . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I government to review and update sections when new data becomes available. The ability to update individual sections of the mitigation plan places less ofa financial burden on the City. Decision-makers can allocate funding and staff resources to selected pieces in need ofreview, thereby avoiding a full update, which can be costly and time-consuming. New data can be easily incorporated, resulting in a natural hazards mitigation plan that remains current and relevant to City of Arcadia The mitigation plan is organized in three volumes. Volume I contains an executive summary, introduction, City profile, risk assessment and multi-hazard, plan maintenance. Volume II contains the six natural hazard sections and Volume III includes the appendices. Each section of the plan is described below. Volume I: Mitigation Action Plan Executive Summary: Five-Year Action Plan The Five-Year Action Plan provides an overview of the mitigation plan mission, goals, and action items. The plan action items are included in this section, and address multi-hazard issues, as well as hazard-specific activities that can be implemented to reduce risk and prevent loss from future natural hazard events. Section I: Introduction The Introduction describes the background and purpose of developing the mitigation plan for City of Arcadia. Section 2: Community.Profile This section presents the history, geography, demographics, and socioeconomics of City of Arcadia It serves as a tool to provide an historical perspective of natural hazards in the City. Section 3: Risk Assessment This section provides information on hazard identification, vulnerability and risk associated with natural hazards in City of Arcadia. Section 4: Multi-Hazard Goals and Action Items This section provides information on the process used to develop goals and action items that cut across the six natural hazards addressed in the mitigation plan. Section 5: Plan Maintenance Novemoer 3, 2004 (9:00PM) 24 Arcadia's final DMA2k . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I This section provides information on plan implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Volume II: Hazard Specific Information Hazard-Specific Information on the six chronic hazards is addressed in this plan. Chronic hazards occur with some regularity and may be predicted through historic evidence and scientific methods. The chronic hazards addressed in the plan include: Section 6: Earthquake Section 7: Earth Movement (Landslide / Debris Flow) Section 8: Flooding Section 9: Wildfire Section 10: Windstorm The city of Arcadia has not been affected by any other natural disaster in its recorded history. Catastrophic hazards do not occur with the frequency of chronic hazards, but can have devastating impacts on life, property, and the environment. In Southern California, because of the geology and terrain, earthquake, earth movement, flooding and wildfire also have the potential to be catastrophic as well as chronic hazards. For the coastal areas of Southern California, tsunamis, while very rare, have the potential to calamitously devastate low-lying coastal areas. Each of the hazard-specific sections includes information on the history, hazard causes and characteristics, hazard assessment, goals and action items, and local, state, and national cesources. Volume III: Resources The plan appendices are designed to provide users of the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan with additional information to assist them in understanding the contents of the mitigation plan, and potential resources to assist them with implementation. Appendix A: Plan Resource Directory The resource directory includes City, regional, state, and national resources and programs that may be of technical and/or financial assistance to City of Arcadia during plan implementation. Appendix B: Public Participation Process This appendix includes specific information on the various public processes used during development of the plan. Noverrtll!r 3. 20004 (9;OOPM) 25 Arcacla's Final DMA2K I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Appendix C: Benefit Cost Analysis This section includes analysis and data on the assessed evaluation, dollar replacement costs, and number of affected properties by type and description and zone use. This section describes FEMA's requirements for benefit cost analysis in natural hazards mitigation, as well as various approaches for conducting economic analysis of proposed mitigation activities. Appendix D: List of Acronyms This section provides a list of acronyms for City, regional, state, and (ecleral agencies and organizations that may be referred to within the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan. Appendix E: Glossary ,,' This section provides a glossary of terms used throughout the plan. . Novemtler 3. 2004 (9'OOPM) 26 Arcadia's final DMA2k --. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Section 2: Communi!)' Profile Why Plan for Natural Hazards in City of Arcadia Natural hazards impact citizens, property, the environment, and the economy of City of Arcadia Earthquakes, earth movements, flooding, tsunamis, wildfires and wind storms have exposed City of Arcadia residents and businesses to the financial and emotional costs of recovering after natural disasters. The risk associated with natural hazards increases as more people move to areas affected by natural hazards. Even in those communities that are essentially "built-out" i.e., have little or no vacant land remaining for development, population density continues to increase when low-density housing is replaced with medium and high-density development projects. The inevitaEiility of natural hazards, and the growing population and activity within the City create an urgent need to develop strategies, coordinate resources, and increase public awareness to reduce risk and prevent loss from future natural hazard events. Identifying the risks posed by natural hazards, and developing strategies to reduce the impact of a hazard event can assist in protecting life and property of citizens and communities. Local residents and businesses can work together with the City to create a natural hazards mitigation plan that addresses the potential impacts of hazard events. Geography and the Environment City of Arcadia has an area of 11.3 square miles and is located in Greater Los Angeles County area. Elevations in the City range from a high of 1,200 feet to a low of 300 feet. The terrain of the city is from the valley floor sweeping to the foothills. Communi!)' Profile The 11.3 square mile City of Arcadia is one of the Southland's finest communities. Located in the western San Gabriel Valley south of the San Gabriel Mountains, Arcadia, also known as the "Community of Homes", is a picturesque, affluent, largely built out community, with an outstanding public school system. The Los Angeles County Arboretum, Westfield Shoppingtown Mall at Santa Anita, Santa Anita Race Track, Arcadia County Park, and the Santa Anita Golf Course annually attract a substantial number of visitors into Arcadia from Southern California. With its rich history and quality of development, Arcadia will remain a premier community into the 21st century. The 210 freeway serves the City, and the major arterial highways are Santa Anita Avenue, Baldwin Avenue and Holly Avenue, which run north to south and Huntington Avenue (Route 66), Live Oak Avenue and Longden Avenue, which run east to west. Nov~mDer 3. 2004 (9:00PM) 27 Arcaoia's FInal DMA2K 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Major Rivers The nearest major river is the Los Angeles River (or San Gabriel River). This River does not have any potential impact on the City of Arcadia. Normally this river channel is dry and only carries a significant water flow during a major rainstorm. The river channel is a concrete channel and part of the Los Angeles County Flood Control District. Climate Temperatures in the City of Arcadia range from 40 degrees in the winter months to 100 degrees in the summer months. However the temperatures can vary over a wide range, particularly when the Santa Ana winds blow, bringing higher temperatures and very low humidity. Temperatures rarely exceed 110 degrees F in the summer months (June - September), and rarely drop below 30 F in the winter months (November-March). The City of Arcadia over the last seventy years of recorded rainfall has had a low of 5.27 inches of rainfall in 1947 to a high of 41.23 in 1969. Rainfall in the city averages 18 inches of rain per year. Further more actual rainfall in Southern California tends to fall in large amounts during sporadic and often heavy storms rather than consistently over storms at somewhat regular intervals. In short rainfall in Southern California might be characterized as feast or famine within a single year. Because the metropolitan basin is largely built out, water originating in higher elevation communities can have a sudden impact on adjoining communities that have a lower elevation. Minerals and Soils The characteristics of the minerals and soils present in City of Arcadia indicate the potential types of hazards that may occur. Rock hardness and soil characteristics can determine whether or not an area will be prone to geologic hazards such as earthquakes, liquefaction and landslides. Arcadia is located at the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains in the Transverse Ranges Geomorphic province of Southern California. The City is overlaying two groundwater basins: The Raymond Water Basin on the north and the San Gabriel Water Basin on the south. The basins are separated by the northeast trending Raymond Fault, which acts as a hydrological barrier, and define the boundary between the two. The Raymond Basin is an alluvial valley covering approximately 40 square miles and is bordered by the San Gabriel Mountains on the north, San Rafael Hills on the west, and the Raymond Fault on the south and east. The general east-west trend of the San Gabriel Mountains, the north-south trend of the San Rafael Hills, and northeast trend of the Raymond Fault result in the basin having a triangular fornl. Novemoer 3, 20Q4(9:00PM) 28 Arcadia's fmal OMA2k -. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I The limits of the San Gabriel Valley are generally defined on the north by the San Gabriel Mountains and the Raymond Fault, on the west by the Repetto and Merced Hills, on the south by the Puente Hills, and on the east by the San Jose Hills. The total area of the alluvial valley is approximately 167 square miles. The southern half of Arcadia is located at the extreme northwest portion ofihe San Gabriel Valley, southeast of Raymond Fault. Bedrock: The bedrock geology of the Raymond Basin and vicinity consists of a complex array of granitic and metagranitic rocks of pre-Cretaceous age. Although outcrops are typically fractured, the granitic bedrock underlying the alluvial sediment at the base of the basin is not considered water bearing. Older and Younger Alluvium: Total alluvial thickness is as much as 1,100 feet in the Raymond Basin and as much as 1,900 feet in the San Gabriel Basin. The older alluvium is distributed throughout the entire basin and its water transmitting properties vary depending upon the degree to which it has been weathered and/or cemented. Older alluvium consists primarily of sand, gravel and boulders with minor interbedded clay layers. Younger alluvium consists predominantly of sand, gravel and boulders, is less consolidated than the older alluvium and yields water more readily and consistently. Faulting and Ground Water Barriers: Major faults in the vicinity of Arcadia include the Sierra Madre Fault Zone, Raymond Fault and Eagle Rock Fault. The Raymond Fault is the most geohydrologically significant fault in Arcadia. The fault acts as a barrier impeding ground water movement from the Raymond Basin into the Main San Gabriel Basin to the south. The barrier effect is reflected by significant differences in ground water level across the fault. In addition, artesian conditions and ponded surface water have been observed north of the fault during periods of high water levels resulting from the "damming" effect of the fault. Concerns: Based on the Raymond Fault creating a ground water barrier the area located to the north of the fault can be prone to the occurrence of liquefaction or has the potentia] for permanent ground displacement. The steep foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains have a potential of the earthquake-induced landslides or the permanent ground displacement in the north part of Arcadia. November 3, 2004 (9:00PM) 29 Arcadia's Final DMA2K I I I I I I I I I I I. I I I I I I I I Other Significant Geologic Features The City of Arcadia, like most of the Los Angeles Basin, lies over the area of one or more known earthquake faults, and potentially many more unknown faults, particularly so-called lateral or blind thrust faults. The major faults that have the potential to affect the greater Los Angeles Basin, and therefore the City of Arcadia are the: San Andreas Newport Inglewood Palos Verdes Whittier Santa Monica Raymond Sierra Madre The Los Angeles Basin has a history of powerful and relatively frequent earthquakes, dating back to the powerful 8.0+ San Andreas earthquake of 1857, which did substantial damage to the relatively few buildings that existed at the time. Paleo seismological research indicates that large (8.0+) earthquakes occur on the San Andreas Fault at intervals between 4S and 332 years with an average interval of 140 years I. Other lesser faults have also caused very damaging earthquakes since 1857. Notable earthquakes include the Long Beach earthquake of 1933, the San Fernando Earthquake of 1971, the 1987 Whittier Earthquake and the 1994 Northridge earthquake. In addition, many areas in the Los Angeles Basin have sandy soils that are subject to liquefaction. The City of Arcadia's liquefaction zones as illustrated on in the Map Section, Map # 8. The City of Arcadia also has areas with land movement potential The City of Arcadia's Landslide prone areas are illustrated in the Map Section, Map # 8 Population and Demographics City of Arcadia has a population of about 55,000 in an area of 11.3 square miles. The population of the City of Arcadia has steadily increased from 1900 through 2000, and increased 10% from 1990 to 2000 according to the 2000 Census. 1 Peacock. Simon M., http://aamc.geo.lsa.umich.edu/eduQuakes/EQpredLab/EQprediction .peacock. html November 3.2004 (9:00PM) 30 Arcadia's final DMA2k ~. I I I I I I I I, I I I I t I .. I I I The increase of people living in City of Arcadia creates more community exposure, and changes how agencies prepare for and respond to natural hazards. For example, more people living on the urban fringe can increase risk of wildfire. Wildfire has an increased chance of starting due to human activities in the urban/rural interface, and has the potential to injure more people and cause more property damage. But an Urban/wildland fire is not the only exposure to the city of Arcadia. In the 1987 publication, Fire Following Earthquake issued by the All Industry Research Advisory Council, Charles Scawthorn explains how a post-earthquake urban conflagration would develop. The conflagration would be started by fires resulting from earthquake damage, but made much worse by the loss of pressure in the fire mains, caused by either lack of electricity to power water pumps, and lor loss of water pressure resulting from broken fire mains. Furthermore, increased density can affect risk. For example, narrower streets are more difficult for emergency service vehicles to navigate, the higher ratio ofresidents to emergency responders affects response times, and homes located closer together increase the chances of fires spreading. Natural hazards do not discriminate, but the impacts in terms of vulnerability and the ability to recover vary greatly among the population. According to Peggy Stahl of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Preparedness, Training, and Exercise Directorate, 80% of the disaster burden falls on the public, and within that number, a disproportionate burden is placed upon special needs groups: women, children, minorities, and the poor.2 According the latest census figures, (2000 Census) the demographic make up of the city is as follows: POPULo\TION BY COMPOSITION . :;. \.O~.:f . li .S. C~111L1I . ~ooo I . aw!.... C;'lJ.J.. C \,,,; fI...i..., 1 ;i..I'J;.~ ;: JI:;;.' I, \;,': jlJ. ,- !. " The ethnic and cultural diversity suggests a need to address multi-cultural needs and services. Vulnerable populations, including seniors, disabled citizens, women, and children, those people may be disproportionately impacted by natural hazards. , . www.fema.qav Novemtler 3.2004 (9'OOPM) 31 Arcadia's Final DMA2K --. I I I I. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Examining the reach of hazard mitigation policies to special needs populations may assist in increasing access to services and programs. FEMA's Office of Equal Rights addresses this need by suggesting that agencies and organizations planning for natural disasters identify special needs populations, make recovery centers more accessible, and review practices and procedures to remedy any discrimination in relief application or assistance. The cost of natural hazards recovery can place an unequal financial responsibility on the genera] population when only a small proportion may benefit from governmental funds used to rebuild private structures. Discussions about natural hazards that include local citizen groups, insurance companies, and other public and private sector organizations can help ensure that all members of the population are a part of the decision-making processes. Land and Development Development in Southern California from the earliest days was a cycle of "boom and bust". The Second World War however dramatically changed that cycle. Military personnel and defense workers came to Southern California to fill the logistical needs created by the war effort. The available housing was rapidly exhausted and existing commercial centers proved inadequate for the influx of people. Immediately after the war, construction began on the freeway system, and the face of Southern California was forever changed. Home developments and shopping centers sprung up everywhere and within a few decades the central basin of Los Angeles County was virtually built out. This pushed new development further and further away from the urban center. The City of Arcadia's General Plan addresses the use and development of private land, including residential, commercial and industrial areas. This plan is one of the City's most important tools in addressing environmental challenges including transportation and air quality; growth management; conservation of natural resources; clean water and open spaces The environment of most Los Angeles County cities is nearly identical with that of their immediate neighbors and the transition from one incorporated municipality to another is seamless to most people. Seamless too are the exposures to the natural hazards that affect all of Southern California. Housing and Community Development In the City of Arcadia, the demand for housing outstrips the available supply, and the recent low interest rates have further fueled a pent up demand. There are more single family homes in the City in comparison to the number of apartments and condominiums. Recently however, the development of condominiums has increased significantly. Sixty-two (62) percent of the housing units in the City are owner occupied while thirty eight (38) percent are renters. As is the case in nearly all-Southern Californian cities, housing prices have risen dramatically over the past 5 years. Novemtler 3. 2004 (9:00PM) 32 Arcadia's final DMA2k I I I, There is an increased concentration of resources and capital in City of Arcadia. The best indicator of this fact is the increasing per capita personal income in the region since the 1970's. Per capita income is an estimate of total personal income divided by the total population. I I I This estimate can be used to compare economic areas as a whole, but it does not reflect how the income is distributed among residents of the area being examined. The City's per capita personal income is also increasing relative to California's and the United State's average per capita incomes, resulting in a more affluent community than the average population. I . I. I I I I' Subtle but very measurable changes occur constantly in communities that increase the potential loss that will occur in a major disaster. There are number of factors that contribute to this increasing loss potential. First, populations continue to increase, putting more people at risk within a defined geographic space. Second, inflation constantly increases the worth of real property and permanent improvements. Third, the amount of property owned per capita increases over time. Information from the U.S. Census Bureau shows gains in average housing standards. Amount of Property per person 1975 1998 Increased Size of new homes 1645 sq. ft. 2190 sq. ft. % of homes with 4 + bedrooms 21% 33% % of homes with 2 y, or more baths 20% 52% Source: U.S. Department of Census I f we look at the greatest recorded earthquakes in American history, and compare the level of population and developme~i'today with that which existed at the time of the event, the scale of potential damage is staggering. 1886 Charleston EO M7.3 in Charleston. SC Estimated insured damage if happened today $10 Billion I 1906 San Francisco EO M8.3 Significant fire following damage Estimated insured damage if happened today $36 Billion '. 1811-12 New Madrid EO 1811-12, series of 4 EOs over 7 weeks Estimated insured damage if happened today $88 Billion Source: Risk Management Solutions II I I Noyember 3,20Q4 (9:00PM) 33 Arcadia's Final DMA2K I I I . I I I I' I I I I, I . I I I I Employment and Industry Employment and Industry -' The City of Arcadia has a very broad employment base. There is major retail, industrial, office and specialty employers throughout the City. In the" Redevelopment Project Area alone, the Redevelopment Agency has been able to provide hundreds of jobs through their redevelopment projects. The major employers in the City include the Santa Anita Rac(: Track and the Westfield Shoppingtown at Santa Anita. The City of Arcadia also lies within a "Sixty Mile Circle" centered on Los Angeles, a dynamic concentration of population, employment, business, industry and finance. Two-thirds of the State's 100 largest corporations are headquartered within the circle. Additionally, several federal and sate highways, two nearby rail lines, and three international airports, as well as the 210 Freeway passing through Arcadia, provide ready access to regional, national and international markets. Mitigation activities are needed at the business level to ensure the safety and welfare of workers and limit damage to industrial infrastructure. Employees are highly mobile, commuting from surrounding areas to industrial and business centers. This creates a greater dependency on roads, communications, accessibility and emergency plans to reunite people with their families. Before a natural hazard event, large and small businesses can develop strategies to prepare for natural hazards, respond efficiently, and prevent loss oflife and property. Transportation and Commuting Patterns The City of Arcadia is located in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Statistical Area (LAMSA). Over the past decade, the LAMSA experienced rapid growth in employment and population. There has been an increase in vehicle licensing transactions and in vehicle miles traveled in the City of Arcadia. As daily transit increases, there will be an increased risk that a natural disaster will disrupt the travel plans of residents across the region, as well as local regional, and national commercial traffic. The 1-21 0 Foothill Freeway traverses the City of Arcadia, connecting the city to east and north valleys of Los Angeles County, and the I-60S San Gabriel Freeway is located four (4) miles east of Arcadia and runs south to the coast. The City's ISO-mile road system includes 37 miles of arterial highways, 113 miles of local roads, and 37 bridges. Private automobiles are the dominant means of transportation in Southern California and in the City of Arcadia. However, the City of Arcadia meets its public transportation needs utilizing the numerous local public transportation options available in the region. The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LACMT A) and Foothill Transit operate a total of eleven (II) bus routes through the city, and in July 2003, the MT A commenced light rail service from metropolitan downtown Los Angeles to the east Pasadena/Arcadia border. November J. 2004 (9:00PM) 34 Arcadia's final DMA2k 1 t 'I I . I , I I I I I t I I I I I I Additionally, the Arcadia Transit offers Arcadia residents convenient, affordable transit within the city limits, and five (5) designated medical facilities located beyond the city limits. The City participates in regional efforts to improve air quality by promoting rideshare alternatives to its employees. Localized flooding can render roads unusable. A severe winter storm has the potential to disrupt the daily driving routine of hundreds of thousands of people. Natural hazards can disrupt automobile traffic and shut down local and regional transit systems. '::' NoverrtJer 3, 2004 (9:00PM) 35 Arcadia's Final DMA2K . , I I I I I I I. I I I I, t I I I I I Section 3: Risk Assessment What is a Risk Assessment? Conducting a risk assessment can provide information: on the location of hazards, the value of existing land and property in hazard locations, and an analysis of risk to life, property, and the environment that may result from natural hazard events. Specifically, the three levels of a risk assessment are as follows: I) Hazard Identification This is the description of the geographic extent, potential intensity and the probability of occurrence of a given hazard. Maps are frequently used to display hazard identification data. The City of Arcadia identified six major hazards that affect this geographic area. These hazards - earthquakes, earth movements, flooding, tsunamis, wildfires and wind storms - were identified through an extensive process that utilized input from the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee The geographic extent of each of the identified hazards has been identified by the City of Arcadia's Public Works GIS department using the best available data, and is illustrated by the maps listed in Table 3-1. 2) Profiling Hazard Events This process describes the causes and characteristics of each hazard, how it has affected City of Arcadia in the past, and what part of the City of Arcadia's population, infrastructure, and environment has hi'storically been vulnerable to each specific hazard. A profile of each hazard discussed in this plan is provided in each hazard section. For a full description of the history of hazard specific events, please see the appropriate hazard chapter. 3) Vulnerability Assessment/Inventorying Assets This is a combination of hazard identification with an inventory of the existing (or planned) property development(s) and population(s) exposed to a hazard. Critical facilities are of particular concern because these entities provide essential products and services to the general public that are necessary to preserve the welfare and quality of life in the City and fulfill important public safety, emergency response, and/or disaster recovery functions. The critical facilities have been identified, mapped, and are illustrated in map 2 at the end of this section. A description of the critical facilities in the City is also provided in this section. [n addition, this plan includes a community issues summary in each hazard section to identify the most vulnerable and problematic areas in the City, including critical facilities, and other public and private property. November 3. 2004 (9:00PM) 36 Arcadl,fs final DMA21o; . t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . I I 4) Risk Analysis Estimating potentia} losses involves assessing the damage, injuries, and financial costs likely to be sustained in a geographic area over a given period of time. This level of analysis involves using mathematical models. The two measurable components of risk analysis are magnitude of the harm that may result and the likelihood of the harm occurring. Describing vulnerability in terms of dollar losses provides the community and the state with a common framework in which to measure the effects of hazards on assets. For each hazard where data was available, quantitative estimates for potential losses are included in the hazard assessment. 5) Assessing Vulnerability/ Analyzing Development Trends This step provides a general description ofland uses and development trends within the community so that mitigation options can be considered in land use planning and future land use decisions. This plan provides comprehensive description of the character of City of Arcadia in the Community Protile. This description includes the geography and environment, population and demographics, land use and development, housing and community development, employment and industry, and transportation and commuting patterns. Analyzing these components of City of Arcadia can help in identifying potential problem areas, and can serve as a guide for incorporating the goals and ideas contained in this mitigation plan into other community development plans. *Infrastructure and critical facilities maps have been withheld due 10 security concerns post 9-11. Table 3- I. List of Hazard Mitigation Plan Charts/maps Mao# Tvoe of Mao Section of the Plan I Base Map ofCitv of Arcadia Introduction 2 Critical Facilities (Public Safetv & Hospitals) Risk Assessment 2-3 General Plan Use Map Introduction 3 *Esselllial Facilities Risk Assessment 4a1b Precipitation Highest 24 Hour Period Communitv Profile 5 */n(rastructure Risk Assessment 6 EarthQuake Fault map (L.A. Basin) Earthquake 7 EarthQuake Fault Map (Local) Earthquake 8 Liouefaction Areas Earthquake 8 Landslide Areas Earth Movement 9 Debris Flow Areas Earth Movement 10 I Dam Inundation Areas Flood II Wildland / Urban Interface Areas Wildfire Note: The information on the maps in this plan was derived from City of Arcadia's GIS. Care was taken in the creation of these maps, but is provided "as is" City of Arcadia cannot accept any responsibility for any errors, omissions or positional accuracy, and therefore, there are no warranties that accompany these products (the maps). Although information from land surveys may have been used in the creation of these products, in no way does this product represent or constitute a land survey. Users are cautioned to field Novemoer 3. 2004 (9:00PM) 37 Arcadia's Fmal DMA2K I " . I I I I I t I I I , J' I I . I I, verify information on this product before making any decisions. Hazard assessments are subject to the availability ofhazard-specific data Gathering data for a hazard assessment rcquires a commitment of resources on the part of participating organizations and agencies. Each hazard-specific section of the plan includes a section on hazard identification using data and infonnation from City, County or State agency sources. Regardless of the data available for hazard assessments, there are numerous strategies the City can take to reduce risk. These strategies are'described in the action items detailed in each hazard section of this Plan. Mitigation strategies c'an further reduce disruption to critical services, reduce the risk to human life, and alleviate damage to personal and public property and infrastructure. Action items throughout the hazard sections provide recommendations to collect further data to map hazard locations and conduct hazard assessments. Federal Requirements for Risk Assessment Recent federal regulations for hazard mitigation plans outlined in 44 CFR Part 201 include a requirement for risk assessment. This risk assessment requirement is intended to provide information that will help communities to identify and prioritize mitigation activities that will reduce losses from the identified hazards. There are six hazards profiled in the mitigation plan, including earthquakes, earth movements, flooding, tsunamis, wildfires and windstorms. The Federal criteria for risk assessment and information on how the City of Arcadi<i's Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan meets those criteria is outlined in Table 3-2 below. Table 3-2. Federal Criteria for Risk Assessment Section 322 Plan ReQuirement How is this addressed? Identifying Hazards Each hazard section includes an inventory of the best available data sources that identify hazard areas. To the extent GIS data are available, the City developed maps identifying the location of the hazard in the City. The Executive Summary and the Risk Assessment sections of the Dlan include a list of the hazard maDS. Profiling Hazard Events Each hazard section includes documentation of the history, and causes and characteristics of the hazard in the City. Assessing Vulnerability: Where data is available, the vulnerability assessment for Identifying Assets each hazard addressed in the mitigation plan includes an inventory of all publicly owned land within hazardous areas. Each hazard section provides information on vulnerable areas in the City in the Community Issues section. Each hazard section also identifies Dotential mitigation strategies. Assessing Vulnerability: The Risk Assessment Section of this mitigation plan identifies key critical facilities and lifelines in the City and November 3.2004 (9:00PM) 38 Arcadia's Mal DMA2k I I I I I " I I I I Estimating Potential Losses: includes a map of these facilities. Vulnerability assessments have been completed for the hazards addressed in the plan, 'and quan'titative estimates were made for each hazard where data was available. Assessing Vulnerability: The City of Arcadia Profile Section of this plan provides a Analyzing Development Trends description of the development trends in the City, including the geography and environment, population and demographics, land use and development, housing and community development, employment and industry, and transportation and commuting patterns. Critical Facilities and Infrastructure Facilities critical to government response and recovery activities (i.e., life safety and property and environmental protection) include: 911 centers, emergency operations centers, police and fire stations, public works facilities, communications centers, sewer and water facilities, hospitals, bridges and roads, shelters, and facilities that, if damaged, could cause serious secondary impacts may also be considered "critical." A hazardous material facility is one example of this type of critical facility. I Critical and essential facilities are those facilities that are vital to the continued delivery of key government services or that may significantly impact the public's ability to recover from the emergency. These facilities may include: buildings such as the jail, law enforcement center, public services building, community corrections center, the courthouse, and juvenile services building and other public facilities such as schools. The attached charts/maps illustrate the critical facilities, essential facilities, public infrastructure, and emergency transportation routes within the City of Arcadia. I \I, 'f Summary I 1 I I I Natural hazard mitigation strategies can reduce the impacts concentrated at large employment and industrial centers, public infrastructure, and critical facilities. Natural hazard mitigation for industries and employers may include developing relationships with emergency management services and their employees before disaster strikes, and establishing mitigation strategies together. Collaboration among the public and private sector to create mitigation plans and actions can reduce the impacts of natural hazards. NovetT\l:ler 3, 2004 (9'OOPM) 39 Arcadia's Final DMA2K . t I I I I I I I I I Section 4: Multi-Hazard Goals and Action Items This section provides information on the process used to develop goals and action items that pertain to the five natural hazards addressed in the mitigation plan. It also describes the framework that focuses the plan on developing successful mitigation strategies. The framework is made up of three parts: the Mission, Goals, and Action Items. Mission The mission of the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan is to promote sound public policy designed to protect citizens, critical facilities, infrastructure, private property, and the environment from natural hazards. This can be achieved by increasing public awareness, documenting the resources for risk reduction and loss-prevention, and identifying activities to guide the City towards building a safer, more sustainable community. Goals The plan goals describe the overall direction that City of Arcadia agencies, organizations, and citizens can take to minimize the impacts of natural hazards. The goals are stepping-stones between the broad direction of the mission statement and the specific recommendations that are outlined in the action items. Action Items ,. I I I I I I I The action items are a listing of activities in which City agencies and citizens can be engaged to reduce risk. Each action item includes an estimate of the time line for implementation. Short- term action items are activities that City agencies may implement with existing resources and authorities within one to two years. Long-term aC,tion items may require new or additional resources or authorities, and may take between one and five years (or more) to implement. Mitigation Plan Goals and Public Participation The Plan goals help to guide direction of future activities aimed at reducing risk and preventing loss from natural hazards. The goals listed here serve as checkpoints as agencies and organizations begin implementing mitigation action items. Protect Life and Property Implement activities that assist in protecting lives by making homes, businesses, infrastructure, critical facilities, and other property more resistant to natural hazards. Novel'TtJer 3, 2004 (9:00PM) 40 Arcadia's Imal OMA2k . I' I I t I I I I . I Reduce losses and repetitive damages for chronic hazard events while promoting insurance coverage for catastrophic hazards. Improve hazard assessment information to make recommendations for discouraging new development and encouraging preventative measures for existing development in areas vulnerable to natural hazards. Public Awareness Develop and implement education and outreach programs to increase public awareness of the risks associated with natural hazards. Provide information on tools, partnership opportunities, and funding resources to assist in implementing mitigation activities. Natural Systems Balance watershed planning, natural resource management, and land use planning with natural hazard mitigation to protect life, property, and the environment. Preserve, rehabilitate, and enhance natural systems to serve natural hazard mitigation functions. Partnerships and Implementation Strengthen communication and coordinate participation among and within public agencies, citizens, non-profit organizations, business, and industry to gain a vested interest in implementation. , I . I I I I . Encourage leadership wiihin public and private sector organizations to prioritize and implement local, county, and regional hazard mitigation activities. Emergency Services Establish policy to ensure mitigation projects for critical facilities, services, and in frastructure. Strengthen emergency operations by increasing collaboration and coordination among public agencies, non-profit organizations, business, and industry. Coordinate and integrate natural hazard mitigation activities, where appropriate, with emergency operations plans and procedures. Public Participation Public input during development of the mitigation plan assisted in creating plan goals. Meetings with the project steering committee, stakeholder interviews, and public workshops served as methods to obtain input and identify priorities in developing goals November 3,2004 (9:00PM) 41 A.rcadla's Fmal OMA2K I I I I I I I I I for reducing risk and preventing loss from natural hazards in the City of Arcadia On August 12, 2004, the first public workshop was held to gather ideas from City of Arcadia's residents regarding the goals for the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan. The attendees included representatives from public agencies, private organizations, Community Planning Organizations, and private residents. The attendees identified goals for the plan by examining the issues and concerns that they have had regarding natural hazards, and further discussed potential action items for the Plan. A second public hearing was scheduled on August 19, 2004. The draft proposal was available for review prior to final adoption by the Arcadia City Council. Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Action Items The mitigation plan identifies short and long-term action items developed through data collection and research, and the public participation process. Mitigation plan activities may be considered for funding through Federal and State grant programs, and when other funds are made available through the city. Action items address multi-hazard (MH) and hazard specific issues. To help ensure activity implementation, each action item includes information on the time line and coordinating organizations. Upon implementation, the coordinating organizations may look to partner organizations for resources and technical assistance I I I I I I I I I . Coordinating Organization The coordinating organization is the organization that is willing and able to organize resources, find appropriate funding, or oversee activity implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Coordinating organizations may include local, city, or regional agencies that are capable of or responsible for implementing activities and programs. Time line Action items include both short and long-term activities. Each action item includes an estimate of the time line for implementation. Short-term action items are activities that city agencies may' implement with existing resources and authorities within one to two years. Long-term action items may require new or additional resources or authorities, and may take between one and five years (or more) to implement. Ideas for Implementation Each action item includes ideas for implementation and potential resources, which may include grant programs or human resources. Plan Goals Addressed The plan goals addressed by each action item are included as a way to monitor and evaluate how well the mitigation plan is achieving its goals once implementation begins. Constraints November3,20Q4{9:00PM} 42 Arcadia's final OMA2k I I I I I , I I . I I . I I I I a I 1 Constraints may apply to some of the action items. These constraints may be a lack of city staff, lack of funds, or vested property rights, which might expose the City to legal action as a result of adverse impacts on private property. Project Evaluation Worksheets: Each jurisdiction will have some limitations on the number and cost of mitigation activities that can be completed within a given period of time. There are likely to be multiple ideas to mitigate the effects of a given hazard. Therefore it will be necessary for the committee to select the most cost effective mitigation projects and to further prioritize them. The data on these worksheets will help the committee determine the most cost effective mitigation solutions for the community. Some projects may need more detailed information, but this worksheet will provide a first screening methodology. November 3, 2004 (9:OOPM) 43 Arcadia's Final DMA2K I I I I 1 I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I Multi-Hazard Action Items Multi-hazard action items are those activities ihat pertain to two or more of the five hazards in the mitigation plan: flood, landslide, wildfire, severe winter storm, windstorm and earthquake. There are six short-term and three long-term multi-hazard action items described below. SHORT TERM ACTIVITY - MULTI HAZARD #1: Integrate the goals and action items from the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan into existing regulatory documents and programs, where appropriate. Ideas for Implementation: Use the mitigation plan to help the city's General Plan institutionalize guidelines for sustainable development in all new construction and development projects according to the hazards that impact the City of Arcadia. Integrate the city's mitigation plan into current capital improvement plans to ensure that development does not encroach on known hazard areas: and Partner with other organizations and agencies with similar goals to promote Building & Safety Codes that are more disaster resistant at the state level. Coordinating Organization: Time line: Plan Goals Addressed: Constraints: City Manager Office Ongoing Partnerships and Implementation Budget and Staffing SHORT TERM ACTIVITY - MULTI HAZARD #2: Identify and pursue funding opportunities to develop and implement local and city mitigation activities. Ideas for Implementation: Develop incentives for citizens and businesses to pursue hazard mitigation projects: Allocate city resources and assistance to mitigation projects when possible: and Partner with other organizations and agencies in City of Arcadia to identify grant programs and foundations that may support mitigation activities. Coordinating Organization: Time line: Plan Goals Addressed: Constraints: Noverrtler 3. 2004 (9:00PM) City Managers Office Ongoing Partnerships and Implementation Staff time and budget 44 Arcadia's final OMA2k ""1: I I I I I I I . '. I II I I I I I . I SHORT TERM ACTIYITY - MULTI HAZARD #3: Establish a formal plan for the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Committee to develop a sustainable process for implementing, monitoring, and evaluating citywide mitigation activities. Ideas for Implementation: Establish clear roles for participants, meeting regularly to pursue and evaluate implementation of mitigation strategies. Oversee implementation of the mitigation plan.. Establish measurable standards to evaluate mitigation policies and programs and provide a mechanism to update and revise the mitigation plan. Monitor hazard mitigation implementation by jurisdictions and participating organizations through surveys and other reporting methods. Develop updates for the Natural Hazards Mitigation Action Plan based on new information. Conduct a full review of the Natural Hazards Mitigation Action Plan every 5 years by evaluating mitigation successes, failures, and areas that were not addressed. Provide training for Committee members to remain current on developing issues in the natural hazard loss reduction field. Coordinating Organization: Time line: Plan Goals Addressed: Constraints: Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee Ongoing Partnerships and Implementation Staff time SHORT TERM ACTIVITY - MULTI HAZARD #4: Identify, improve, and sustain collaborative programs focusing on the real estate and insurance industries, public and private sector organizations, and individuals to avoid activity that increases risk to natural hazards. Ideas for Implementation: Distribute information about flood, fire, earthquake, and other forms of natural hazards insurance to property owners in areas identified to be at risk through hazard mapping. Educate individuals and businesses on the benefit of engaging in mitigation activities such as developing impact analyses. Pinpoint areas of high risk and transfer the cost of risk to property owners Novel'l'lber3. 20Q4 (9:00PM) 45 Arcadia's Final DMA2K .... I I I I I I I I 'I I :1 I I I I . I I Coordinating Organization: Time line: Plan Goals Addressed: Constraints: City Manager Office Ongoing Protect Life and Property, Public Awareness, Partnerships and Implementation Staff and Budget SHORT TERM ACTIVITY - MULTI HAZARD #5: Develop public and private partnerships to foster natural hazard mitigation program coordination and collaboration in City of Arcadia. Ideas for Implementation: Identify all organizations within City of Arcadia that have programs or interests in natural hazards mitigation. Involve private businesses throughout the city in mitigation planning. Coordinating Organization: Time line: Plan Goals Addressed: Constraints: . November 3, 2004 (9.QOPM} City Managers Office Ongoing Partnerships and Implementation Staffing and Budget 46 Arcadia's fmal OMA2k I I I 'I I . I I I I t I I I I I . I SHORT TERM ACTIVITY - MULTI HAZARD #6: Develop inventories of at-risk buildings and infrastructure and prioritize mitigation projects. Ideas for Implementation: Identify cl;tical facilities at risk from natural hazards events. Develop strategies to mitigate risk to these facilities, or to utilize alternative facilities should natural hazards events cause damages to the facilities in question. Coordinating Organization: Time line: Plan Goals Addressed: Constraints: City Managers Office 1-2 Years Protect Life and Property, Partnerships and Implementation Staff Time, Partnerships and Budget LONG TERM ACTIVITY - MULTI HAZARD #1: Strengthen emergency services preparedness and response by linking emergency services with natural hazard mitigation programs, and enhancing public education on a regional scale. Ideas for Implementation: Encourage individual and family preparedness through public education projects such as safety fairs. Identify opportunities for partnering with citizens, private contractors, and other jurisdictions to increase availability of equipment and manpower for efficiency of response efforts. Familiarize public officials of requirements regarding public assistance for disaster response. Coordinating Organization: Time line: Plan Goals Addressed: Constraints: November J. 2004 /9:00PM) City Managers Office or designee Ongoing Emergency Services Staff time and Budget 47 ....rcaola's Final DMA2K .... I I I I t . I I I 1 I I I I I I I I LO:-iG TERM ACTIVITY - MULTI HAZARD-MH #2: Develop, enhance, and implement education programs aimed at mitigating natural hazards, and reducing the risk to citizens, public agencies, private property owners, businesses, and schools. Ideas for Implementation: Multi hazard Action Items Make the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan available to the public by publishing the plan electronically on the city and emergency management websites. Enhance map capabilities by creating a website that includes information specific to City of Arcadia residents, including site-specific hazards information, Building & Safety Codes information, insurance companies that provide earthquake insurance for city residents, and educational information on damage prevention. Develop outreach programs to business organizations that must prepare for Natural hazard events Education: Develop curriculum for school programs and adult education on reducing risk and preventing loss from natura) hazards. Conduct natural hazards awareness programs in schools and community centers. Conduct workshops for public and private sector organizations to raise awareness of mitigation activities and programs. Develop outreach materials for mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Coordinating Organization: Time line: Plan Goals Addressed: Constraints: City Managers Office or disignee Ongoing Public Awareness, Protect Life and Property Staff and Budget November 3, 2004 (9:00PM) 48 Arcadli/l's final DMA2k "'1 I I I I J' I I I LO";G TERM ACTIVITY - MVL TI HAZARD #3: Use technical knowledge of natural ecosystems and events to link natural resource management and land use organizations to mitigation activities and technical assistance: Ideas for Implementation: Review ordinances that protect natural systems and resources to mitigate for natural hazards for possible enhancements Coordinating Organization: Time line: Plan Goals Addressed: Constrai nts: City Managers Office or designee Ongoing Natural Systems Staffing and Budget I I I I I I I I I I NOvemIJer J. 2004 (9:00PM) 49 Arcadia's Fu"lal DMA2K ,I I I I I '. I roject Evaluation Worksheet J Jurisdiction: Contact: . Jject Title Phone: Agency: E-mail: Hazard(s): Flood Zone: Base Flood Erosion Rate: Elevation: Critical Facility/Population At Risk: Environmental Impact: Historic Preservation Impact: High . I Medium - . . ILOW- ----- -- -- .r----- I Low High Medium Importance to Protection of Life/Property and Risk of Hazard Impact: Disaster Recovery I M~dium . I LOW-- - -- - ---- u. --r- -- -- -- - -1--- - .. .-- I High High Medium Low Estimated Cost: Project Duration: I Value of Facility: Value of Contents: Source(s) of Financing: I Project Objectives: lject Description: I ~ Proposal Date: Evaluation Category Considerations Comments I Social Community Acceptance Adversely Affects Segments of the Population Technical Feasibility I Technical Long Term Solution Secondary Impacts Staffing I Administrative Funding Allocated Maintenance I Operations Political Suppon I Political Plan Proponent Public Suppon Legal Authority I Action Subject to Legal Challenge Benefit Cost of Action I Economic Contributes to Economic Goals Outside Funding Required Affects Land I Water Bodies I Affects Endangered Species c:f1vironmental Affects Hazardous Materials and Waste Sites Consistent with Community Environmental Goals I Consistent with Federal Laws P <=;n I I I I I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I Section 5: Plan Maintenance The plan maintenance section of this document details the formal process that will ensure that the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan remains an active and relevant document. The plan maintenance process includes a schedule for monitoring and evaluating the Plan annually and producing a plan revision every five years. This section describes how the city will integrate public participation throughout the plan maintenance process. Finally, this section includes an explanation of how City of Arcadia's government intends to incorporate the mitigation strategies outlined in this Plan into existing planning mechanisms such as the City General Plan, Capital Improvement Plans, and Building and Safety Codes. Monitoring and Implementing the Plan Plan Adoption The City Council will be responsible for adopting the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan. This governing body has the authority to promote sound public policy regarding natural hazards. Once the plan has been adopted, the City Manager will be responsible for submitting it to the State Hazard Mitigation Officer at The Governor's Office of Emergency Services. The Governor's Office of Emergency Services will then submit the plan to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for review. This review will address the federal criteria outlined ip.fEMA Interim Final Rule 44 CFR Part 201. Upon acceptance by FEMA, City of Arcadia \ViTI gain eligibility' for Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funds. Coordinating Body A City Manager or designee will be responsible for coordinating implementation of plan action items and undertaking the formal review process. Convener The City Council will adopt the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan, and the City Manager will take responsibility for plan implementation. The City Manager will serve as a convener to facilitate the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee meetings, and will assign tasks such as updating and presenting the Plan to the members of the committee November 3. 2004 (9:00PM) 51 Arcadia's Final Sections 1-5 (ReWritten) I I I I I I I I I Implementation through Existing Programs 'v The City of Arcadia addresses statewide planning goals and legislative requirements through its General Plan, Capital Improvement Plans, City Building and Safety Codes and other city documents. The Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan provides a series of recommendations - many of which are closely related to the goals and objectives of existing planning programs. The City of Arcadia will have the opportunity to implement recommended mitigation action items through existing programs and procedures. The goals and action items in the mitigation plan may be achieved through activities recommended in the city's Capital Improvement Plans (CIP). Various city departments develop CIP plans, and review them on an annual basis. Economic Analysis of Mitigation Projects FEMA's approaches to identi fy the costs and benefits associated with natural hazard mitigation strategies, measures, or projects fall into two general categories: benefit/cost analysis and cost- effectiveness analysis. I I I I I I I I I I Conducting benefit/cost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a project is worth undertaking now, in order to avoid disaster-related damages later. Cost-effectiveness analysis evaluates how best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a specific goal. Detelmining the economic feasibility of mitigating natural hazards can provide decision-makers with an understanding of the potential benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis upon which to compare alternative projects. Given federal funding, the City of Arcadia will use a FEMA-approved benefit/cost analysis approach to identify and prioritize mitigation action items. For other projects and funding sources, the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will use other approaches to understand the costs and benefits of each action item and develop a prioritized list. For more information regarding economic analysis of mitigation action items, please see Appendix C of the Plan. November 3. 2004 (9:00PM) 52 Arcadia's Fmal $ecllons 1-5 (Re'M"ltlen) --. I I I I I I I I Evaluating and Updating the Plan Formal Review Process The City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan will be evaluated on an annual basis to determine the effectiveness of programs, and to reflect changes in land development or programs that may affect mitigation priorities. The evaluation process includes a firm schedule and time line, and identifies the local agencies and organizations participating in plan evaluation. The convener or designee will be responsible for contacting the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee members and organizing the annual meeting. The committee will review the goals and action items to determine their relevance to changing situations in the city, as well as changes in State or Federal policy, and to ensure they are addressing current and expected conditions. The committee will also review the risk assessment portion of the Plan to determine if this information should be updated or modified, given any new available data. The coordinating organizations responsible for the various action items will report on the status of their projects, the success of various implementation processes, difficulties encountered, success of coordination efforts, and which strategies should be revised. I I ! I I I I I I I I Continued Public Involvement The City of Arcadia is dedicated to involving the public directly in review and updates of the Hazard Mitigation Plan. The public will also have the opportunity to provide feedback about the Plan. Copies of the Plan will be catalogued and kept at all of the appropriate agencies in the city. The existence and location of these copies will be publicized in the quarterly city newsletter "Arcadia News", which reaches every household in the city In addition, copies of the plan and any proposed changes will be posted on the city website. This site will also contain an email address and phone number to which people can direct their comments and concerns. A public meeting will also be held after each annual evaluation or when deemed necessary by the City Manager. The meetings will provide the public a forum for which they can express its concerns, opinions, or ideas about the Plan November J, 2004 (9:00PM) 53 Arcadia's Final SectIons '.5 (Re'Mllten) I I I I I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I SECTION 6 Earthquake Hazards in Arcadia Saturday, OCIO~'" O~.;OO-l I City of Arcadia- Earthquake Final. \\'Pd I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Section TI: Earthquake Table of Contents Why Are Earthquakes a Threat to the City of Arcadia ..........................................................6-3 History of Earthquake Events in Southern California............................................................6-5 Causes and Characteristics of Earthquakes in Southern California.......................................6-5 Earthquake Related Hazards................................................................................................ ..6- 7 Earthquake Hazard Assessment.......................................................................................... ...6-9 Hazard Identi fication.................. ............. ...... .......................... ...... ........................................ .6-9 Vulnerability Assessment..................................................................................................... .6-12 Risk Analysis....................................................................................................................... ..6-13 Community Earthquake Issues............................................................................................. ..6-13 What Is Susceptible to Earthquakes~ .....................................................................................6-14 Existing Mitigation Acti vities............................................................................................... .6-1 7 Earthquake Mitigation Action Items ......................................................................................6-21 Earthquake Resource Directory.............................:.............................................................. .6-23 S tate Resources.................................................................................................................... ..6-23 Federal Resources................................................................................................................. .6-24 Additional Resources............................................................................................................ .6-25 Publications........................................... ...... ....... ... ................ ................... ... ...................... .... .6- 25 SJ1Urd.1>'. (k1ON-r O~. ~~ 2City of Arcadia- Earthquake Final.wpd I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Why Are Earthquakes a Threat to the City of Arcadia The most recent significant earthquake event affecting Southern California was the January 17th 1994 Northridge Earthquake. At 4:31 A.M. on Monday, January 17, a moderate but very damaging earthquake with a magnitude of6.7 struck the San Fernando Valley. In the following days and weeks, thousands of aftershocks occurred, causing additional damage to affected structures. 57 people were killed and more than 1,500 people seriously injured. For days afterward, thousands of homes and businesses were without electricity; tens of thousands had no gas; and nearly 50,000 had little or no water. Approximately 15,000 structures were moderately to severely damaged, which left thousands of people temporarily homeless. 66,500 buildings were inspected. Nearly 4,000 were severely damaged and over 11,000 were moderately damaged. Several collapsed bridges and overpasses created commuter havoc on the freeway system. Ground shaking caused extensive damage, but earthquake triggered liquefaction and dozens of fires also caused additional severe damage. This extremely strong ground motion in large portions of Los Angeles County resulted in record economic losses. However, the earthquake occurred early in the morning on a holiday. This circumstance considerably reduced the potential effects. Many collapsed buildings were unoccupied, and most businesses were not yet open. The direct and indirect economic losses ran into the 10's of billions of dollars. Historical and geological records show that California has a long history of seismic events. Southern California is probably best known for the San Andreas Fault, a 400-mile long fault running from the Mexican border to a point offshore, west of San Francisco. "Geologic studies show that over the past 1,400 to 1,500 years large earthquakes have occurred at about 130 year intervals on the southern San Andreas Fault. As the last large earthquake on the southern San Andreas occurred iP1857, that section of the fault is considered a likely location for an earthquake within the next few decades.,,1 But San Andreas is only one of dozens of known earthquake faults that criss-cross Southern California. Some of the better-known faults include the Newport-Inglewood, Whittier, Chatsworth, Elsinore, Hollywood, Los Alamitos, and Palos Verdes faults. Beyond the known faults, there are a potentially large number of "blind" faults that underlie the surface of Southern California. One such blind fault was involved in the Whittier Narrows earthquake in October 1987. Although the most famous of the faults, the San Andreas, is capable of producing an earthquake with a magnitude 01'8+ on the Richter scale, some of the "lesser" faults have the potential to inflict greater damage on the urban core of the Los Angeles Basin. Seismologists believe that a 6.0 earthquake on the Newport-Inglewood would result in far more death and destruction than a "great" quake on the San Andreas, because the San Andreas is relatively remote from the urban centers of Southern California. For decades, partnerships have flourished between the USGS, Cal Tech, the California Geological Survey and universities to share research and educational efforts with Californians. Tremendous earthquake mapping and mitigation efforts have been made in California in the past two decades, and public awareness has risen remarkably during this time. Major federal, state, and local government agencies and private organizations support earthquake risk reduction, and S~lurJa}.OCIObcrO::.::OO4 3Ciry of Arcadia- Eanhquake Final.wpd 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I have made significant contributions in reducing the adverse impacts of earthquakes. Despite the progress, the majority of California communities remain unprepared because there is a general lack of understanding regarding earthquake hazards among Californians. Refer to the following table of Earthquake Events In the Southern California Region. Southern California Region Earthquakes with a Magnitude 5.0 or Greater 1769 Los Angeles Basin 1916 Tejon Pass Region 1800 San Diego Region 1918 San Jacinto .~ ,~.~..._. ........"" 1812 Wrightwood 1923 San Bernardino Region 1812 Santa Barbara Channel 1925 Santa Barbara 1827 Los Angeles Region 1933 Long Beach 1855 Los Angeles Region 1941 Carpenteria 1857 Great Fort Tejon Earthquake 1952 Kern County 1858 San Bernardino Region 1954 W. of Wheeler Ridge 1862 San Diego Region 1971 San Fernando 1892 San Jacinto or Elsinore Fault 1973 Point Mugu 1893 Pico Canyon 1986 North Palm Springs 1894 Lytle Creek Region 1987 Whittier Narrows 1894 E. of San Diego 1992 Landers 1899 Lytle Creek Region 1992 Big Bear 1899 San Jacinto and Hemet 1994 Northridge 1907 San Bernardino Region 1999 Hector Mine 1910 Glen Ivy Hot Springs Source: http://9eology.abouLcom/gi/dynamicloffsite.htm?site=http%3A %2F%2F pasadena. wr. usgs.gov%2Finfo%2Fcahist_ eqs.html To better understand the earthquake hazard, the scientific community has looked at historical records and accelerated research on those faults that are the sources of the earthquakes occurring in the Southern California region. Historical earthquake records can generally be divided into records of the pre-instrumental period and the instrumental period. In the absence of instrumentation, the detection earthquakes are based on observations and felt reports, and are dependent upon population density and distribution. Since California was sparsely populated in the l800s, the detection of pre-instrumental earthquakes is relatively difficult. However, two very large earthquakes, the Fort Tejon in 1857 (7.9) and the Owens Valley in 1872 (7.6) are evidence of the tremendously damaging potential of earthquakes in Southern California. In more recent times two 7.3 earthquakes struck Southern California, in Kern County (1952) and Landers (1992). The damage from these four large earthquakes was limited because the occurred in areas which were sparsely populated at the time they happened. The seismic risk is much more severe today than in the past because the population at risk is in the millions, rather than a few hundred or a few thousand persons. SallJrdJy. OClohe'rO:. ~00.l 4Ciry of Arcadia- Earthquake Fina1.wpd . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I History of Earthquake E.'ents in Southern California Since seismologists started recording and measuring earthquakes, there have been tens of thousands of recorded earthquakes in Southern California, most with a magnitude below three. No community in Southern California is beyond the reach of a damaging earthquake. Table x-I describes the historical earthquake events that have affected Southern California. Causes and Characteristics of Earthquakes in Southern California Earthquake Faults A fault is a fracture along or between blocks of the earth's crust where either side moves relative to the other along a parallel plane to the fracture. Strike-slip Strike-slip faults are vertical or almost vertical rifts where the earth's plates move mostly horizontally. From the observers perspective, if the opposite block looking across the fault moves to the right, the slip style is called a right lateral fault; if the block moves left, the shift is called a left lateral fault. Dip-slip Dip-slip faults are slanted fractures where the blocks mostly shift vertically. If the earth above an inclined fault moves down, the fault is called a normal fault, but when the rock above the fault moves up, the fault is called a reverse fault. Thrust faults have a reverse fault with a dip of 45 0 or less. SJtur~)'. O~\'.lbo:>r Q~. ~r)OJ 5City of Arcadia- Earrhquake Final.wpd -.. - . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~UU1;nef"n "i:lIITUf"nli:l Earthquake Fault Map o 25 Miles Fault Map _ \ MojO' raults InfefTed faull' or offshore esca rp~ments _,if-Y ~ KERN COUN1Y LOS ANGELES\ COUN1Y ~ L ..<i1\1D/;t , "Is I W]I\!G :sAN BERNARDINO "16'0(, COUNTY ~~s(Jn 'cnordiro I ~~ ~1\1DI? ! Rive~ide ~ ~I RIVERSIDE ~ COUNTY I ~..., -1v. '''0 ~Q i:/. ..., ~'i(f; 1?(" N ..~ ~ ~~Y.- 'Q{:J ;~l . VENTURA ~. COLlNTY . \ierrura -! Please refer to the above map of major earthquake faults in Southern California. Dr. Kerry Sieh of Cal Tech has investigated the San Andreas fault at Pallett Creek. 'The record at Pallett Creek shows that rupture has recurred about every 130 years, on average, over the past 1500 years. But actual intervals have varied greatly, from less than 50 years to more than 300. The physical cause of such irregular recurrence remains unknown." 2 Damage from a great quake on the San Andreas would be widespread throughout Southern California. Earthquake Related Hazards SJ.t"r.ily.OClobo:rO~.~(lO...l 6City of Arcadia- Earthquake Final.\\'Pd . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ground shaking, landslides, liquefaction, and amplification are the specific hazards associated with earthquakes. The severity of these hazards depends on several factors, including soil and slope conditions, proximity to the fault, earthquake magnitude, and the type of earthquake. Ground Shaking Ground shaking is the motion felt on the earth's sur-face caused by seismic waves generated by the earthquake. It is the primary cause of earthquake damage. The strength of ground shaking depends on the magnitude of the earthquake, the type of fault, and distance from the epicenter (where the earthquake originates). Buildings on poorly consolidated and thick soils will typically see more damage than buildings on consolidated soils and bedrock. Earthquake Induced Landslides Earthquake induced landslides are secondary earthquake hazards that occur from ground shaking. They can destroy the roads, buildings, utilities, and other critical facilities necessary to respond and recover from an earthquake. Many communities in Southern California have a high likelihood of encouIltering such risks, especially in areas with steep slopes. Liquefaction Liquefaction occurs when ground shaking causes wet granular soils to change from a solid state to a liquid state. This results in the loss of soil strength and the soil's ability to support weight. Buildings and their occupants are at risk when the ground can no longer support these buildings and structures. Many communities in Southern California are built on ancient river bottoms and have sandy soil. In some cases this ground may be subject to liquefaction, depending on the depth of the water table. Amplification Soils and soft sedimentary rocks near the earth's surface can modify ground shaking caused by earthquakes. One of these modifications is amplification. Amplification increases the magnitude of the seismic waves generated by the earthquake. The amount of amplification is influenced by the thickness of geologic materials and their physical properties. Buildings and structures built on soft and unconsolidated soils can face greater risk.' Amplification can also occur in areas with deep sediment filled basins and on ridge tops. S~tun1ly. Ocwr.erO:. :OO~ 7City of Arcadia- Earthquake Final.wpd ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Seismic Zones in California Seismic Zones In California . . . ~ Darker Shaded Areas indicate Greater Potential Shaking Source: USGS Website SJ.lurd.1y.OClOMO~.~OO.l 8City of Arcadia- Earthquake Final. wpd . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Earthquake Hazard Assessment Hazard Identification In California, many agencies are focused on seismic safety issues: the State's Seismic Safety Commission. the Applied Technology Council, Governor's Office of Emergency Services, United States Geologica] Survey, Cal Tech, the California Geological Survey as well as a number of universities and private foundations. These organizations, in partnership with other state and federal agencies, have undertaken a rigorous program in California to identify seismic hazards and risks including active fault identification, bedrock shaking, tsunami inundation zones, ground motion amplification, liquefaction, and earthquake induced landslides. Seismic hazard maps have been published and are available for many communities in California through the State Division of Mines and Geology. Maps following illustrate the known earthquake faults in Southern California. Please refer to the following map of major earthquake faults in San Gabriel Valley on the following page. S;lIuni1y.lXlobo:rO:.:OOJ 9City of Arcadia- Eanhquake Final.\\pd . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I San Gabriel Valley Earthquake Fault Map EXAMPLE: SJ1UrW}'. OCIObc:rO~. ::004 IOCity of Arcadia- Earthquake Final.wpd . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I San Gabriel Fault Zone Nearest Communities: Rosemead, Monterey Park, Alhambra, South Pasadena, Temple City, Arcadia, San Marino, El Monte, San Marino Type of Faulting: primarily right-lateral strike-slip Length: roughly 140 km Most Recent Surface Rupture: Late Ouaternarv west of intersection with the Sierra Madre fault zone; Ouaternarv east of that intersection; Holocene only between Saugus and Castaic Slip Rate: I mm/yr to 5 mmlyr Interval Between Major Ruptures: unknown Probable Magnitudes: M6.0 - 7.0 Other Notes: Slip rate and re-occurance interval probably vary significantly along the length of the San Gabriel fault zone. The western half is probably much more active than the eastern half. Dip is generally steep and to the north. Whittier Fault Zone Nearest Communities: Hacienda Heights, Yorba Linda, Pico Rivera, Santa Fe Springs, La Puente, LA Habra Type of Faulting: right-lateral strike-slip with some reverse slip Length: about 40 km Most Recent Surface Rupture: Holocene Slip Rate: between 2.5 and 3.0 mmlyr Interval Between Major Ruptures: unknown Probable Magnitudes: M6.0 - 7.2 Other Notes: The Whittier fault dips toward the northeast. Northridge Fault Zone Nearby Communities: Sepulveda, North Hills, Granada Hills, Chatsworth, Canoga Park, Mission Hills, Panorama City Type of Faulting: reverse Length: 25 km Most Recent Surface Rupture: Late Quaternary Interval Between Major Ruptures: unknown Probable Magnitudes: M6.0 - 7.0 Other Notes: Dip is probably to the north. This is not the fault on which the 1994 Northridge earthquake occurred. That was a south-dipping blind thrust fault, cut off at a depth of roughly 6 km by the Santa Susana fault zone, and probably connected at depth with the Oak Ridge fault. Please refer the following table regarding other faults that might have a significant impact on your community. DISTANCES AND ESTL\1ATED EARTHQUAKE STRENGTHS FOR REGIONAL FAULTS S.11"rW}. o.:IQbttO~. ~OOJ 1 1 City of Arcadia- Earthquake Final.wpd I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Fault Name Approximate Distance form Maximum Credible the Proiect site Earthouake (MCE) Sierra Madre-San Femando 0.2 mile 6.7 MCE Clamshell-Sawpit I mile 6.5 MCE Raymond 2 miles 6.5 MCE San Gabriel 4 miles 7.0 MCE Verdugo 8 miles 6.7 MCE Whittier-North Elsinore 10 miles 7.0 MCE Elvsian Park II miles 6.7 MCE Santa Monica-Hollvwood 13 miles 6.6 MCE San Jose 14 miles 6.5 MCE Chino 18 miles 6.7 MCE San Andreas (Mojave section) 21 miles 7.1 MCE Cucamonga 22 miles 7.0 MCE Newport-Inglewood 23 miles 6.9 MCE Oak Ridge 24 miles 6.9 MCE Newport-Inglewood (offshore) 26 miles 6.9 MCE In California, each earthquake is followed by revisions and improvements in the Building Codes. The 1933 Long Beach resulted in the Field Act, affecting school construction. The 1971 Sylmar earthquake brought another set of increased structural standards. Similar re-evaluations occurred after the 1989 Lorna Prieta and 1994 Northridge earthquakes. These code changes have resulted in stronger and more earthquake resistant structures. The Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act was passed in 1972 to mitigate the hazard of surface faulting to structures for human occupancy. This state law was a direct result of the 1971 San Femando Earthquake, which was associated with extensive surface fault ruptures that damaged numerous homes, commercial buildings, and other structures. Surface I:Upture is the most easily avoided seismic hazard: The Seismic Hazards Mapping Act, passed in 1990, addresses non-surface fault rupture earthquake hazards, including liquefaction and seismically induced landslides.s The State Department of Conservation operates the Seismic Mapping Program for Califomia. Extensive information is available at their website: http://gmw.consrv.ca.gov/shmp/index.htm Vulnerability Assessml~nt The effects of earthquakes span a large area, and large earthquakes occurring in many parts of the Southern Cali fornia region would probably be felt throughout the region. However, the degree to which the earthquakes are felt, and the damages associated with them may vary. At risk from earthquake damage are large stocks of old buildings and bridges: many high tech and hazardous materials facilities: extensive sewer, water, and natural gas pipelines; earth dams; petroleum pipelines; and other critical facilities and private property located in the county. The relative or secondary earthquake hazards, which are liquefaction, ground shaking, amplification, and earthquake-induced landslides, can be just as devastating as the earthquake. The California Geological Survey has identified areas most vulnerable to liquefaction. Liquefaction occurs when ground shaking causes wet granular soils to change from a solid state to a liquid state. This results in the loss of soil strength and the soil's ability to support weight. Salurday. OcIl.1W ():;.. :OO~ 12City of Arcadia- Earthquake Final.wpd . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Buildings and their occupants are at risk when the ground can no longer support these buildings and structures. Map #8 identifies areas vulnerable to liquefaction within the city of Arcadia. Southern California has many active landslide areas, and a large earthquake could trigger accelerated movement in these slide areas, in addition to jarring loose other unknown areas of landslide risk. Map # 8 identifies the areas vulnerable to landslides in the city of Arcadia. Risk Analysis Risk analysis is the third phase of a hazard assessment. Risk analysis involves estimating the damage and costs likely to be experienced in a geographic area over a period oftime6. Factors included in assessing earthquake risk include population and property distribution in the hazard area, the frequency of earthquake events, landslide susceptibility, buildings, infrastructure, and disaster preparedness of the region. This type of analysis can generate estimates of the damages to the region due to an earthquake event in a specific location. FEMA's software program, HAZUS, uses mathematical formulas and information about building stock, local geology and the location and size of potential earthquakes, economic data, and other information to estimate losses from a potential earthquake7 The HAZUS software is available from FEMA at no cost. For greater Southern California there are multiple worst-case scenarios, depending on which fault might rupture, and which communities are in proximity to the fault. But damage will not necessarily be limited to immediately adjoining communities. Depending on the hypocenter of the earthquake, seismic waves may be transmitted through the ground to unsuspecting communities. In the Northridge 1994 earthquake, Santa Monica suffered extensive damage, even though there was a range of mountains between it and the origin of the earthquake. Damages for a large earthquake almost anywhere in Southern California are likely to run into the billions of dollars. Although building codes are some of the most stringent in the world, ten's of thousands of older existing buildings were. built under much less rigid codes. California has laws affecting unreinfOrced masonry buildings (URM's) and although many building owners have retrofitted their buildings, hundreds ofpre-1933 buildings still have not been brought up to current standards. All existing uncensored masonry buildings in the City of Arcadia have been seismically retrofitted to comply with the" 1990 Revised Model Ordinance for the Seismic Retrofit of Hazardous unreinforced Masonry Buildings" as developed by the Sate of California Seismic Safety Commission. Non-structural bracing of equipment and contents is often the most cost-effective type of seismic mitigation. Inexpensive bracing and anchoring may be the most cost effective way to protect expensive equipment. Non-structural bracing of equipment and furnishings will also reduce the chance of injury for the occupants of a building. Community Earthquake Issues What is Susceptible to Earthquakes? Earthquake damage occurs because humans have built structures that cannot withstand severe shaking. Buildings, airports, schools, and lifelines (highways and utility lines) suffer damage in earthquakes and can cause death or injury to humans. The welfare of homes, major businesses, and public infrastructure is very important. Addressing the reliability of buildings, critical facilities, and infrastructure, and understanding the potential costs to government, businesses, and individuals as a result of an earthquake, are challenges faced by the city. SJluniJy. Ocwh.:r 0:,':00..\ 13Ciry of Arcadia- Earthquake Final.v'''pd . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Dams There are a total of 103 dams in Los Angeles County, owned by 23 agencies or organizations, ranging from the Federal government to Home Owner Associations.s These dams hold billions of gallons of water in reservoirs. Releases of water from the major reservoirs are designed to protect Southern California from floodwaters and to store domestic water. Seismic activity can compromise the dam structures, and the resultant flooding could cause catastrophic flooding. Following the 1971 Sylmar earthquake the Lower Van Norman Dam showed signs of structural compromise, and tens of thousands of persons had to be evacuated until the dam could be drained. The dam has never been refilled. The largest reservoirs near the City of Arcadia include: Eaton Wash Debris Dam in Pasadena, Big Santa Anita Dam in Monrovia, and the Sierra Madre Dam. Refer to the following map and note dam inundation areas as provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. SJrul'd.l~'. O'lOi:'o:r ()~. ~oOJ 14City of Arcadia- Earthquake Fina1.wpd . I I A.trpiu"(~F_ Lot AApIa Cauaty Cilyo{ SicmMlrdre I I ~ 9 S;&j z.:. ~~ :i~~ . I .--- ....--- ..- ".________) i;__~_, :~:~_~ , " , _~:~~:: ': -' ..L_..:___.:.' , I -.'-.--- I 1 "d_ - -",* --'- ~ ~.------ .- ----( , I Ht1N'1lNOTCINOI. ,-, ,.... "~ "~ ~. ':::::::~i':::~-:'-::':: ~':'..._"", -.,-.......IIl. ~"" ~'" ...." ~ ~~~~~.:lS:S:::: ~~ ", '" :.:. -- DUARTE , r'1"- -"~' . RD. I I JSl~-..-:--_. I City of A1=dia Sphen of Inll~ Fire Huard Boundary Ememcly Hiab Fire H.ttird High Fire Hum! Low Fire Hu.an:I SIlII.a Anita Dam lnlmdation An::I Mom. s. JQ~ Reservoir Inundation Ana Sierrl Madre Dam Inundation Area Sawpit Dam Inundltion Area UC FACILITIES: I,' : Public Facility (tJ Library . Police: Station 1m El=Cl'ltary School Fire Station 8 MU:1dle School . . Hospital IHi Hi&h School City Hall ~ Park ... .' 'Community Center .__=1_.__.::.' :I;'-]'Imr ~: CAMINO REALA,VE. I -, -; I _ '..- ---I .~~~,o.! D'P..____ .-. _.1,,....--.;.... j i!! , : .~: i 1 :-! J I -~-=~-==-. ..='~'IiiI...:-, :-:i ~. I oa Sa ~~ ~i o . > ~G ~ , , ' ~T~ ~ ~ I I Sowu: ENVICOM, April. 1975. I . Fire and Flooding Hazards EXHIBIT 2 I I I 5Jll.lrJay.<k'....lxrOJ. ~OO-l 15City of Arcadia- Eanhquake Final.wpd I I I I I I I I I- I I I I I I I I I I Buildings The built environment is susceptible to damage from earthquakes. Buildings that collapse can trap and bury people. Lives are at risk and the cost to clean up the damages is great. In most California communities, including the city of Arcadia, many buildings were built before 1993 when building codes were not as strict. In addition, retrofitting is not required except under certain conditions and can be expensive. Therefore, the number of buildings at risk remains high. The California Seismi'c Safety Commission makes annual reports on the progress of the retrofitting of unre in forced masonry buildings. Infrastructure and Communication Residents in the City of Arcadia commute frequently by automobiles and public transportation such as buses and light rail. An earthquake can greatly damage bridges and roads, hampering emergency response efforts and the normal movement of people and goods. Damaged infrastructure strongly affects the economy of the community because it disconnects people from work, school, food, and leisure, and separates businesses from their customers and suppliers, Bridge Damage Even modern bridges can sustain damage during earthquakes, leaving them unsafe for use. Some bridges have failed completely due to strong ground motion. Bridges are a vital transportation link - with even minor damages making some areas inaccessible. Because bridges vary in size, materials, location and design, any given earthquake will affect them differently. Bridges built before the mid-1970's have a significantly higher risk of suffering structural damage during a moderate to large earthquake compared with those built after 1980 when design improvements were made. Much of the interstate highway system was built in the mid to late 1960's. The bridges in the City of Arcadia are state, county or privately owned (including railroad bridges). Cal Trans has retrofitted most bridges on the freeway systems, however there are still some county maintained bridges that are not retrofitted. The FHW A requires that bridges on the National Bridge Inventory be inspected every 2 years. CalTrans checks when the bridges are inspected because they administer the Federal funds for bridge projects. Damage to Lifelines Lifelines are the connections between communities and outside services. They include water and gas lines, transportation systems, electricity and communication networks. Ground shaking and ampli ficatiqn can cause pipes to break open, power lines to fall, roads and railways to crack or move, and radio and telephone communication to cease. Disruption to transportation makes it especially difficult to bring in supplies or services. Lifelines need to be usable after earthquake to allow for rescue, recovery, and rebuilding efforts and to relay important information to the public. Disruption of Critical Services Critical facilities include police stations, fire stations, hospitals, shelters, and other facilities that provide important services to the community. These facilities and their services need to be functional after an earthquake event. Many critical facilities are housed in older buildings that are not up to current seismic codes. Businesses SalUrdJy.Ocll1bcrO:. :00.. 16City of Arcadia- Earthquake Final.wpd I I I I , I I I .' I I I, I t I I I I I Seismic activity can cause great loss to businesses, both large-scale corporations and small retail shops. When a company is forced to stop production for just a day, the economic loss can be tremendous, especially when its market is at a national or global level. Seismic activity can create economic loss that presents a burden to large and small shop owners who may have di fficulty recovering from their losses. Forty percent of businesses do not reopen after a disaster and another twenty-five percent fail within one year according to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Similar statistics from the United States Small Business Administration indicate that over ninety percent of businesses fail within two years after being struck by a disaster.' Individual Preparedness Because the potential for earthquake occurrences and earthquake related property damage is relatively high in the City of Arcadia, increasing individual preparedness is a significant need. Strapping down heavy furniture, water heaters, and expensive personal property, as well as being earthquake insured, and anchoring buildings to foundations are just a few steps individuals can take to prepare for an earthquake. Death and Injury Death and injury can occur both inside and outside of buildings due to collapsed buildings falling equipment, furniture, debris, and structural materials. Downed power lines and broken water and gas lines can also endanger human life, Fire Downed power lines or broken gas mains can trigger fires. When fire stations suffer building or lifeline damage, quick response to extinguish fires is less likely. Furthermore, major incidents will demand a larger share of resources, and initially smaller fires and problems will receive little or insufficient resources in the initial hours after a major earthquake event. Loss of electricity may cause a loss of water pressure in some communities, further hampering fire fighting ability. Debris After damage to a variety of structures, much time is spent cleaning up brick, glass, wood, steel or concrete building elements, office and home contents, and other materials. Developing a strong debris management strategy is essential in post-disaster recovery. Occurrence of a disaster does not exempt the City of Arcadia from compliance with AB 939 regulations. Existing Mitigation Activities Existing mitigation activities include current mitigation programs and activities that are being implemented by county, regional, state, or federal agencies or organizations. City of Arcadia Codes Implementation of earthquake mitigation policy most often takes place at the local government level. The City of Arcadia Development Services Department enforces building codes pertaining to earthquake hazards. The City of Arcadia has adopted the 2001 California Building Code (i.e., 1997 UBe). Therefore, all earthquake hazard mitigation measures specified in the Code are enforced by the City of Arcadia for new and remodeled buildings and structures. Example: The following sections of the UBC address the earthquake hazard: S.1lUrd.1y. (ktob.:r 0:. :00.1 17City of Arcadia- Eanhquake Final.v..'pd . I I I ,. I I I) I I I ,. I I. I I I . I 1605, I (Distribution of Horizontal Sheer); 1605.2 (Stability against Overturning); 1626 (Seismic); 1605.3 (Anchorage); and 1632,1633,1633.9 deal with specific earthquake hazards. Generally, these codes seek to discourage development in areas that could be prone to flooding, landslide, wildfire and / or seismic hazards; and where development is permitted, that the applicable construction standards are met. Developers in hazard-prone areas may be required to retain a qualified professional engineer to evaluate level of risk on the site and recommend appropriate mitigation measures. The City of Arcadia Building Code sets the minimum design and construction standards for new buildings. In 2002, the City of Arcadia adopted the most recent seismic standards in its building code, which requires that new buildings be built at a higher seismic standard. The City of Arcadia also requires that site-specific seismic hazard investigations be performed for new essential facilities, major structures, hazardous facilities, and special occupancy structures such as schools, hospitals, and emergency response facilities. Businesses/Private Sector Natural hazards have a devastating impact on businesses. In fact, of all businesses which close following a disaster, more than forty-three percent never reopen, and an additional twenty-nine perccent close for good within the next two years. \0 The Institute of Business and Home Safety has developed "Open for Business", which is a disaster planning toolkit to help guide businesses in preparing for and dealing with the adverse affects natural hazards. The kit integrates protection from natural disasters into the company's risk reduction measures to safeguard employees, custoniers, and the investment itself. The guide helps businesses secure human and physical resources during disasters, and helps to develop strategies to maintain business continuity before, during, and after a disaster occurs. Hospitals "The Alfred E. Alquist Hospital Seismic Safety Act ("Hospital Act") was enacted in 1973 in response to the moderate Magnitude 6.6 Sylmar Earthquake in 1971 when four major hospital campuses were severely damaged and evacuated. Two hospital buildings collapsed killing forty seven people. Three others were killed in another hospital that nearly collapsed. In approving the Act, the Legislature noted that: Hospitals, that house patients who have less than the capacity of normally healthy persons to protect themselves. and that must be reasonably capable of providing services to the public after a disaster, shall be designed and constructed to resist, insofar as practical, the forces generated by earthquakes, gravity and winds. (Health and Safety Code Section 129680) When the Hospital Act was passed in 1973, the State anticipated that, based on the regular and timely replacement of aging hospital facilities, the majority of hospital buildings would be in compliance with the Act's standards within 25 years. However, hospital buildings were not, and SawrJ.ay.()CI0t>c:rO~.~004 18City of Arcadia- Earthquake Final.wpd I ., I I t I I I .' I I I I I I I . I I, are not, being replaced at that anticipated rate. In fact, the great majority of the State's urgent care facilities are now more than 40 years old. The moderate Magnitude 6.7 Northridge Earthquake in 1994 caused 53 billion in hospital-related damage and evacuations. Twelve hospital buildings constructed before the Act were cited (red tagged) as unsafe for occupancy after the earthquake. Those hospitals that had been built in accordance with the 1973 Hospital Act were very successful in resisting structural damage. However, nonstructural damage (for example, plumbing and ceiling systems) was still extensive in those post-1973 buildings Senate Bill 1953 ("'SB 1953"), enacted in 1994 after the Northridge Earthquake, expanded the scope of the 1973 Hospital Act. Under SB 1953, all hospitals are required, as of January I, 2008, to survive earthquakes without collapsing or posing the threat of significant loss of life. The 1994 Act further mandates that all existing hospitals be seismically evaluated, and retrofitted, if needed, by 2030, so that they are in substantial compliance with the Act (which requires that the hospital buildings be reasonably capable of providing services to the public after disasters). SB 1953 applies to all urgent care facilities (including those built prior to the 1973 Hospital Act) and affects approximately 2,500 buildings on 475 campuses. SB 1953 directed the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development ("OSHPD"), in consultation with the Hospital Building Safety Board, to develop emergency regulations including ".. .earthquake performance categories with subgradations for risk to life, structural soundness, building contents, and nonstructural systems that are critical to providing basic services to hospital inpatients and the public after a disaster." (Health and Safety Code Section 130005) The Seismic Safety Commission Evaluation of the State's Hospital Seismic Safety Policies In 200 I, recognizing the continuing need to assess the adequacy of policies, and the application of advances in technical knowledge and understanding, the California Seismic Safety Commission created an Ad Hoc Committee to re-examine the compliance with the Alquist Hospital Seismic Safety Act. The formation of the Committee was also prompted by the recent evaluations of hospital buildings reported to OSHPD that revealed that a large percentage (40%) of California's operating hospitals are in the highest category of collapse risk." .11 California Earthquake Mitigation Legislation California is painfully aware of the threats it faces from earthquakes. Dating back to the 19th century, Californians have been killed, injured, and lost property as a result of earthquakes. As the State's population continues to grow, and urban areas become even more densely built up, the risk will continue to increase. For decades the Legislature has passed laws to strengthen the built environment and protect the citizens. Table xx-xx provides a sampling of some of the 200 plus laws in the State's codes. Table: Partial List of the Over 200 California Laws on Earthquake Safety Government Code Section Creates Seismic Safety Commission. 8870-8870.95 Government Code Section Established the California Center for Earthquake Engineering 8876.1-8876.10 Research. Public Resources Code Section Authorized a prototype earthquake prediction system along the 2800-2804.6 central San Andreas fault near the City of Parkfield. S:l!l.!tIJay. O,lom O~. ~OOJ 19City of Arcadia- Earthquake Final. wpd . .' I I I I I~ I I I I I I- I I I I I I Public Resources Code Section Continued the Southern California Earthquake Preparedness Project 2810-2815 and the Bav Area Reoional Earthouake Preoaredness Proiect. Health and Safety Code Section The Seismic Safety Commission and State Architect will develop a 16100-16110 state policy on acceptable levels of earthquake risk for new and existino state-owned buildinas. Government Code Section Established the California Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 8871-8871.5 1986. Health and Safety Code Section Defined earthquake performance standards for hospitals. 130000-130025 Public Resources Code Section Established the California Earthquake Education Project. 2805-2808 Government Code Section Established the Earthquake Research Evaluation Conference. 8899.10-8899.16 Public Resources Code Section Established the Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act. 2621-26302621. Government Code Section Created the Earthquake Safety and Public Buildings Rehabilitation 8878.50-8878.52 8878.50. Bond Act of 1990. Education Code Section 35295- Established emergency procedure systems in kindergarten through 35297 35295. made 12 in all the oublic or orivate schools. Health and Safety Code Section Established standards for seismic retrofitting of unreinforced 19160-19169 masonrY buildinos. Health and Safety Code Section Required all child day care facilities to include an Earthquake 1596.80-1596.879 Prenaredness Checklist as an attachment to their disaster clan. Source: http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html Earthquake Education Earthquake research and education activities are conducted at several major universities in the Southern California region, including Cal Tech, USC, UCLA, UCSB, UCI, and UCSB. The local clearinghouse for earthquake information is the Southern California Earthquake Center located at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, Telephone: (213) 740- 5843, Fax: (213) 740-0011, Email: SCEinfo@usc.edu, Website: http://www.scec.org. The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) is a community of scientists and specialists who actively coordinate research on earthquake hazards at nine core institutions, and communicate earthquake information to the public. SCEC is a National Science Foundation (NSF) Science and Technology Center and is co-funded by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). In addition, Los Angeles County along with other Southern California counties, sponsors the Emergency Survival Program (ESP), an educational program for learning how to prepare for earthquakes and other disasters. Many school districts have very active emergency preparedness programs that include earthquake drills and periodic disaster response team exercises. Salunily. OCMt-<rO~. ~oo.. 20City of Arcadia- Earthquake Final.wpd I I I I t I, I I I I I I , .' I I I I I Earthquake Mitigation Action Items The earthquake mitigation action items provide guidance on suggesting specific activities that agencies, organizations, and residents in the City of Arcadia can undertake to reduce risk and prevent loss from earthquake events. Each action item is followed by ideas for implementation, which can be used by the steering committee and local decision makers in pursuing strategies for implementation: ST -EO # 1: Integrate new earthquake hazard mapping data for the City of Arcadia and improve technical analysis of earthquake hazards. Ideas for Implementation: . Develop the City of Arcadia earthquake HAZUS data using more localized data including the building inventory to improve accuracy of the vulnerability assessment for the City Arcadia; and . Conduct risk analysis incorporating HAZUS data and hazard maps using GIS technology to identify risk sites and further assist in prioritizing mitigation activities and assessing the adequacy of current land use requirements, Coordinating Organization: The City Geographic Information Systems Timeline: within the next 2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Partnerships and Implementation, Protect Life and Property Constraints: limited staff time, cost of project to businesses, resistance from public ST -EO # 2: Incorporate the Regional Earthquake Transportation Evacuation Routes developed by the Regional Emergency Managers Group into appropriate planning documents. Ideas for Implementation: . Update the transportation routes map in the City of Arcadia's Natural hazard Mitigation Plan with the evacuation routes data; and . Integrate the evacuation routes data into the City of Arcadia's Emergency Operations Plan, Coordinating Organization: City Managers Office Time1ine: within the next 2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Emergency Services Constraints: limited staff time, cost of project to businesses, resistance from public L T-EO # I: Identify funding sources for structural and nonstructural retrofitting of structures that are identified as seismically vulnerable. Ideas for Implementation: . Provide infOlmation for property owners, small businesses, and organizations on sources of funds (loans, grants, etc.); and . Explore options for including seismic retrofitting in existing programs such as low- income housing, insurance reimbursements, and pre and post disaster repairs, Coordinating Organization: City Managers Office Timeline: ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Partnerships and Implementation, Public Awareness Constraints: limited staff time, cost of project to businesses, resistance from public Salurday. OCto!"<TO;. ~00..1 21Cityof Arcadia- Eanhquake Final.wpd I I, I I I I I I I I ,. I, , I I I I I I L T-EO # 2: Encourage reduction of non structural and structural earthquake hazards. Ideas for Implementation: . Encourage facility managers, business owners, and teachers to refer to FEMA's practical guidebook: "Reducing the Risks Nonstructural Earthquake Damage"; and . Encourage homeowners and renters to use "Is Your Home Protected from Earthquake Disasterry A Homeowner's Guide to Earthquake Retrofit" (IBHS) for economic and efficient mitigation techniques; and . Explore partnerships to provide retrofitting classes for homeowners, renters, building professionals, and contractors; and Coordinating Organization: City Managers Office Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Public Awareness Constraints: limited staff time, cost of project to businesses, resistance from public Salllrd.:Jy. OClotll-r O~. ~004 22Ciry of Arcadia- Earthquake Final.wpd . I I I . , .' I ,I I I I , I I I I I I Earthquake Resource Directory Local and Regional Resources Los .-\n!!eles Count,. Public Works Department Level: County Hazard: Multi 900 S. Fremont Ave. Alhambra, CA 91803 http://ladpw .org Ph: 626-458-5100 Fx: ,,,,,' Notes: The Los Angeles County Department of Public Works protects property and promotes public safety through Flood Control, Water Conservation, Road Maintenance, Bridges, Buses and Bicycle Trails, Building and Safety, Land Development, Waterworks, Sewers, En ineerin ,Ca ital Pro' ects and Ai orts Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) Level: Regional Hazard: Earthquake www.scec.org 3651 Trousdale Parkway Suite 169 Los Angeles, CA 90089-0742 Ph: 213-740-5843 Fx: 213/740-0011 Notes: The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) gathers new information about earthquakes in Southern California, integrates this information into a comprehensive and predictive understanding of earthquake phenomena, and communicates this understanding to end-users and the general public in order to increase earthquake awareness, reduce economic losses, and save lives. State Resources California Department of Transportation (CaITrans) . Level: State Hazard: Multi http://www.dot.ca.gov/ 120 S. Spring Street Los Angeles, CA 90012 Ph: 213-897-3656 Fx: Notes: CalTrans is responsible for the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of the California State Highway System, as well as that portion of the Interstate Highway System within the state's boundaries. Alone and in partnership with Amtrak, CalTrans is also involved in the su ort of intercit assen er rail service in California. California Resources Agency Level: State 1416 Ninth Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Hazard: Multi http://reso urces. ca. gov / Suite 1311 Ph: 916-653-5656 Fx: Notes: The Cali fornia Resources Agency restores, protects and manages the state's natural, historical and cultural resources for current and future generations using solutions based on science, collaboration and res ect for all the communities and interests involved. California Division of Mines and Geology (DMG) Level: State Hazard: Multi www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/index.htm ~~\\lrW.Y. O~\<,>beT O~. ~Q(l..< Deity of Arcadia- Earthquake Final.,vpd I I I I . I . I I I. I I I ., I I I I I 80 I K Street Sacramento, CA 95814 MS 12-30 Ph: 916-445-1825 Fx: 916-445-5718 Notes: The California Geological Survey develops and disseminates technical information and advice on California's eoloo, eolooic hazards, and mineral resources. California Department of Conservation: Southern California Regional Office Level: State Hazard: Multi www.consrv.ca.gov 655 S. Hope Street Los Angeles, CA 90017-2321 #700 Ph: 213-239-0878 Fx: 213-239-0984 Notes: The Department of Conservation provides services and information that promote environmental health, economic vitality, informed land-use decisions and sound management of our state's natural resources. California Planning Information Network Level: State Hazard: Multi www.calpin.ca.gov Notes: The Governor's Office of Planning and Research (OPR) publishes basic information on local planning agencies, known as the California Planners' Book of Lists. This local planning information is available on-line with new search ca abilities and u -to-the- minute u dates. Governor's Office of Emergency Services (OES) Level: State Hazard: Multi www.oes.ca.gov P.O. Box 419047 Rancho Cordova, CA 95741-9047 Ph: 916845- 8911 Fx: 916 845- 8910 Notes: The Governor's Office of Emergency Services coordinates overall state agency response to major disasters in support of local government. The office is responsible for assuring the state's readiness to respond to and recover from natural, manmade, and war-caused emergencies, and for assisting local governments in their emergency preparedness, response and recove efforts. Federal and National Resources Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC) Level: National Hazard: Earthquake 1090 Vermont Ave., NW www.bsscon\ine.org Suite 700 Washington, DC 20005 Ph: 202-289-7800 Fx: 202-289-109 Notes: The Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC) develops and promotes building earth uake risk miti ation re ulato rovisions for the nation. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region IX Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.fema.gov Illl Broadway Oakland, CA 94607 Suite 1200 Ph: 510-627-7100 Fx: 510-627-7112 Notes: The Federal Emergency Management Agency is tasked with responding to, planning for, recoverino from and mitioatino aoainst disasters. 5;lIurd.1r.OchlhoorO~. ~DD4 24City of Arcadia- Earthquake Fina\.wpd I I I I t 1 I I ,I I l' I I, I t I, I I I Federal Emergency Management Agency, Mitigation Division Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.fema.gov/fimalplanhowto.shtm 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202-566-1600 Fx: Notes: The Mitigation Division manages the National Flood Insurance Program and oversees FEMA'smitigation programs. It has a number of programs and activities which provide citizens Protection, with flood insurance; Prevention, with mitigation measures and Partnershi s, with communities throu hout the count . United States Geological Survey Level: Federal. Hazard: Multi hltp://www.usgs.gov/ 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 \ Notes: The USGS provides reliable scientific information to describe and understand the Earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources; and enhance and rotect our ualit of Ii fe. Western States Seismic Policy Council (WSSPC) Level: Regional Hazard: Earthquake www.wsspc.org/home.html l25 California Avenue Suite D201, #1 Palo Alto, CA 94306 Ph: 650-330-1101 Ph: 650-853-8300 Fx: Fx: 650-326-1769 Notes: WSSPC is a regional earthquake consortium funded mainly by FEMA. Its website is a reat resource, with information clear! cate orized - from olic to en ineerin to education. Institute for Business & Home Safety Level: National Hazard: Multi hltp://www.ibhs.orgl 4775 E. Fowler Avenue Tampa, FL 33617 Ph: 8l3-286-3400 Fx: 813-286-9960 The Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) is a nonprofit association that engages in communication, education, engineering and research. The Institute works to reduce deaths, in'uries, ro ert damaoe, economic losses and human sufferin caused b natural disasters. Publications "Land Use Planning for Earthquake Hazard Mitigation: Handbook for Planners" Wolfe, Myer R. et. a!., (1986) University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, National Science Foundation. . This handbook provides techniques that planners and others can utilize to help mitigate for seismic hazards, It provides information on the effects of earthquakes, sources on risk assessment, and effects of earthquakes on the built environment. The handbook also gives examples on application and implementation of planning techniques to be used by local communities. Contact: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center Address: University of Colorado, 482 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0482 SJlUrd.1y. October O~. ~OQ..l 25City of Arcadia- Earthquake Fina1.wpd I I I I I I I I I I I I I I , . .1 I '1 Phone: (303) 492-68\8 Fax: (303) 492-2l51 Website: http://www,colorado.edu/UCB/Research/IBS/hazards "Public Assistance Debris Management Guide", FEMA (July 2000). The Debris Management Guide was developed to assist local officials in planning, mobilizing, organizing. and controlling large-sca:Je debris clearance, removal, and disposal operations, Debris management is generally associated with post-disaster recovery. While it should be compliant with local and county emergency operations plans, developing strategies to ensure strong debris management is a way to integrate debris management within mitigation activities. The "Public Assistance Debris Management Guide" is available in hard copy or on the FEMA website. End Notes http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq 3/when. htm I 2 http://www .gps.caltech.edu/-sieh/home.html J Planning for Natural Hazards: The California Technical Resource Guide, Department of Land Conservation and Development (July 2000) .. http://www.consrv.ca.gov/CGS/rghmlap/ 5 Ibid 6 Burby, R. (Ed.) Cooperating with Nature: Confronting Natural Hazards with Land Use Planning for Sustainable Communities (1998), Washington D.C., Joseph Henry Press. 7 FEMA HAZUS http://www.fema.gov/hazus/hazus2.htm (May 2001). 8 Source: Los Angeles County Public Works Department, March 2004 9 http://www.chamberIOI.com/programs _ committee/natural_ disastersIDisasterPreparednes s/Forty.htm 10 Institute for Business and Home Safety Resources (April 2001), 11 http://www.seismic.ca.gov/pub/CSSC_2001-04_Hospital.pdf S:UllrdJ}. OCtober O~. ~OOJ 26City of Arcadia- Eanhquake Final.wpd .. I I I I I I .1 I .' 1 I I 1 I I I .t ., SECTION 7 Earth Movement (Landslides and'Debris Flows) ,I I I I I I I 1 I I I I '. I I '. I J 'I SECTION 7: EARTH MOVEMENT (LANDSLIDES & DEBRIS FLOWS) Table of Contents Why Are Landslides a Threat to City of Arcadia? What is a Landslide? History of Landslide Events and Impacts Landslide Characteristics Landslide Conditions Landslide Hazard Assessment Hazard Identification Vulnerability and Risk Community Landslide Issues What Is Susceptible to Landslides? Landslide Mitigation Activities Community Issues Summary Landslide Mitigation Action Items Landslide Resource Directory S tate Resources Federal Resources and Programs 7-1 7-2 7-2 7-4 7-6 7-8 7-8 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-10 7-11 7-11 7-12 7-12 7-12 1 Section 7 Lanasllces Final (Rewnle) ,I I I I :1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I WHY ARE LANDSLIDES A THREAT TO CITY OF ARCADIA? Landslides are a serious geologic hazard in almost every state in America. Nationally, landslides cause 25 to 50 deaths each year.] The best estimate of direct and indirect costs:of landslide damage in the United States range between $1 and 52 billion annually2 As a seismically active region, California has had significant number oflocations impacted by landslides. Some landslides result in private property damage, other landslides impact transportation corridors, fuel and energy conduits, and communication facilities. They can also pose a serious threat to human life. Landslides can be broken down into two categories: (I) rapidly moving (generally known as debris flows), and (2) slow moving. Rapidly moving landslides or debris flows present the greatest risk to human life, and people living in or traveling through areas prone to rapidly moving landslides are at increased risk of serious injury. Slow moving landslides can cause significant property damage, but are less likely to result in serious human injuries. HISTORIC SOUTHERJ'\' CALIFORJ'\'IA LANDSLIDES 1928 St. Francis Dam failure ." Los Angeles County, California. The dam gave way on March 12, and its waters swept through the Santa Clara Valley toward the Pacific Ocean, about 54 miles away. Sixty-five miles of valley was devastated, and over 500 people were killed. Damages were estimated at 5672.1 million (year 2000 dollars).' 1956 Portuguese Bend, California Cost, 514.6 million (2000 dollars) California Highway 14, Palos Verdes Hills. Land use on the Palos Verdes Peninsula consists mostly of single-family homes built on large lots, many of which have panoramic ocean views. All of the houses were constructed with individual septic systems, generally consisting of septic tanks and seepage pits. Landslides have been active here for thousands of years, but recent landslide activity has been attributed in part to human activity. The Portuguese Bend landslide began its modern movement in August 1956, when displacement was noticed at its northeast margin. Movement gradually extended down slope so that the entire eastern edge of the slide mass was moving within 6 weeks. By the summer of 1957, the entire slide mass was sliding towards the sea: 1958-1971 Pacific Palisades, California Cost, 529.1 million (2000 dollars) California Highway I and house damaged.; 1961 Mulholland Cut, California Cost, 54l.5 million (2000 dollars) On Interstate 405, II miles north of Santa Monica, Los Angeles County'" 1963 Baldwin Hills Dam Failure. On December 14, the 650 foot long by 155 foot high earth fill dam gave way and sent 360 2 Section 7 LandslideS Final (Rewrite) I I I I I I I I I I 1, I I I I 1 I I I million gallons of water in a fifty foot high wall cascading onto the community below, killing five persons, and damaging 50 million (1963 dollars) of dollars in property. 1969 Glendora, California Cost, 526.9 million (2000 dollars) Los Angeles County, 175 houses damaged, mainly by debris flows.) 1969 Seventh Ave., Los Angeles County, California Cost, 514.6 million (2000 dollars) California Highway 60.8 1970 Princess Park, California Cost, 529.1 million (2000 dollars) California Highway 14, 10 miles north of Newhall, near 9 Saugus, northern Los Angeles County. 1971 Upper and Lower Van Norman Dams, SaD Fernando, California Earthquake-induced landslides Cost, $302.4 million (2000 dollars). Damage due to the February 9, 1971, magnitude 7.5 San Fernando, California, earthquake. The earthquake of February 9 severely damaged the Upper and Lower Van Norman Dams.10 1971 Juvenile Hall, San Fernando, California Landslides caused by the February 9, 1971, San Fernando, California, earthquake Cost, 5266.6 million (2000 dollars). In addition to damaging the San Fernando Juvenile Hall, this 1.2 km-long slide damaged trunk lines of the Southern Pacific Railroad, San Fernando Boulevard, Interstate Highway 5, the Sylmar, California, electrical converter station, and several pipelines and canals. ]] 1977-1980 Monterey Park, Repetto Hills, Los Angeles County, California Cost, 514.6 million (2000 dollars) 100 houses damaged in 1980 due to debris flows.]2 1978 Bluebird Canyon Orange County Cali fornia October 2, cost, 552.7 million (2000 dollars) 60 houses destroyed or damaged. Unusually heavy rains in March of 1978 may have contributed to initiation of the landslide. Although the 1978 slide area was approximately 3.5 acres, it is suspected to be a portion of a larger, ancient landslide.]) 1979 Big Rock, California, Los Angeles County Cost, approximately 51.08 billion (2000 dollars) California Highway I rockslide.]4 1980 Southern California slides 5 l.1 billion in damage (2000 dollars) Heavy winter rainfall in 1979-90 caused damage in six Southern California counties. In 1980, the rainstorm started on February 8. A sequence of 5 days of continuous rain and 7 inches of precipitation had occurred by February 14. Slope failures were beginning to develop by February 15 and then very high-intensity rainfall occurred on February 16. As much as 8 inches of rain fell in a 6-hour period in many locations. Records and personal 3 Section 7 Landslides Final (Reo.vnle) .1 I I 'I I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I observations in the field on February 16 and 17 showed that the mountains and slopes literally c I 15 lei apart on those 2 days. 1983 San Clemente, California, Orange County Cost, 565 million (2000 dollars), California Highway I. Litigation at that time involved approximately 543.7 million (2000 dollars). 16 1983 Big Rock Mesa, California Cost, 5706 million (2000 dollars) in legal claims condemnation of 13 houses, and 300 more threatened rockslide caused by rainfall 17 1978-1979,1980 San Diego County, California Experienced major damage from storms in 1978, 1979, and 1979-80, as did neighboring areas of Los Angeles and Orange County, California. One hundred and twenty landslides were reported to have occurred in San Diego County during these 2 years. Rainfall for the rainy seasons of 78- 79 and 79-80 was 14.82 and 15.61 inches (37.6 and 39.6 cm) respectively, compared to a 125- year average (1850-1975) of9.71 inches (24.7 cm). Significant landslides occurred in the Friars Formation, a unit that was noted as slide-prone in the Seismic Safety Study for the City of San Diego. Of the nine landslides that caused damage in excess of$1 million, seven occurred in the Friars Formation, and two in the Santiago Formation in the northern part of San Diego County.18 1994 Northridge, California earthquake landslides As a result of the magnitude 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake, more than 11,000 landslides occurred over an area of 10,000 km2. Most were in the Santa Susana Mountains and in mountains north of the Santa Clara River Valley. Destroyed dozens of homes, blocked roads, and damaged oil-field infrastructure. Caused deaths from Coccidioidomycosis (valley fever) the spore of which was released from the soil and blown toward the coastal populated areas. The spore was released from the soil by the landslide activity. 19 March 1995 Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, Southern California Above normal rainfall triggered damaging debris flows, deep-seated landslides, and flooding. Several deep-seated landslides were triggered by the storms, the most notable was the La Conchita landslide, which in combination with a local debris flow, destroyed or badly damaged II to 12 homes in the small town of La Conchita, about 20 km west of Ventura. There also was widespread debris-flow and flood damage to homes, commercial buildings, and roads and highways in areas along the Malibu coast that had been devastated by wildfire 2 years before2o LAi\'DSLlDE CHARACTERISTICS WHAT IS A LANDSLIDE? "A landslide is defined as, the movement ofa mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. Landslides are a type of "mass wasting" which denotes any down slope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity. The term "landslide" encompasses events such as rock 4 Section 7 landSlides Fmal (Re'M"lleJ ""1 I I '. I I I I I I 1 I I I ,I I I I I falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows. Landslides can be initiated by rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic activity, changes in groundwater, disturbance and change of a slope by man-made construction activities, or any combination of these factors. Landslides can also occur underwater, causing tidal waves and damage to coastal areas. These landslides are called b . I d l'd ,,'1 su manne an s I es. - The size of a landslide usually depends on the geology and the initial cause of the landslide. Landslides vary greatly in their volume of rock and soil, the length, width, and depth of the area affected, frequency of occurrence, and speed of movement. Some characteristics that determine the type oflandslide are slope of the hillside, moisture content, and the nature of the underlying materials. Landslides are given different names, depending on the type of failure and their composition and characteristics. Slides move in contact with the underlying surface. These movements include rotational slides where sliding material moves along a curved surface, and translational slides where movement occurs along a flat surface. These slides are generally slow moving and can be deep. Slumps are small rotational slides that are generally shallow. Slow-moving landslides can occur on relatively gentle slopes and can cause significant property damage, but are far less likely to result in serious injuries than rapidly moving landslides22 "Failure of a slope occurs when the force that is pulling the slope downward (gravity) exceeds the strength of the earth materials that compose the slope. They can move slowly, (millimeters per year) or can move quickly and disastrously, as is the case with debris-flows. Debris-flows can travel down a hillside of speeds up to 200 miles per hour (more commonly, 30 - 50 miles per hour), depending on the slope angle, water content, and type of earth and debris in the flow. These flows are initiated by heavy, usually sustained, periods of rainfall, but sometimes can happen as a result of short bursts of concentrated rainfall in susceptible areas. Burned areas charred by wildfires are particularly susceptible to debris flows, given certain soil characteristics and slope conditions.,,23 WHAT IS A DEBRIS FLOW? A debris or mud flow is a river of rock, earth and other materials, including vegetation that is saturated with water. This high percentage of water gives the debris flow a very rapid rate of movement down a slope. Debris flows often with speeds greater than 20 mile per hour, and can often move much faster24 This high rate of speed makes debris flows extremely dangerous to people and property in its path. LAl'iDSLlDE EVEl'iTS Al'iD IMPACTS Landslides are a common hazard in California. Weathering and the decomposition of geologic materials produce conditions conducive to landslides and human activity further exacerbates many landslide problems. Many landslides are difficult to mitigate, particularly in areas of large historic movement with weak underlying geologic materials. As communities continue to modify 5 Section 7 Landslides Final (Re'Nl11e) I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I . I J I the terrain and influence natural processes, it is important to be aware of the physical properties of the underlying soils as they, along with climate, create landslide hazards. Even with proper planning, landslides will continue to threaten the safety of people, property, and infrastructure, but without proper planning, landslide hazards will be even more common and more destructive. The increasing scarcity of build-able \and,'particu\arly in urban areas, increases the tendency to build on geologically marginal land. Additionally, hillside housing developments in Southern California are prized for the view lots that they provide. Rock falls occur when blocks of material come loose on steep slopes. Weathering, erosion, or excavations, such as those along highways, can cause falls where the road has been cut through bedrock. They are fast moving with the materials free falling or bouncing down the slope. In falls, material is detached from a steep slope or cliff. The volume of material involved is generally small, but large boulders or blocks of rock can cause significant damage. Earth flows are liquid movements in which land mass (e.g. soil and rock) breaks up and flows during movement. Earthquakes often trigger flowS.25 Debris flows normally occur when a landslide moves down slope as a semi-fluid mass scouring, or partially scouring soils from the slope along its path. Flows are typically rapidly moving and also tend to increase in volume as they scour out the channel.26 Flows often occur during heavy rainfall, can occur on gentle slopes, and can move rapidly for large distances. LANDSLIDE CONDITIONS Landslides are often triggered by periods of heavy rainfall. Earthquakes, subterranean water flow and excavations may also trigger landslides. Certain geologic formations are more susceptible to landslides than others. Human activities, including locating development near steep slopes, can increase susceptibili'Py to landslide ev'ents. Landslides on steep slopes are more dangerous because movements can be rapid. Although landslides are a natural geologic process, the incidence of landslides and their impacts on people can be exacerbated by human activities. Grading for road construction and development can increase slope steepness. Grading and construction can decrease the stability of a hill slope by adding weight to the top of the slope, removing support at the base of the slope, and increasing water content. Other human activities effecting landslides include: excavation, drainage and groundwater alterations, and changes in vegetation,27 Wildland fires in hills covered with chaparral are often a precursor to debris flows in burned out canyons. The extreme heat of a wildfire can create a soil condition in which the earth becomes impervious to water by creating a waxy-like layer just below the ground surface. Since the water cannot be absorbed into the soil, it rapidly accumulates on slopes, often gathering loose particles of soil into a sheet of mud and debris. Debris flows can often originate miles away from unsuspecting persons, and approach them at a high rate of speed with little warning. 6 Section 7 landSlloes Final (Rewnle) I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I' I I J I NATt.:RAL CONDITIONS Natural processes can cause landslides or re-activate historical landslide sites. The removal or undercutting of shoreline-supporting material along bodies of water by currents and waves produces countless small slides each year. Seismic tremors can trigger landslides on slopes historically known to have landslide movement. Earthquakes can also cause additional failure (lateral spreading) that can occur on gentle slopes above steep streams and riverbanks. PARTICULARLY HAZARDOUS LANDSLIDE AREAS Locations at risk from landslides or debris flows include areas with one or more of the following conditions: 1. On or close to steep hills; 2. Steep road-cuts or excavations; 3. Existing landslides or places of known historic landslides (such sites often have tilted power lines, trees tilted in various directions, cracks in the ground, and irregular-surfaced ground); 4. Steep areas where surface runoff is channeled, such as below culverts, V -shaped valleys, canyon bottoms, and steep stream channels; and 5. Fan-shaped areas of sediment and boulder accumulation at the outlets of canyons. 6. Canyon areas below hillsides and mountains that have recently (within 1-6 years) been subjected to a wildland fire. IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENT Although landslides are a natural occurrence, human impacts can substantially affect the potential for landslide failures in the Cit. Proper planning and geotechnical and engineering geologic studies are exercised to reduce the threat of safety of people, property, and infrastructure. Excavation and Grading Slope excavation is common in the development of home sites or roads on sloping terrain. Grading these slopes can result in some slopes that are steeper than the pre-existing natural slopes. Since slope steepness is a major factor in landslides, these steeper slopes can be at an increased risk for landslides. The added weight of fill placed on slopes can also result in an increased landslide hazard. Small landslides can be fairly common along roads, in either the road cut or the road fill. Landslides occurring below new construction sites are indicators of the potential impacts stemming from excavation. DRAINAGE AND GROUNDWATER ALTERATIONS Water flowing through or above ground is often the trigger for landslides. Any activity that increases the amount of water flowing into landslide-prone slopes can increase landslide hazards. Broken or leaking water or sewer lines can be especially problematic, as can water retention facilities that direct water onto slopes. However, even lawn irrigation in landslide prone locations can result in damaging landslides. Ineffective storm water management and excess runoff can 7 $eChon 7 LanOsh\1es Final (Rewrite) I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I' I I I I also cause erosion and increase the risk of landslide hazards. Drainage can be affected naturally by the geology and topography of an area; Development that results in an increase in impervious surface impairs the ability of the land to absorb water and may redirect water to other areas. Channels, streams, ponding, and erosion on slopes all indicate potential slope problems. Road and driveway drains, gutters, downspouts, and other constructed drainage facilities can concentrate and accelerate flow. Ground saturation and concentrated velocity flow are major causes of slope problems and may trigger landslides28 CHANGES IN VEGETATION Removing vegetation from very steep slopes can increase landslide hazards. Areas that experience wildfire and land clearing for development may have long periods of increased landslide hazard. Also, certain types of ground cover have a much greater need for constant watering to remain green. Changing away from native ground cover plants may increase the risk of landslide. LANDSLIDE HAZARD ASSESSMENT HAZARD IDENTIFICATION On December 27, 1999, a fire occurred in the Angeles National Forest north of the City of Arcadia that resulted in the burning of over 500 acres of chaparral. The U.S. Forestry Service classified this as a medium intensity fire that burned off vegetation at the surface level, however left the root structures intact. Initial estimates are that the natural recovery process will take between four to ten years for full restoration of the vegetation and chaparral. In the interim, the burn area is barren of vegetation. The soil is composed of loose gravel and dirt and due to burn, which creates a coating, having a water repelling effect. This means that the normal absorption and stability of the soil is diminished. With the lack of vegetation and water repellency of the soil, geologists and hydrologists surveying the area forecast the likelihood of natural soil erosion and runoff with or without rainfall. The City of Arcadia anticipated that with rainfall, flooding and mudslides were likely. The degree of flooding or mudslides depended upon the amount and intensity of rainfall; however, experts believe that one-half inch of rain falling over a short period of time could be sufficient to create a problem. Several residences were identified as being threatened to varying degrees by mudslides and flooding due to their proximity to the mountainside and the watersheds where water and debris naturally flowed. Furthermore, several streets possessed the potential of being impacted by flooding, mud and debris flow. 8 Section 7 landslideS Final (Re'M"lte) I . I I '. I . I '1 I I I I I I I I I I The Public Works Services Department created an action plan to coincide with the overall city emergency operations plan in preparation for the anticipated flood, mud and debris programs. VULi\ERABILITY Ai\D RISK Vulnerability assessment for landslides will assist in predicting how different types of property and population group's will be affected by a hazard.29 Data that includes specific landslide-prone and debris flow locations in the city can be used to assess the population and total value of property at risk from future landslide occurrences. The City of Arcadia's Development Services Department uses percent slope as an indicator of hill slope stability. The city uses a 20% or greater threshold to identify potentially unstable hill slopes. The Mt. Wilson and EI Monte seismic hazard maps, which are published by the California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines, shows that the extreme northeast section of the City is the only portion of the City with the potential for landslides. Although the acreage has not been calculated, it accounts for a very small part of the City. While a quantitative vulnerability assessment (an assessment that describes number of lives or amount of property exposed to the hazard) has not yet been conducted for City of Arcadia landslide events, there are many qualitative factors that point to potential vulnerability. Landslides can impact major transportation arteries, blocking residents from essential services and businesses. Past landslide events have caused property damage or significantly impacted City residents, and continuing to map City landslide and debris flow areas will help in preventing future loss. Factors included in assessing landslide risk include population and property distribution in the hazard area, the frequency of landslide or debris flow occurrences, slope steepness, soil characteristics, and precipitation intensity. This type of analysis could generate estimates of the damages to the City due to a specific landslide or debris flow event. At the time of publication of this plan, data was insufficient to conduct a risk analysis and the software needed to conduct this type of analysis was not available. COMMUi\ITY LANDSLIDE ISSUES WHAT IS SUSCEPTIBLE TO LANDSLIDES? Landslides can affect utility services, transportation systems, and critical lifelines. Communities may suffer immediate damages and loss of service. Disruption of infrastructure, roads, and critical facilities may also have a long-term effect on the economy. Utilities, including potable water, wastewater, telecommunications, natural gas, and electric power, are all essential to service community needs. Loss of electricity has the most widespread impact on other utilities and on the whole community. Natural gas pipes as small as an inch or two may also be at risk of breakage from landslide movements. 9 Section 7 landSlides Final (R&M1lel . I I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ROADS AND BRIDGES Losses incurred from landslide hazards in the City of Arcadia have been associated with roads. The City of Arcadia Public Works Services Department is responsible for responding to slides that inhibit the flow of traffic or are damaging a roadlbridge. LIFELINES AND CRITICAL FACILITIES Lifelines and critical facilities should remain accessible, if possible, during a natural hazard event. The impact of closed transportation arteries may be increased if the closed road or bridge is critical for hospitals and other emergency facilities. Therefore, inspection and repair of critical transportation facilities and routes is essential and should receive high priority. Losses of power and phone service are also potential consequences oflandslide events. Due to heavy rains, soil erosion in hillside areas can be accelerated, resulting in loss of soil support beneath high voltage transmission towers in hillsides and remote areas. Flood events can also cause landslides, which can have serious impacts on gas lines that are located in vulnerable soils. LANDSLIDE MITIGATION ACTIVITIES Landslide mitigation activities include current mitigation programs and activities that are being implemented by local or city organizations. Landslide Building/_Z9ning Codes The City of Arcadia'sMunicipal Code addresses development on steep slopes in its building and zoning codes. The codes outline standards for development within the hillside area of the City. Generally, the ordinance requires geotechnical and engineering geologic studies for developments proposed on slopes of 20 percent or greater. More detailed surface and subsurface investigations shall be warranted if indicated by the geotechnical and geologic studies. This may include soils, vegetation, geologic formations, and drainage patterns. Site evaluations may also occur where stability might be lessened by proposed grading/filling or land clearing. 10 Section 7 Landsliaes FInal (Rewrite) I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I HAZARD MAPPING See Landslide and Debris Flow maps in Map section. Community Issues Summary Landslides are a potcntial problem in the City of Arcadia, and often affect the City's infrastructure as well as private property. The Mt. Wilson and El Monte seismic hazard maps, which are published by the California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines, illustrate the known landslide hazard area(s). Landslide Mitigation Action Items The landslide mitigation action items provide direction on specific activities that the City, homeowner associations, and residents in City of Arcadia can undertake to reduce risk and prevent loss from landslide events. Each action item is followed by ideas for implementation, which can be used by the steering committee and local decision makers in pursuing strategies for implementation. Short Term Mitigation Activity for Landslide #1: Improve knowledge of landslide hazard areas and understanding of vulnerability and risk to life and property in hazard-prone areas. Ideas for Implementation Conduct a landslide hazard mapping study in the City of Arcadia, Develop public information to emphasize risk when building on potential or historical landslide areas. Coordinating Organization: Public Works and Development Services Departments Timeline: 1-2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Natural Systems, Public Awareness Constraints: Staffume/lack of resources Short Term Mitigation Activity for Landslide #2: Identify safe evacuation routes in high-risk debris flow and landslide areas. . Ideas for Implementation Identify potential debris removal resources; Increase participation in regional committee planning for emergency transportation routes; and Identify and publicize information regarding emergency transportation routes. Coordinating Organization: City Managers Office Timeline: 1-2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property Constraints: Staff time/lack of resources 11 Section 1 LimOslIOe!. Fmal (Rewn\e} .... I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I LA1\DSLlDE RESOURCE DIRECTORY (See details in Appendix A) COU1\TY RESOURCES $ Los Angeles County Department of Public Works STATE RESOURCES $ Department of Conservation Headquarters $ California Geological Survey Headquarters/Office of the State Geologist $ California Division of Forestry $ Department of Water Resources $ Governor's Office of Emergency Services $ California Department of Transportation (Cal Trans) FEDERAL RESOURCES AND PROGRAMS $ Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) $ Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) $ US Geological Survey, National Landslide Information Center PUBLICA TI01\5 Olshansky, Robert 8., Planning for Hillside Development (1996) American Planning Association. This document describes the history, purpose, and functions of hillside development and regulation and the role of planning, and provides excerpts from hillside plans, ordinances, and guidelines from communities throughout the US. Olshansky, Robert 8. & Rogers, J. David, Unstable Ground: Landslide Policv in the United States (1987) Ecology Law Quarterly. This is about the history and policy of landslide mitigation in the US. Public Assistance Debris Management Guide (July 2000) Federal Emergency Management Agency. The Debris Management Guide was developed to assist local officials in planning, mobilizing, organizing, and controlling large-scale debris clearance, removal, and disposal operations. Debris management is generally associated with post-disaster recovery. While it should be compliant with local and city emergency operations plans, developing strategies to ensure strong debris management is a way to integrate debris management within mitigation activities. The Guide is available in hard copy or on the FEMA website. 12 Section 7 LandsliCles Final (Rewrite) 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I USGS Landslide Program Brochure. National Landslide Information Center (NLIC), United States Geologic Sur\'ey. The brochure provides good, general infornlation in simple terminology on the importance of landslide studies and a list of databases, outreach, and exhibits maintained by the NLLC. The brochure also includes information on the types and causes of landslides, rock falls, and earth flows. LANDSLIDE ENDNOTES I. Mileti, Dennis. Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States (1999) Joseph Henry Press, Washington D.C. 2. Brabb, E.E., and B.L Harrod. (Eds) Landslides: Extent and Economic Significance. Proceedings of the 28th International Geological Congress Symposium on Landslides. (1989) Washington D.C., Rotterdam: Balkema. 3. Highland, L.M., and Schuster, R.L., Significant Landslide Events in the United States. (No Date) USGS, Washington D.C., http://landslides.usgs.gov .html_ files/pubslreport I/Landslides -'pass _ 508.pdf 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid. II. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid. 13 Section 7 Lal"ldsl!oes Final (Re'M'ite) . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 16. Ibid. 17. Ibid. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Landslide Hazards, U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 0071-00, Version 1.0, U.S. Department of the Interior - U.S. Geological Survey, http://pubs.lIs!!:s.l!ov/fs/fs-0071-00/ 22. Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team, State Hazard Mitigation Plan (2000) Oregon Emergency Management 23. Ibid. 24. Barrows, Alan and Smith, Ted, DMG Note 13, http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/informationlpublications/cgs _notes/note _ 33/ 25. Robert Olson Associates, Metro Regional Hazard Mitigation and Planning Guide (June 1999) Metro 26. Ibid. 27. Planning For Natural Hazards: The Oregon Technical Resource Guide, Department of Land Conservation and Development (2000), Ch 5. 28. Homeowners Guidefor Landslide Control. Hillside Flooding, Debris Flows. Soil Erosion, (March 1997) 29. Burby, R. (Ed.) Cooperating With Nature (1998) Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. 14 Section 7 LandslideS Final (Rewrite) . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I SECTION 8 Flooding Hazards . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Flood Section Table of Contents Floods in the City of Arcadia...........................................................................................................3 History of Flooding in the City of Arcadia......................................................................................3 History of Flooding in the Southern CalifC5mia Region............::;....................................................3 What Factors Create Flood Risk? ....................................................................................................5 Flood Terminology.......................................................................................................................... 7 Characteristics of Flooding..............................................................................................................8 What Is the Effect of Development on Floods? .............................................................................12 How Are Flood-prone Areas Identified? .......................................................................................13 Hazard ldenti fication ..................................................................................................................... 14 V ulnerabi lity Assessment ...................................... ....... ...... ......... ....... ...... ... ........ ........ ..... ............. 14 Community Flood Issues ...............................................................................................................15 Risk Analysis..................................................................................................................................... What Is Susceptible to Damage During a Flood Event~.................................................................... FI dM" . A'" 00 Itlgatlon ctl VI tles................................................................................................................ Community Issues Summary ............................................................................................................. Flood Mitigation Action Items.......................................................................................................18 Flood Resource Directory....................................... ,..................................................................... .20 County Resources........................................................................................................................ ..20 State Resources............................................................................................................................ ..21 Federal Resources and Programs ...................................................................................................21 Publications....................................................................................................................................24 Flooding End Notes...................................................................................................................... .24 Attachments: F.E.M.A. Flood Letter Dam Inundation Map 2 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I .' I I Floods in the City of Arcadia Based upon findings from the Federal Emergency Management Agency at stated in a letter to the then Mayor of the City of Arcadia (dated September 7, 1984, see Exhibit I), the City of Arcadia has no Special Flood Hazard Areas that exist within the corporate limits of the community. This finding is in compliance with Part 67, Chapter I, title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations. However, there are portions of the City that are located within the flood hazard areas (or inundation areas) of three (3) dams, including the Eaton Wash Dam in East Pasadena, the Santa Anita Dam, which is located in the Nation Forest above Arcadia, and the Sawpit Dam, which is located in Monrovia. A portion of the Sierra Madre Dam hazard area is also located within the City limits but the dam was recently modified and no longer poses a potential threat to the City. See Exhibit 2 - Fire and Flooding Hazards from the City of Arcadia General Plan. While the City is not in a designated special flood hazard area, it was most recently affected by a debris flow in Winter 2000. This incident was a result ofa fire that occurred in December 1999 in the Angeles National Forest north of the City of Arcadia. The U.S. Forestry Service classified the fire as medium intensity that burned off vegetation at the surface level. However, it left the root structures intact. Initial estimates stated that the natural recovery process would take between four to ten years for full restoration of the vegetation and chaparral. Due to the fire, the soil was composed of loose gravel and a dirt and water repelling coating was formed. At the City's next annual rainfall, debris began to flow down from the burned areas causing damage to local homes. It was estimated that this debris flow could have caused damage to 41 homes totaling approximately S 17.7 million in private property damage. The City spent approximately 5540,000 to help minimize the damage to private property. The City has also experienced Urban Flooding. This occurred during the heavy rains in the mid 90's when the City's'sewer system could not handle the amount of water being generated from the storm. The wateioverflowed onto the City streets but caused little to no damage to any public or private property. Once the rainfall lessened, the sewer system was able once again channel the water through and away from the City. History of Flooding ill The City of Arcadia There are a number of rivers in the Southern California region, but the river with the best recorded history is the Los Angeles River. The flood history of the Los Angeles River is generally indicative of the flood history of much of South ern California. Historic Flooding in Los Angeles County Records show that since 1811, the Los Angeles River has flooded 30 times, on average once every 6.1 years. But averages are deceiving, for the Los Angeles basin goes through periods of drought and then periods of above average rainfall. Between 1889 and 1891 the river flooded every year, and from 1941 to 1945, the river flooded 5 times. Conversely, from 1896 to 1914, a' period of 18 years, and again from 1944 to 1969, a period of 25 years, the river did not have serious floods.] 3 .... I I Major Floods of the Los Angeles River I I 1811 Flooding 1815 Flooding 1825 L.A. River changed its course back from the Ballona wetlands to San Pedro 1832 Heavy flooding 1861-62 Heavy flooding. Fifty inches of rain falls during December and January. 1867 Floods create a large, temporary lake out to Ballona Creek. 1876 The Novician Deluge 1884 Heavy flooding causes the river to change course again, turning east to Vernon and then southward to San Pedro. 1888-1891 Annual floods 1914 Heavy flooding. Great damage to the harbor. 1921 Flooding 1927 Moderate flood 1934 Moderate flood starting January 1. Forty dead in La Canada. 1938 Great County-wide flood with 4 days of rain. Most rain on day 4. \94\.44 L.A. River floods five times. 1952 Moderate flooding 1969 One heavy flood after 9 day storm. One moderate flood. 1978 Two moderate floods 1979 Los Angeles experiences severe flooding and mudslides. 1980 Flood tops banks of river in Long Beach. Sepulveda Basin spillway almost opened. 1983 Flooding kills six people. 1992 15 year flood. Motorists trapped in Sepulveda basin. Six people dead. 1994 Heavy flooding I I I I I I I I I I Sources: http://www.lale.kI2.ca.us/targetlunits/river/tour/hist.htmland ( hllp:llwww.losangelesalmanac.comltopics/History/hi01i.htm ) I While the City of Arcadia is 15 miles east of Los Angeles, it is not so far away as to not be affected by the heavy rains that brought flooding to Los Angeles. In addition, the towering mountains that give the Los Angeles region its spectacular views also bring a great deal of rain out of the storm clouds that pass through. Because the mountains are so steep, the rainwater moves rapidly down the slopes and across the coastal plains on its way to the ocean. I I ""The Santa Monica, Santa Susana and Verdugo mountains, which surround three sides of the valley seldom reach heights above three thousand feet. The western San Gabriel Mountains, in contrast, have elevations of more than seven thousand feet. These higher ridges often trap eastern-moving winter storms. Although I ,j .... I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I downtown Los Angeles averages just fifteen inches of rain a year, some mountain peaks in the San Gabriels receive more than forty inches of precipitation annually,,2 Naturally, this rainfall moves rapidly down stream, often with severe consequences for anything in its path. In extreme cases, flood-generated debris flows will roar down a canyon at speeds near 40 miles per hour with a wall of mud, debris and water tens of feet high. In Southern California, stories of floods, debris flows, persons buried alive under tons of mud and rock and persons swept away to their death in a river flowing at thirty-five miles an hour are without end. No catalog of chaos could contain all the losses suffered by man and his possessions from the regions rivers and streams. What Factors Create Flood Risk? Flooding occurs when climate, geology, and hydrology combine' to create conditions where water flows outside of its usual course. While the City of Arcadia has some of these conditions, it has been fortunate enough to have never experienced flooding in the City. Winter Rainfall Over the last 125 years, the average annual rainfall in Los Angeles has been 14.9 inches. But the term "average" means very little as the annual rainfall during this time period has ranged from only 4.35 inches in 2001-2002 to 38.2 inches in 1883-1884. In fact, in only fifteen of the past l25 years, has the annual rainfall been within plus or minus 10% of the 14.9 inch average. And in only 38 years has the annual rainfall been within plus or minus 20% of the 14.9 inch average. This makes the Los Angeles basin a land of extremes in terms of annual precipitation. The City of Arcadia is centrally located in the San Gabriel Valley. It is up against the San Gabriel mountains or hills, which could increase the collection ofrainwater. Monsoons Another relatively regular source for heavy rainfall, particularly in the mountains and adjoining cities is from summer tropical storms. Table below lists tropical storms that have had significant rainfall in the past century, and the ge'l.eral areas affected by these storms. These tropical storms usually coincide with El Nino years. Tropical cyclones that have affected Southern California during the 20th Century Month-Year Date(s) Area(s) Affected Rainfall July 1902 20th & 21" Desens & Southern Mountains up to 2" Aug. 1906 18th & 19'h Deserts & Southern Mountains up to 5" Sept. 1910 15th Mountains of Santa Barbara County 2" Aug. 1921 20th & 21 " Deserts & Southern Mountains up to 2" Sept. 1921 30th Deserts up to4" Sept. 1929 18'h Southern Mountains & Desens up to 4" " .... I I I I I Tropical cyclones that have affected Southern California during the 20th Century Sept. 1932 28'" - Oct 1" Mountains & Deserts, 15 Fatalities up to 7 Aug. 1935 25'" Southern Valleys, Mountains & Deserts up to 2" 4th _7'" Southern Mountains, Southern & Eastern Deserts up to 7 Ilth& 12'" Deserts, Central & Southern Mountains up t04" Sept. 1939 19th - 21" Deserts, Central & Southern Mountains up to 3" 25'" Long Beach, WI Sustained Winds of 50 Mph 5" Surrounding Mountains 6 to 12" Sept. 1945 9th & 10th Central & Southern Mountains up to 2" Sept. 1946 30'" -Oct I" Southern Mountains up t04" Aug. 1951 27th - 29th Southern Mountains & Desens 2 to 5" Sept. 1952 19th - 21st Central & Southern Mountains up t02" July 1954 17th - 19th Deserts & Southern Mountains up to 2" July 1958 28th & 29th Deserts & Southern Mountains up to 2" Sept. 1960 9th & 10th Julian 3.40" Sept. 1963 17th - 19th Central & Southern Mountains up to 7" Sept. 1967 1st - 3rd Southern Mountains & Deserts 2" Oct. 1972 6th Southeast Deserts up to 2" Sept. 1976 10th & 11th Central & Southern Mountains. Ocotillo, CA was Destroyed 6 to 12" 3 Fatalities Los Angeles 2" Aug. 1977 n/a Mountains up to 8" Oct. 1977 6th & 7th Southern Mountains & Deserts up to 2 Sept. 1978 5th & 6th Mountains 3" Sept. 1982 24th - 26th Mountains up to 4" Sept. 1983 20th & 21st Southern Mountains & Deserts up to 3" hun: \\'\\ \\. fc'ma.!.!O\' l1\\'z9jleln scal.shtm I I I I I I I I I I I I Geography and Geology The grealer Los Angeles Basin is Ihe product ofrainstorms and erosion for millennia. "Most of the mountains that ring the valleys and coastal plain are deeply fractured faults and, as they (the mountains) grew taller, their brittle slopes were continually eroded. Rivers and streams carried boulders, rocks, gravel, sand, and silt down these slopes to the valleys and coastal plain. In places these sediments are as much as twenty thousand feet thick,,3 I Much of the coastal plain rests on the ancient rock debris and sediment washed down from the .... I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I mountains. This sediment can act as a sponge, absorbing vast quantities of rain in those years when heavy rains follow a dry period. But like a sponge that is near saturation, the same soil fills up rapidly when a heavy rain follows a period ofrelatively wet weather. So even in some years of heavy rain, flooding is minimal because the ground is relatively dry. The same amount of rain following a wet period of time can cause extensive flooding. The greater Los Angeles basin is for all intents and purposes built out. This leaves precious little open land to absorb rainfall. This lack of open ground forces water to remain on the surface and rapidly accumulate. If it were not for the massive flood control system with its concrete lined river and stream beds, flooding would be a much more common occurrence. And the tendency is towards even less and less open land. In-fill building is becoming a much more common practice in many areas. Developers tear down an older home which typically covers up to 40% of the lot size and replacing it with three or four town homes or apartments which'may cover 90- 95% of the lot which is not allowed in the City of Arcadia's Development Code. Another potential source of flooding is "asphalt creep." The street space between the curbs of a street is a part of the flood control system. Water leaves property and accumulates in the streets, where it is directed towards the underground portion of the flood control system. The carrying capacity of the street is determined by the width of the street and the height of the curbs along the street. Often, when streets are being resurfaced, a one to two inch layer of asphalt is laid down over the existing asphalt. This added layer of asphalt subtracts from the rated capacity of the street to carry water. Thus the original engineefed capacity of the entire storm drain system is marginally reduced over time. Subsequent re-paving of the street will further reduce the engineered capacity even more. Flood Terminology Floodplain A floodplain is a land area adjacent to a river, stream, lake, estuary, or other water body that is subject to flooding. This area, ifleft undisturbed, acts to store excess flood water. The floodplain is made up of two sections: the floodway and the flood fringe. I DO-Year Flood The 1 OO-year flooding event is the flood having a one percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in magnitude in any given year. Contrary to popular belief, it is not a flood occurring once every 100 years. The I DO-year floodplain is the area adjoining a river, stream, or watercourse covered by water in the event of a 100-year flood. Floodway The floodway is one of two main sections that make up the floodplain. Floodways are defined for regulatory purposes. Unlike floodplains, floodways do not reflect a recognizable geologic feature. For NFIP purposes, floodways are defined as the channel of a river or stream, and the overbank areas adjacent to the channel. The floodway carries the bulk of the flood water downstream and is usually the area where water velocities and forces are the greatest. NFIP regulations require that the floodway be kept open and free from development or other structures that would obstruct or divert flood flows onto other properties. 7 .... I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I The NFIP floodway definition is "the channel of a river or other watercourse and adjacent land areas that must be reserved in order to discharge the base flood without cumulatively increasing the water surface elevation more than one foot. Floodways are not mapped for all rivers and streams but are generally mapped in developed areas. Flood Fringe The flood fringe refcrs to the outer portions of the floodplain, beginning at the edge of the floodway and continuing outward. Based upon findings from the Federal Emergency Management Agency at stated in a letter to the Mayor of the City of Arcadia (dated September 7, 1984), the City of Arcadia has no Special Flood Hazard Areas that exist within the corporate limits of the community. This finding is in compliance with Part 67, Chapter I, litle 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Therefore, the City of Arcadia's Development Code does not address any type of flood plain development. However, the City's General Plan recognizes that the City does receive more than average rainfall due to it's proximity to the San Gabriel Mountains. Howevcr, there are portions of the City that are located within the flood hazard areas (or inundation areas) of three (3) dams, including the Eaton Wash Dam in East Pasadena, the Santa Anita Dam, which is located in the Nation Forest above Arcadia, and the Sawpit Dam, which is located in Momovia. A portion of the Sierra Madre Dam hazard area is also located within the City limits but the dam was recently modified and no longer poses a potential threat to the City. Development Based upon findings from the Federal Emergency Management Agency at stated in a letter to the Mayor of the City of Arcadia (dated September 7, 1984), the City of Arcadia has no Special Flood Hazard Areas that exist within the corporate limits of the community. This finding is in compliance with Vart 67, Chapter I; title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Therefore, the City of Arcadia's Development Code does not address any type of flood plain development. Base Flood Elevation (BFE) The term "Base Flood Elevation" refers to the elevation (normally measured in feet above sea level) that the base flood is expected to reach. Base flood elevations can be set at levels other than the IOO-year flood. Some communities choose to use higher frequency flood events as their base flood elevation for certain activities, while using lower frequency events for others. For example, for the purpose of storm water management, a 25-year flood event might serve as the base flood elevation; while the 500-year flood event may serve as base flood elevation for the tie down of mobile homes. The regulations of the NFIP focus on development in the IOO-year floodplain. Characteristics of Flooding Riverine Flooding Riverine flooding is the overbank flooding of rivers and streams. The natural processes of riverine flooding add sediment and nutrients to fertile floodplain areas. Flooding in large river systems typically results from large-scale weather systems that generate prolonged rainfall over a wide geographic area, causing flooding in hundreds of smaller streams, which then drain into the major nvers. 8 . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Shallow area flooding is a special type of riverine flooding. FEMA defines shallow flood hazards as areas that are inundated by the I DO-year flood with flood depths of only one to three feet. These areas are generally flooded by low velocity sheet flows of water. Urban Flooding As land is converted from fields or woodlands to roads and parking lots, it loses its ability to absorb rainfall. Urbanization ofa watershed changes the hydrologic systems of the basin. Heavy rainfall collects and flows faster on impervious concrete and asphalt surfaces. The water moves from the clouds, to the ground, and into streams at a much faster rate in urban areas. Adding these elements to the hydroldgical systems can result in flood waters that rise very rapidly and peak with violent force. The City of Arcadia, as is the case with all built out cities, has a high concentration of impermeable surfaces Ihal either collect water, or concentr,lle the flow of water in unnatural channels. During periods of urban flooding, streets can become swift moving rivers and basements can fill with water. Storm drains often back up with vegetative debris causing additional, localized flooding. The City of Arcadia could experience Urban Flooding during severe EI Nino type rainfall exceeding the City's sewer systems maximum capacity. This occurred once in the City during the heaving rains in Ihe mid 90's. The water overflowed onto the City streets but caused little to no damage to any public or private property. Once the rainfalIlessened, the sewer system was able once again channel the water through and away from the City. Dam Failure Flooding Loss of life and damage to structures, roads, and utilities may result from a dam failure. Economic losses can also result from a lowered tax base and lack of utility profits. These effects could certainly accompany the failure of one of the major dams surrounding the City of Arcadia. There are no dams within the City's boundaries. However, there are portions of the City that are located within the flood hazard areas (or inundation areas) of three (3) dams, including the Eaton Wash Dam in East Pasadena, Ihe Santa Anita Dam, which is located in the Nation Forest above Arcadia, and the Sawpit Dam, which is located in Monrovia. A portion of the Sierra Madre Dam hazard area is also located within the City limits but the dam was recently modified and no longer poses a potential threat to the City. Because dam failure can have severe consequences, FEMA requires that all dam owners develop Emergency Action Plans (EAP) for warning, evacuation, and post-flood actions. Although there may be coordination with county officials in the development of the EAP, the responsibility for developing potential flood inundation maps and facilitation of emergency response is the responsibility of the dam owner. For more detailed information regarding dam failure flooding, and potential flood inundation zones for a particular dam in the county, refer to the Disaster Management Plans for the cities of Monrovia, Pasadena and the National Forestry Service. There have been a total of 45 dam failures in California, since the 19th century. The significant dam failures in Southern California are listed in the table below. 9 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Dam Failures in Southern California Sheffield Santa Barbara ]925 Earthquake slide Puddingstone Pomona 1926 Overtopping during construction Lake Hemet Palm Springs 1927 Overtopping Saint Francis San Francisquito 1928 Sudden failure at full capacity through foundation, 426 Canyon deaths Cogswell Monrovia 1934 Breaching of concrete cover Baldwin Hills Los Angeles 1963 Leak through embankment rurned into washout. 3 deaths hup:llcee.engr. ucdavis.edulfacultyllundldamslDam _History _ PagelF ailures.htm - ~. - - ---------~--- --- ~ -- - -- - --- The two most significant dam failures are the 5t. Francis Dam in 1928 and the Baldwin Hills Dam in 1963. "The failure of the 5t. Francis Dam, and the resulting loss of over 500 lives in the path of a roaring wall of water, was a scandal that resulted in the almost complete destruction of the reputation of its builder, William Mulholland. Mulholland was an immigrant from Ireland who rose up through the ranks of the city's water department to the position of chief engineer. It was he who proposed, designed, and supervised the construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, which brought water from the Owens Valley to the city. The St. Francis Dam, built in 1926, was 180 feet high and 600 feet long; it was located near Saugus in the San Francisquito Canyon. The dam gave way on March 12, 1928, three minutes before midnight. Its waters swept Ihrough the Santa Clara Valley toward the Pacific Ocean, about 54 miles away. 65 miles of valley was devastated before the water finally made its way into the ocean between Oxnard and Ventura. At its peak the wall of water was said to be 78 feet high; by the time it hit Santa Paula, 42 miles south of the dam, the water was estimated to be 25 feet deep. Almost everything in its path was destroyed: livestock, structures, railways, bridges, and orchards. By the time it was over, parts of Ventura County lay under 70 feet of mud and debris. Over 500 people were killed and damage estimates topped $20 million.'''' The Baldwin Hills dam failed during the daylight hours, and was one of the first disaster events documented a live helicopter broadcast. '"The Baldwin Hills Dam collapsed with the fury of a thousand cloudbursts, sending a 50- foot wall of water down Cloverdale Avenue and slamming into homes and cars on Dec. 14,1963. Five people were killed. Sixty-five hillside houses were ripped apart, and 210 10 . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I homes and apartments were damaged. The flood swept northwafd in a V -shaped path roughly bounded by La Brea Avenue and Jefferson and La Cienega boulevards. The earthen dam that created a 19-acre reservoir to supply drinking water for West Los Angeles residents ruptured at 3:38 p.m. As a pencil-thin crack widened to a 75-foot gash, 292 million gallons surged out. It took 77 minutes for the lake to empty. But it took a generation for the neighborhood below to recover. And two decades passed before the Baldwin Hills ridge top was reborn. ~~~~.~,.^.;' Baldwin Hills Dam - Dark spot in upper right hand quadrant shows the beginning of the break in the dam. The cascade caused an unexpected ripple effect that is still being felt in Los Angeles and beyond. It foreshadowed the end of urban-area earthen dams as a major element of the Department of Water and Power's water storage system. It prompted a tightening of Division of Safety of Dams control over reservoifs throughout the state. The live telecast of the collapse from a KTLA-TV helicopter is considered the precursor to airborne news coverage that is now routine everywhere.',5 Debris Flows Another flood related hazard that can affect certain parts of the Southern California region are debris !lows. Most typically debris flows occur in mountain canyons and the foothills against the San Gabriel Mountains. However, any hilly or mountainous area with intense rainfall and the proper geologic conditions may experience one of these very sudden and devastating events. "Debris !lows, sometimes referred to as mudslides, mud !lows, lahars, or debris avalanches, are common types of fast-moving landslides. These flows generally II .... I I I I ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I occur during periods of intense rainfall or rapid snow melt. They usually start on steep hillsides as shallow landslides that liquefy and accelerate to speeds that are typically about 10 miles per hour, but can exceed 35 miles per hour. The consistency of debris flows ranges from watery mud to thick, rocky mud that can carry large items such as boulders, trees, and cars. Debris flows from many different sources can combine in channels, and their destructive power may be greatly increased. They continue flowing down hills and through channels, growing in volume with the addition of water, sand, mud, boulders, trees, and other materials. When the flows reach flatter ground, the debris spreads over a broad area, sometimes accumulating in thick deposits that can wreak havoc in developed areas.,,6 The City of Arcadia was affected by a debris flow in Winter 2000. This incident was a result of a fire that occurred in December 1999 in the Angeles National Forest north of the City of Arcadia. The U.S. Forestry Service classified the fire as medium intensity that burned off vegetation at the surface level. However, it left the root structures intact. Initial estimates stated that the natural recovery process would take between four to ten years for full restoration of the vegetation and chaparral. Due to the fire, the soil was composed of loose gravel and a dirt and water repelling coating was formed. At the City's next alillual rainfall, debris began to flow down from the burned areas causing damage to local homes. It was estimated that this debris flow could have caused damage t~.41 homes totaling approximately S 17.7 million in private property damage. The City spent approximately 5540,000 to help minimize the damage to private property. Coastal Flooding Low lying coastal communities of Southern California have one other source of flooding, coastal flooding. This occurs most often during storms which bring higher than normal tides. Storms, the time of year and the tidal cycle can sometimes work to bring much higher than normal tides which cause flooding in low lying coastal areas. This hazard howeveds limited to those areas. What is the Effect of Developmeot on Floods? When structures or fill are placed in the floodway or floodplain water is displaced. Development raises the river levels by forcing the river to compensate for the flow space obstructed by the inserted structures and/or fill. When structures or materials are added to the floodway or floodplain and no fill is removed to compensate, serious problems can arise. Flood waters may be forced away from historic floodplain areas. As a result, other existing floodplain areas may experience flood waters that rise above historic levels. Local governments must require engineer certification to ensure that proposed developments will not adversely affect the flood carrying capacity of the Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA). Displacement of only a few inches of water can mean the difference between no structural damage occurring in a given flood event, and the inundation of many homes, businesses, and other facilities. Careful attention should be given to development that occurs within the flood way to ensure that structures are prepared to withstand base flood events. In highly urbanized areas, increased paving can lead to an increase in volume and velocity of runoff after a rainfall event, exacerbating the potential flood hazards. Care should be taken in the development and implementation of storm water management systems to 12 . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ensure that these runoff waters are dealt with effectively. How are Flood-Prone Areas Identified? Flood maps and Flood Insurance Studies (FIS) are often used to identify flood-prone areas. The NFIP was established in 1968 as a means of providing low-cost flood insurance to the nation's flood-prone communities. The NFIP also reduces flood losses through regulations that focus on building codes and sound floodplain management. NFIP regulations (44 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Chapter I, Section 60, 3) require that all new construction in floodplains must be elevated at or above base flood level. Based upon findings from the Federal Emergency Management Agency at stated in a letter to the then Mayor of the City of Arcadia, Mr. David Hannah (dated September 7,1984), the City of Arcadia has no Special Flood Hazard Areas that exist within the corporate limits of the community. This finding is in compliance with Part 67, Chapter I, title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) and Flood Insurance Studies (FIS) Floodplain maps are the basis for implementing floodplain regulations and for delineating flood insurance purchase requirements. A Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) is the official map produced by FEMA which delineates SFHA in communities where NFIP regulations apply. FIRMs are also used by insurance agents and mortgage lenders to determine if flood insurance is required and what insurance rates should apply. Water surface elevations are combined with topographic data to develop FIRMs. FIRMs illustrate areas that would be inundated during a 100-year flood, floodway areas, and elevations marking the I OO-year-flood level. In some cases they also include base flood elevations (BFEs) and areas located within the 500-year floodplain. Flood Insurance Studies and FIRMs produced for the NFIP provide assessments of the probability of flooding at a given location. FEMA conducted many Flood Insurance Studies in the late 1970s and early 1980s. These studies and maps represent flood risk at the point in time when FEMA completed the studies. However, it is important to note that not all I OO-year or 500-year floodplains have been mapped by FEMA. FEMA established that City of Arcadia is in Zone D. This is a determination by FEMA that no Special Flood Hazard Areas exist in within the corporate limits of Arcadia. FEMA flood maps are not entirely accurate. These studies and maps represent flood risk at the point in time when FEMA completed the studies, and does not incorporate planning for floodplain changes in the future due to new development. Although FEMA is considering changing that policy, it is optional for local communities. Although FEMA designated the City of Arcadia in Zone D, it could be possible that man-made and natural changes to the environment have changed the dynamics of storm water run-off since then. Flood Mapping Methods and Techniques Although many communities rely exclusively on FIRMs to characterize the risk of flooding in their area, there are some flood-prone areas that are not mapped but remain susceptible to flooding. These areas include locations next to small creeks, local drainage areas, and areas susceptible to manmade flooding. 13 . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Communities find it particularly useful to overlay flood hazard areas on tax assessment parcel maps. This allows a community to evaluate the flood hazard risk for a specific parcel during review ofa development request. Coordination between FEMA and local planning jurisdictions is the key to making a strong connection with GIS technology for the purpose of flood hazard mappmg. FEMA and the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRl), a private company, have formed a partnership to provide multi-hazard maps and information to the public via the Internet. ESRI produces GIS software, including ArcViewC9 and ArcInfoC9. The ESRI web site has information on GIS technology and downloadable maps. The hazards maps provided on the ESRI site are intended to assist communities in evaluating geographic information about natural hazards. Flood information for most communities is available on the ESRI web site. Visit www.esri.com for more information. Hazard Identification Hazard identification is the first phase of flood-hazard assessment. Identification is the process of estimating: (I) the geographic extent of the floodplain (i.e., the area at risk from flooding); (2) the intensity of the flooding that can be expected in specific areas of the floodplain; and (3) the probability of occurrence of flood events. This process usually results in the creation of a floodplain map. Floodplain maps provide detailed information that-can assist jurisdictions in making policies and land-use decisions. Data Sources FEMA mapped the 100 -year and 500-year floodplains through the Flood Insurance Study (FIS) in conjunction with the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in August of 1987. There were previous studies done, including a Housing and Urban Development (HUD) study, which mapped the floodplain in March of 1978. The City of Afcadia initially entered into the NFIP in 1984. The county has updated portions of the USACE and FEMA maps through smaller drainage studies in the county since that time. Vulnerability Assessment Vulnerability assessment is the second step of flood-hazard assessment. It combines the floodplain boundary, generated through hazard identification, with an inventory of the property within the floodplain. Understanding the population and property exposed to natural hazards will assist in reducing risk and preventing loss from future events. Because site-specific inventory data and inundation levels given for a particular flood event (lO-year, 25-year, 50-year, 100-year, 500-year) are not readily available, calculating a community's vulnerability to flood events is not straightforward. The amount of property in the floodplain, as well as the type and value of structures on those properties, should be calculated to provide a working estimate for potential flood losses. Risk Analysis Risk analysis is the third and most advanced phase of a hazard assessment. It builds upon the hazard identification and vulnerability assessment. A flood risk analysis for the City of Arcadia should include two components: (l) the life and value of property that may incur losses from a 14 1 I I I I I I I . . .' . . . . . . I I flood event (defined through the vulnerability assessment); and (2) the number and type of flood events expected to occur over time. Within the broad components of a risk analysis, it is possible to predict the severity of damage from a range of events. Flow velocity models can assist in predicting the amount of damage expected from different magnitudes of flood events. The data used to develop these models is based on hydrological analysis of landscape features. Changes in the landscape, often associated with human development, can alter the flow velocity and the severity of damage that can be expected from a flood event. Using GIS technology and flow velocity models, it is possible to map the damage that can be expected from flood events over time. It is also possible to pinpoint the effects of certain flood events on individual properties. Community Flood Issues What is Susceptible to Damage During a Flood Event? The largest impact on communities from flood events is the loss oflife and property. During certain years, property losses resulting from flood damage are extensive. Property loss from floods strikes both private and public property. Because the City of Arcadia does not lie ih a flood plain, the damage to property in the City has been minimal since incorporation. Property Loss Resulting from Flooding Events The type of property damage caused by flood events depends on the depth and velocity of the flood waters. Faster moving flood waters can wash buildings off their foundations and sweep cars downstream. Pipelines, bridges, and other infrastructure can be damaged when high waters combine with flood debris. Exlensive damage can be caused by basement flooding and landslide damage related to soil saturation from flood events. Most flood damage is caused by water saturating materials susceptible to loss (i.e., wood, insulation, wallboard, fabric, furnishings, floor coverings, and appliances). In many cases, flood damage to homes renders them unlivable. Manufactured Homes Statewide, the 1996 floods destroyed 156 housing units. Of those units, 61 % were mobile homes and trailers. Many older manufactured home parks are located in floodplain areas. Manufactured homes have a lower level of structural stability than stick-buill homes, and must be anchored to provide additional structural stability during flood events. Because of confusion in the late 1980s resulting from multiple changes in NFIP regulations, there are some communities that do not actively enforce anchoring requirements. Lack of enforcement of manufactured home construction standards in floodplains can contribute to severe damages from flood events. Business/Industry Flood events impact businesses by damaging property and by interrupting business. Flood events can cut off customer access to a business as well as close a business for repairs. A quick response to the needs of businesses affected by flood events can help a community maintain economic vitality in the face of flood damage. Responses to business damages can include funding to assist owners in elevating or relocating flood-prone business structures. 15 . I I I I I I I I I I I I .' I .' I I I Public Infrastructure Publicly owned facilities are a key component of daily life for all citizens of the county. Damage to public water and sewer systems, transportation networks, flood control facilities, emergency facilities, and offices can hinder the ability of the government to deliver services. Government can take action to reduce risk to public infrastructure from flood events, as well as craft public policy that reduces risk to private property from flood events. Roads During natural hazard events, or any type of emergency or disaster, dependable road connections are critical for providing emergency services. Roads systems in the City of Arcadia are maintained by the Pubic Works Services Department. Federal, state, county, and city governments all have a stake in protecting roads from flood damage. Road networks often traverse floodplain and floodway areas. Transportation agencies responsible for road maintenance are typically aware of roads at risk from flooding. Bridges Bridges are key points of concern during flood events because they are important links in road networks, river crossings, and they can be obstructions in watercourses, inhibiting the flow of water during flood events. The bridges in the City of Arcadia are state, county, city, or privately owned. A state-designated inspector must inspect all state, county, and city bridges every two years; but private bridges are not inspected, and can be very dangerous. The inspections are rigorous, looking at everything from seismic capability to erosion and scour. There are a variety of types of bridges that can be found within the City's boundaries, Two major bridges that cross over major streets (the bridges at Huntington and Second and Colorado between Santa Anita and Colorado Place) have been earmarked for seismic retrofitting. The 210 Freeway bridges have all been seismically retrofitted. However, there are also bridges within the City boundaries that cross over the Santa Anita Wash and have all not been retrofitted. Storm Water Systems Local drainage problems are common throughout the City of Arcadia. While the City does not have a drainage master plan, Public Works staff is aware of local drainage threats. The problems are often present whefe storm water runoff enters culverts or goes underground into storm sewers. Inadequate maintenance can also contribute to the flood hazard in urban areas. Water/Wastewater Treatment Facilities There is one sanitary districts that services the City of Arcadia (Los Angeles County Sanitation). There are also four (4) water service companies and or districts in the City of Arcadia,. This number includes the water service provided to the residents by the City of Arcadia. Water Quality Environmental quality problems include bacteria, toxins, and pollution. Existing Flood Mitigation Activities The City of Arcadia does not have specific Flood mitigation activities because according to FEMA, the City is not in a flood hazard area. 16 .... I. I I I .' I 1 I I I I I I , I I I I The City of Arcadia Codes The City of Arcadia utilizes the Uniform Building Code (UBC) to regulate and enforce all building codes. The UBC addresses development in all types of hazardous areas but because the City of Arcadia is not in a flood hazard area (per FEMA) this section of the UBC is rarely used. Acquisition and Protection of Open Space in the Floodplain Current efforts to increase public open space in the City of Arcadia have been paired with the need to restore and preserve natural systems that provide wildlife habitat and help to mitigate flood events. Public parks and publicly owned open spaces can provide a buffer between flood hazards and pri vate property. Water Districts All of the water dislIicts in the City as well as the City Public Works Services Department are in the process ofreplacing old cast iron pipes with more ductile iron pipes, which will be more resilient in disaster situations. During a disaster, water districts in the region work together to provide water for the City of Arcadia residents. Riparian Areas Riparian areas are important transitional areas that link water and land ecosystems. Vegetation in riparian areas is dependent on stream processes, such as flooding, and often is composed of plants that require large amounts ofwatef, such as willows and cottonwood trees. Healthy vegetation in riparian buffers can reduce streamside erosion. During flood events, high water can cause significant erosion. Wastewater Management Arcadia's sewer system is a series of privately owned lateral connections from individual businesses and residences, which connect to larger City-owned main lines - then to subsequently larger trunk lines, which then take Arcadia's sanitary and industrial wastes to treatment plants operated by the LA County Sanitation District. These wastes are treated to varying degrees and either used for speci fic industrial purposes such as freeway irrigation or power (plant) generation, or discharged in to water bodies of the State, where they flow to the Pacific Ocean. Wetlands Many floodplain and stream-associated wetlands absorb and store storm water flows, which reduces flood velocities and stream bank erosion. Preserving these wetlands reduces flood damage and the need for expensive flood control devices such as levees. When the storms are over, many wetlands augment summer stream flows by slowly releasing the stored water back to the stream system. Wetlands are highly effective at removing nitrogen, phosphorous, heavy metals, and other pollutants from water. For this reason, artificial wetlands are often constructed for cleaning storm water runoff and for tertiary treatment (polishing) of wastewater. The City of Arcadia does not have any wetland areas with the City boundaries. Storm Water Systems There are a variety of surface water management providers in the county that manage water qualily and storm water runoff from new development. 17 I I I I . I I I I I I I t I I I I I I The City of Arcadia is required to protect the waters of the State, by way of Order No. 01-182, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit No. CAS004001. Issued by the State of California's Regional Water Quality Control Board, Los Angeles Region, this permit assigns primary compliance responsibility to Los Angeles County (Principle Permittee), and subsequently to the 84 incorporated cities within the LA County Flood Control District (Co- Permittees). Under this mandate, all entities concerned are responsible for storm water improvements through structural modifications, inspections/monitoring and sociallbehavioral changes. Public education is a major component of these requirements; ensuring that school age children and community organizations alike are afforded sufficient education to affect positive change over negative habit patterns which relate to the pollution of storm water throughout our City and County. Flood Mitigation Action Items Flood mitigation action items provide direction on specific activities that organizations and residents in the City of Arcadia can undertake to reduce risk and prevent loss from flood events. Each action item is followed by ideas for implementation, which can be used by the steering committee and local decision makers in pursuing strategies for implementation. ST. FL#I: Analyze the three (3) dam flood inundation areas within the City of Arcadia and identify the potential property damage and possible mitigation efforts. Coordinating Organization: City Managers Office Timeline: 1-2 years Plan Goals Addres~ed: Protect Life" and Property, Partnerships and Implementation Constraints: Lack of staffing and resources Coordination difficulties with the local jurisdictions 18 ~, I I \1 I Flood Resource Directory The following resource directory lists the resources and programs that can assist county communities and organizations. The resource directory will provide contact information for local, county, regional state and federal programs that deal with natural hazards. I I I I I . I I I 1 I I I I County Resources Los Angeles County Public Works Department 900 S. Fremont Ave. Alhambra, CA 91803 Ph: 626-458-5100 Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County 1955 Workman Mill Road Whittier, CA 90607 Ph: 562-699-7411 x2301 S tate Resources Governor's Office of Emergency Services (DES) P.O. Box 419047 Rancho Cordova, CA 95741-9047 Ph: 916 845- 8911 Fx: 916 845- 89\0 California Resources Agency 1416 Ninth Street, Suite 1311 Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916-653-5656 California Department of Water Resources (DWR) 1416 9th Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916-653-6192 California Department of Conservation: Southern California Regional Office 655 S. Hope Street, #700 Los Angeles, CA 90017-2321 Ph: 213-239-0878 Fx: 213-239-0984 Federal Resources and Programs Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) FEMA provides maps of flood hazard areas, various publications related to flood mitigation, funding for flood mitigation projects, and technical assistance, FEMA also operates the National Flood Insurance Program. FEMA' s mission is to reduce loss of life and property and protect the nation's critical infrastructure from all types of hazards through a comprehensive, risk-based, 19 I, I I I I I I I I I I' I I I I I I I I emergency management program of mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region IX 1111 Broadway, Suite 1200 Oakland. CA 94607 Ph: 510-627-7100 Fx: 510-627-7112 Federal Emergency Management Agency, Mitigation Division 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202-566-1600 FEMA' s List of Flood Related Websites This site contains a long list of flood related Internet sites from "American Heritage Rivers" to "The Weather Channel" and is a good starting point for flood information on the Internet. Contact: Federal Emergency Management Agency, Phone: (800) 480-2520 Website: hnp://www.fema.gov/nfip/related.htm National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) In Southern California many cities lie within flood zones as defined in FEMA Flood Maps. The City of Arcadia is not a community within a designated flood zone. Flood insurance is available to citizens in communities that adopt and implement NFIP building standards. The standards are applied to development that occurs within a delineated floodplain, a drainage hazard area, and properties' within 250 feet of a floodplain boundary. These areas are depicted on federal Flood Insurance Rate Maps available through the county. National Floodplain Insurance Program (NFIP) 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202-566-1600 The Floodplain Management Association The Floodplain Management website was established by the Floodplain Management Association (FMA) to serve the entire floodplain management community. It includes full-text articles, a calendar of upcoming events, a list of positions available, an index of publications available free or at nominal cost, a list of associations, a list of firms and consultants in floodplain management, an index of newsletters dealing with flood issues (with hypertext links if available), a section on the basics of floodplain management, a list of frequently asked questions (FAQs) about the Website, and a catalog of Web links. Floodplain Management Association P.O. Box 50891 Sparks, NY 89435-0891 Ph: 775-626-6389 Fx: 775-626-6389 20 . I I I I '. I I .1 I I I, I I I I I I I The Association of State Floodplain Managers The Association of State Floodplain Managers is an organization of professionals involved in floodplain management, flood hazard mitigation, the National Flood Insurance Program, and flood preparedness, warning', and iecovery. ASFPM fosters communication among those responsible for flood hazard activities, provides technical advice to governments and other entities about proposed actions or policies that will affecI flood hazards, and encourages flood hazard research, education, and training. The ASFPM Web site includes information on how to become a member, the organization's constitution and bylaws, directories of officers and committees, a publications list, information on upcoming conferences, a history of the association, and other useful information and Internet links. Contact: The Association of State Floodplain Managers Address: 2809 Fish Hatchery Road, Madison, WI 53713 Phone: (608) 274-0123 Website: htto:/lwww.floods,or\\ National Weather Service The National Weather Service provides flood watches, warnings, and informational statements for rivers in the City of Arcadia. National Weather Service 520 North Elevar Street Oxnard, CA 93030 Ph: 805-988- 6615 Office of Hydrology, National Weather Service The National Weather Service s Office of Hydrology (OH) and its Hydrological Information Center offer information on floods and other aquatic disasters, This site offers current and historical data including an archive of past flood summaries, information on current hydrologic conditions, water supply outlooks, an Automated Local Flood Warning Systems Handbook, Natural Disaster Survey Reports, and other scientific publications on hydrology and flooding. National Weather Service, Office of Hydrologic Development 1325 East West Highway, SSMC2 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Ph: 301-713-1658 Fx: 301-713-0963 National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), US Department of Agriculture NRCS provides a suite of federal programs designed to assist state and local governments and landowners in mitigating the impacts of flood events. The Watershed Surveys and Planning Program and the Small Watershed Program provide technical and financial assistance 10 help participants solve natural resource and related economic problems on a watershed basis. The Wetlands Reserve Program and the Flood Risk Reduction Program provide financial incentives to landowners to put aside land that is either a wetland resource, or that experiences frequent flooding. The Emergency Watershed Protection Program (EWP) provides technical and financial assistance to clear debris from clogged waterways, restore vegetation, and stabilizing riverbanks. The measures taken under EWP must be environmentally and economically sound and generally benefit more that one property. National Resources Conservation Service 21 I I I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 14th and Independence Ave., SW, Room 5105-A Washington, DC 20250 Ph: 202-720-7246 Fx: 202-720-7690 USGS Water Resources This web page offers current US water news; extensive current (including real-time) and historical water data; numerous fact sheets and other publications; various technical resources; descriptions of ongoing water survey programs; local water information; and connections to other sources ofwater information. USGS Water Resources 6000 J Street Placer Hall Sacramento, CA 95819-6129 Ph: 916-278-3000 Fx: 916-278-3070 Bureau of Reclamation The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. The Bureau provides leadership and technical expertise in water resources development and in the efficient use of water through initiatives including conservation, reuse, and research. It protects the public and the environment through the adequate maintenance and appropriate operation of Reclamation's facilities and manages Reclamation's facilities to fulfill water user contracts and protect and/or enhance conditions for fish, wildlife, land, and cultural resources. Mid Pacific Regional Office Federal Office Building 2800 Cottage Way Sacramento CA 95825-1898 Ph: 916- 978-5000 Fax 916- 978-5599 http://www.usbr.gov/ Army Corps of Engineers The Corps of Engineers administers a permit program to ensure that the nation's waterways are used in the public interest. Any person, firm, or agency planning to work in waters of the United States must first obtain a permit from the Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps is responsible for the protection and development of the nation's water resources, including navigation, flood control, energy production through hydropower management, water supply storage and recreation. US Army Corps of Engineers P.O. Box 532711 Los Angeles CA 90053- 2325 Ph: 213-452- 3921 Other National Resources 22 . I I I il I I I I I I I I I I I I .' J I American Public Works Association 2345 Grand Boulevard, Suite 500 Kansas City, MO 64108-2641 Ph: 816-472-6100 Fx: 816-472-1610 Publications NFIP Communily Rating System Coordinator's Manual Indianapolis, IN. This informative brochure explains how the Community Rating System works and what the benefits are to communities. It explains in detail the CRS point system, and what activities communities can pursue to earn points. These points then add up to the "rating" for the community, and flood insurance premium discounts are calculated based upon that "rating" The brochure also provides a table on the percent discount realized for each rating (1-10). Instructions on how to apply to be a CRS community are also included. Contact: NFIP Community Rating System Phone: (800) 480-2520 or (317) 848-2898 Website: hnp://www.fcl11a.l!ov/nfio/crs Floodplain Management: A Local Floodplain Administrator's Guide to the NFlP This document discusses floodplain processes and terminology. It contains floodplain management and mitigation strategies, as well as information on the NFIP, CRS, Community Assistance Visits, and floodplain development standards. Contact: National Flood Insurance Program Phone: (800) 480-2520 Website: hnp:ll\\"w\\". fel11a.l!ov/nlipl Flood Hazard Mitig?J,ion Planning: A 'Community Guide, (June 1997). Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management. This informative guide offers a 10-step process for successful flood hazard mitigation. Steps include: map hazards, determine potential damage areas, take an inventory of facilities in the flood zone, determine what is or is not being done about flooding, identify gaps in protection, brainstorm alternatives and actions, determine feasible actions, coordinate with others. prioritize actions, develop strategies for implementation, and adopt and monitor the plan. Contact: Massachusetts Flood Hazard Management Program Phone: (617) 626-1250 W ebsi te: hllP ://ww\\" .I11Ul!nelstate.1113. us/dcl11/prol!rams/mi Ii l!ate Reducing Losses in High Risk Flood Hazard Areas: A Guidebook for Local Officials, (February 1987), FEMA-II6. This guidebook offers a table on actions that communities can take to reduce flood losses. It also offers a table with sources for floodplain mapping assistance for the various types of flooding hazards, There is information on various types of flood hazards with regard to existing mitigation efforts and options for action (policy and programs, mapping, regulatory, non-regulatory). Types of flooding which are covered include alluvial fan, areas behind levees, areas below unsafe dams. coastal flooding, flash floods, fluctuating lake level floods, ground failure triggered by earthquakes, ice jam flooding, and mudslides. Contact: Federal Emergency Management Agency Phone: (800) 480-2520 23 , I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Website: hltJJ:/I\\"\\"\\".fema."ov Flood Endnotes I. hltp://www.lalc.kI2.ca.us/targetlunits/river/tour/hist.html 2. Gumprecht, Blake, 1999, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. 3. City of Arcadia Public Works 4. http://www . usc.edu/isdlarchi ves/la/scandals/st_ francis _ dam.html 5. hltp:l/www.latimes.com/news/locallsurroundings/la-me- surround II dec 11,0, I 754871.story?coll=la-adelphia-right-rail 6. hIt JJ :.Ii\\"\\"\\". fcma. "ov/rrr/tal kd i z/Ialldsl ide. shtm#what 24 I Federa! :.rnergency :vlanagement Agency I \':l.~!--':';-'3:;O", D.C. 2(.~i'1 Cli"( ni l".~,,;'., SEP 11 1334 o 7 :;:~ I CZR,:,:r:E'::l :-'A!L F..J:'::'::~; ?"::::::?7 ?":::.::!S~J !A-;;';"-':'O 20S!":::l t,L\ Vi"'. 0 I ~or.::)a.:::.t ~!..:~~ at.:".:'\~':", Hayo: I Ci~y o~ ~::a~iA 2.;0 .,.,.. H.::-.:.i:-:g:o:-: :::.'/~ A=cc~ic, C~~~:or~:.c ,1::: ~~ ct~: c: ~=c~:~a. ~:s ~~;t~tS Co~n~YI Cat~~o::".~a I C):-';X'l,,/:;:':"'i };';.;~!R: 0;50:'4 R::~f.J:;'R ??:IGAA"! 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". ~((.~~:~'::l:.:.~~::::~~: ~ ~. ....~......>tol..-.:.....~:: ~~__>:~~.!:~~'~::~.~:::: :.~ ":r;'Rr= " / ";{/ ~ ).~.j..... ~ ... iJo.!,/C_ .. ~ \ CM"tpt:S Ofl. '-~1:i:2" _ . \.---- .~_. ,~\- :~ --. {~ --~-_.~- -~ \ ~!-\ - ;..\ '\-_:'-~--'---- , .~ '.~:.-,'.i: :.:!:,I......- _.~-_. ,-' ~ "29 ITI IJ3 .E .-'I.J {EJ ...!@! -1----,- - I I , ~-- :.G \.-- " > ;.~ ,.- "1':1 7. \~~,It ,:,ro, , - \ ~\ ~ 1!. . .. '. -. '~!.\. -- ,.'~,~ I '~'. C.:uzy I tr ~'" tJl. ....-:. ~ . ;:: E ~ ~ ~~(~I.\.\ ~f:.:,"=!' S:.):.:::e: J2~\.lCU~. .\p~il. I'n:-;:. , .-,,; 'JC'l:C."~1 ~~.-.-J =,.'\~ oi'- ;c ". .-' - ::. ,~. ~ .:~..t.. ....;.: ' Fire and Flooding Hazards ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I . I I I I I SECTION 9 Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Hazards in Arcadia II ~ :01).. Arcadia'5 Wildfire Final . I I I I I I I I I .1 I I I I . I I I Wildfire Section Table of Contents Why Are Wildfires a Threat to Southern California? ............................................................9-3 Wildfire Characteristics. ............ .... ...... ............. ....... ... .................... ......................... ..............9-5 Wi Idfire Hazard Identification........... ................. ... ....... ... .... ...................... .., ....... ............ ... ... 9-8 Vulnerability and Risk ............... ............. ....... ...... ....... ... ....... ... ............. ...... ......... .... ......... ... ..9-9 Community Wildfire Issues ........... .......... ...... ................. ............. ... ...... .... ... ......... ... .,. .......... .9-9 What Is Susceptible to Wildfire~ ...........................................................................................9-9 Wildfire Mitigation Activities............... ...... ....... ... ... ....... ...... ... ... ....... ...... ... .,. ............ .......... ..9-1 0 Wi Idfire Mitigation Action Items .......................... ....... ................... ... ... ...... ......................... .9-14 Wildfire Resource Directory .......................... ............. ....... ... ... ...................... ......... ...... .........9-16 County Resources .................. ... .., ............. ... .......... .... ... ............. .................. ....... ...... .............9-1 7 State Resources................. ............................. ... .......... .......... ...................... ...... ............. ....... .9-17 Federal Resources ~lt1d Programs... .............. ....... ... ... .................... ...... ................... ............. ... 9-1 7 Additional Resources ....... ................ ... ........... ................................... ............. ... .....................9-18 11.1:004 2 Arcadias Wildfire Final 1 I I I I I I I I I ,I , I I I I I I I Why are Wildfires a Threat to Southern California? For thousands of years, fires have been a natural part of the ecosystem in Southern California. However, wildfires present a substantial hazard to life and property in communities built within or adjacent to hillsides and mountainous areas. There is a huge potential for losses due to wildland/urban interface fires in Southern California. According to the California Division of Forestry (CDF), there were over seven thousand reportable fires in California in 2003, with over one million acres burned. I Accofding to CDF statistics, in the October, 2003 Firestorms, over 4,800 homes were destroyed and 22 lives were lost.' The 2003 Southern California Fires The fall of2003 marked the most destructive wildfire season in California history. In a ten-day period, 12 separate ftres raged across Southern California in Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego and Ventura counties. The massive "Cedar" fire in San Diego County alone consumed of 2,800 homes and burned over a quarter of a million acres. Table 8-1. October 2003 Firestorm Statistics County Fire Date Acres Homes Homes Lives Name Becan Burned Lost Damaced Lost Riverside Pass 10/21/03 2,397 3 7 0 Los Angeles Padua 10/21/03 10,446 59 0 0 San Bernardino Grand Prix 10/21/03 69,894 136 71 0 San Diego Roblar 2 10/21/03 8,592 0 0 0 Ventura Piru 10/23/03 63,991 ...... 8 0 0 ... Los Angeles Verdale 10/24/03 8,650 1 0 0 Ventura Simi 10/25/03 108,204 300 11 0 San Diego Cedar 10/25/03 273,246 2,820 63 14 San Bernardino Old 10125/03 91,281 1,003 7 6 San Diego I Otay 1 Mine 10126/03 46,000 6 11 0 Riverside Mountain t 0126/03 10,000 61 0 0 San Diego Paradise 1 0/26/03 56,700 415 15 2 Total Losses 749,401 4,812 185 22 Source: http://www.fire.ca . gov/php/fire _ er _ contenUdownloads/2003LargeFires. pdf Historic Fires in Southern California Large fires have been part of the Southern California landscape for millennia. "Written documents reveal that during the 19th century human settlement of southern California altered the fire regime of coastal California by increasing the fire frequency. This was an ! I .' ~OOJ 3 Arcadia's Wildfire Final .... I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I ,I I I I era of very limited lire suppression, and yet like today, large crown fires covering tens of thousands of acres were not uncommon. One of the largest fires in Los Angeles County (60,000 acres) occurred in 1878, and the largest fire in Orange County's history, in 1889, was over half a million acres.'" Table 8-2. Large Historic Fires in California 1961-2003 20 Largest California Wildland Fires (Structures Destroyed) (Southern California fires are shown in bold' Fire Name Date County Acres Structures Deaths 1 Tunnel October t 991 Alameda 1,600 2,900 25 2 Cedar October 2003 San Diego 273,246 2,820 14 3 Old October 2003 San Bernardino 91,281 1,003 6 4 Jones October 1999 Shasta 26,200 954 1 5 Paint June 1990 Santa Barbara 4,900 641 1 6 Fountain August t 992 Shasta 63,960 636 0 7 City of Berkeley September 1 923 Alameda 130 584 0 8 BelAir November 1961 Los Angeles 6,090 484 0 9 Laguna Fire October 1993 Orange 14,437 441 0 10 Paradise October 2003 San Diego 56,700 415 2 11 Laguna September 1970 San Diego 175,425 382 5 12 Panorama November 1980 San Bernardino 23,600 325 4 13 Topanga November 1993 Los Angeles 18,000 323 3 14 4ger September 1988 Nevada 33,700 312 0 15 Simi October 2003 Ventura 108,204 300 0 16 Sycamore July 1977 Santa Barbara 805 234 0 17 Canyon September 1999 Shasta 2,580 230 0 t8 Kannan October 1978 Los Angeles 25,385 224 0 19 Kinneloa October 1993 Los Angeles 5,485 196 1 19 Grand Prix October 2003 San Bernardino 59.448 196 0 20 Old Gulch August 1992 Calaveras t7,386 170 0 http://www.fire.ca.gov/FireEmergencyResponse/HistoricaIStatistics/PDF 120LSTRUCTURES.pdf "Structures" is meant to include aliloss - homes and outbuildings, etc. II .\ ~004 4 Arcadia's Wildfire Final .... I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . I I I During the 2002 fire season, more than 6.9 million acres of public and private lands burned in the U.S., resulting in loss of property, damage to resources and disruption ofcornmunity services.' Taxpayers spent more than S 1.6 billion' to combat more than 88,400 fires nationwide. Many of these fires burned in wildland/urban interface areas and exceeded the fire suppression capabilities of those areas. Table 8-3 illustrates fire suppression costs for state, private and federal lands. Table 8-3. National Fire Suppression Costs Year Suppression Costs Acres Burned Structures Burned 2000 $1 .3 billion 8,422,237 :r ,861 2001 $0.5 billion 3,570,911 731 2002 $1.6 billion 6,937,584 815 http://research . yale. edu/gisf/assets/pdf/ppf/wildfire _report.pdf Wildfire Characteristics There are three categories of interface fire:' The classic wildland/urban interface exists where well-defined urban and suburban development presses up against open expanses of wildland areas; the mixed wildland/urban interface is characterized by isolated homes, subdivisions and small communities situated predominantly in wildland settings; and the occluded wildland/urban interface exists where islands of wildland vegetation occur inside a largely urbanized area. Certain conditions must be present for significant interface fires to occur. The most common conditions include: hot, dry and windy weather; the inability of fire protection forces to contain or suppress the fire; the occurrence of multiple fires that overwhelm committed resources; and a large fuel load (dense vegetation). Once a fire has started, several conditions influence its behavior, including fuel topography, weather, drought and development. Southern California has two distinct areas of risk for wildland fire. The foothills and lower mountain areas are most often covered with scrub brush or chaparral. The higher elevations of mountains also have heavily forested terrain. The lower elevations covered with chaparral create one type of exposure. "Past fire suppression is not to blame for causing large shrubland wildfires, nor has it proven effective in halting them."" said Dr. Jon Keeley, a USGS fire researcher who studies both southem Cali fornia shrub lands and Sierra Nevada forests. ""Under Santa Ana conditions, fires cany through all chaparral regardless of age class. Therefore, prescribed burning programs over large areas to remove old stands and maintain young growth as bands of firebreaks resistant to ignition are futile at stopping these wildfires.'" The higher elevations of Southern California's mountains are typically heavily forested. The magnitude of the 2003 fires is the result of three primary factors: (I) severe drought, accompanied by a series of storms that produce thousands of lightning strikes and windy conditions; (2) an infestation of bark beetles that has killed thousands of mature trees; and (3) the effects of wildfire suppression over the past century that has led to buildup of brush and small diameter trees in the forests. II ! ~004 5 Arcadia's Wildfire Final . I I I I [I I . I I I I I I I I I I I "When Lewis and Clark explored the Northwest, the forests were relatively open, with 20 to 25 mature trees per acre. Periodically, lightning would start fires that would clear out underbrush and small trees, renewing the forests. Today's forests are completely different, with as many as 400 trees crowded onto each acre, along with thick undergrowth. This density of growth makes forests susceptible to disease, drought and severe wildfires. Instead of restoring forests, these wildfires destroy them and it can take decades to recover. This radical change in our forests is the result of nearly a century of well- intentioned but misguided management.'" The Interface One challenge Southern California faces regarding the wildfire hazard is from the increasing number of houses being built on the urban/wildland interface. Every year the growing population has expanded further and further into the hills and mountains, including forestlands. The increased "interface" between urban/suburban areas and the open spaces created by this expansion has produced a significant increase in threats to life and property from fires and has pushed existing fire protection systems beyond original or current design and capability. Property owners in the interface are not aware of the problems and threats they face. Therefore, many owners have done very little to manage or offset fire hazards or risks on their own property. Furthermore, human activities increase the incidence of fire ignition and potential damage. Fuel Fuel is the material that feeds a fire and is a key factor in wildfire behavior. Fuel is classified by volume and by type. Volume is described in terms of "fuel loading", or the amount of available vegetative fuel. The type of fuel also influences wildfire. Chaparral is a primary fuel of Southern California wildfires. Chaparral habitat ranges in elevation from near sea level to over 5,000' in Southern California. Chaparral communities experience long dry summers and receive most of their annual precipitation from winter rains. Although chaparral is often considered as a single species, there are two distinct types; hard chaparrai and soft chaparral. Within these two types are dozens of different plants, each with its own particular characteristics. "Fire has been important in the life cycle of chaparral communities for over 2 million years, however, the true nature of the "fire cycle" has been subject to interpretation. In a period of750 years, it generally thought that fire occurs once every 65 years in coastal drainages and once every 30 to 35 years inland.'" "The vegetation of chaparral communities has evolved to a point it requires fire to spawn regeneration. Many species invite fire through the production of plant materials with large surface-to-volume ratios, volatile oils and through periodic dieback of vegetation. These species have further adapted to possess special reproductive mechanisms following fire. Several species produce vast quantities of seeds which lie dormant until fire triggers germination The parent plant which produces these seeds defends itself from fire by a thick layer of bark which allows enough of the plant to survive so that the plant can crown sprout following the blaze. In general, chaparral community plants have adapted to fire through the following methods; a) fire induced ".' ''''' 6 Arcadia's Wildfire Final .... I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I flowering; b) bud production and sprouting subsequent to fire; c) in-soil seed storage and fire stimulated germination; and d) on plant seed storage and fire stimulated dispersal."" An important element in understanding the danger of wildfire is the availability of diverse fuels in the landscape, such as natural vegetation, manmade structures and combustible materials. A house surrounded by brushy growth rather than cleared space allows for greater continuil~'of fuel and increases the fire's ability to spread. After decades of fire suppression "dog-hair" thickets have accumulated, which enable high intensity fires to flare and spread rapidly. Topography Topography influences the movement of air, thereby directing a fire course. For example, if the percentage of uphill slope doubles, the rate of spread in wildfire will likely double. Gulches and canyons can funnel air and act as chimneys, which intensify fire behavior and cause the fire to spread faster. Solar heating of dry, south-facing slopes produces up slope drafts that can complicate fire behavior. Unfortunately, hillsides with hazardous topographic characteristics are also desirable residential areas in many communi lies. This underscores the need for wildfire hazard mitigation and increased education and outreach to homeowners living in interface areas. Weather Weather patterns combined with certain geographic locations can create a favorable climate for wildfire activity. Areas where annual precipitation is less than 30 inches per year are extremely fire susceptible." High-risk areas in Southern California share a hot, dry season in late summer and early fall when high tempefatures and low humidity favor fire activity. The so-called "Santa Ana" winds, which are heated by compression as they flow down to Southern California from Utah, create a particularly high risk, as they can rapidly spreaa what might otherwise be a small fire. Drought Recent concerns about the effects of climate change, particularly drought, are contributing to concerns about wildfire vulnerability. The term drought is applied to a period in which an unusual scarcity of rain causes a serious hydrological imbalance. Unusually dry winters, or significantly less rainfall than normal, can lead to relatively drier conditions and leave reservoirs and water tables lower. Drought leads to problems with irrigation and may contribute to additional fires, or additional difficulties in fighting fires. Development Growth and development in scrubland and forested areas is increasing the number of human- made structures in Southern California interface areas. Wildfire has an effect on development, yet development can also influence wildfire. Owners often prefer homes that are private, have scenic views, are nestled in vegetation and use natural materials. A private setting may be far from public roads, or hidden behind a narrow, curving driveway. These conditions, however, make evacuation and fire fighting difficult. The scenic views found along mountain ridges can also mean areas of dangerous topography. Natural vegetation contributes to scenic beauty, but it may also provide a ready trail of fuel leading a fire directly to the combustible fuels of the home itself. 11'.1':OO~ 7 Arcadia's Wildfire Final .... I I I I I I " I I I I I I I I I I I Wildfire Hazard Assessment Wildfire Hazard Identification Wildfire hazard areas are commonly identified in regions of the wildland/urban interface. Ranges of the wildfire hazard are further determined by Ihe ease of fire ignition due to natural or human conditions and the difficulty of ftre suppression. The wildfire hazard is also magnified by several factors related to fire suppression/control such as the surrounding fuel load, weather, topography and property characteristics. Generally, hazard identification rating systems are based on weighted factors of fuels, weather and topography. Table 8- Illustrates a rating system to identify wildfire hazard risk (with a score of 3 equaling the most danger and a score of I equaling the least danger.) Table 8-4. Sample Hazard Identification Rating System Category Indicator Rating Roads and Signage Steep; narrow; poorly signed 3 One or two of the above 2 Meets all reo,,::,i.rements 1 Water Supply None, excepl"domestic 3 Hydrant, tank, or pool over 500 feet away 2 Hydrant, tank, or pool within 500 feet 1 Location of the Structure Top of steep slope with brushlgrass below 3 Mid-siope with clearance 2 Level with iawn, or watered ground cover 1 Exterior Construction Combustible roofing, open eaves, Combustible siding 3 One or two of the above 2 Non-combustibie roof, boxed eaves, non-combustible siding 1 In order to determine the "base hazard factor" of specific wildfire hazard sites and interface regions, several factors must be taken into account. Categories used to assess the base hazard factor include; Topographic location, characteristics and fuels; Site/building construction and design; Site/region fuel profile (landscaping); Defensible space; Accessibility; Fire protection response; and Water availability. 11.1::00-1 8 Arcadia's Wildfire Final ""1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology in recent years has been a great asset to fire hazard assessment, allowing further integration offuels, weather and topography data for such ends as fire behavior prediction, watershed evaluation, mitigation strategies and hazard mapping. Vulnerability and Risk Southern California residents are served by a variety of local fire departments as well as county, state and federal fire resources. Data that includes the location of interface areas in the county can be used to assess the population and total value of property at risk from wildfire and direct these fire agencies in fire prevention and response. Key factors included in assessing wildfire risk include ignition sources, building materials and design, community design, structural density, slope, vegetative fuel, fire occurrence and weather, as well as occurrences of drought. The National WildlandlUrban Fire Protection Program has developed the WildlandlUrban Fire Hazard Assessment Methodology tool for communities to assess their risk to wildfire. For more information on wildfire hazard assessment refer to http://www.Firewise.org. Community Wildfire Issues What is Susceptible to Wildfire? Growth and Development in the Interface The hills and mountainous areas of Southern California are considered to be interface areas. The development of homes and other structures is encroaching onto the wildland and is expanding the wildland/urban interface. The interface neighborhoods are characterized by a diverse mixture of varying housing structures, development patterns, ornamental and natural vegetation and natural fuels. In the event of a wildfire, vegetation, structures and other flammables can merge into unwieldy and unpredictable events. Factors important to the fighting of such fires include access, firebreaks, proximity of water sources, distance from a fire station and available firefighting personnel and equipment. Reviewing past wildland/urban interface fires shows that many structures are destroyed or damaged for one or more of the following reasons: Combustible roofing material; Wood construction; Structures with no defensible space; Fire department with poor access to structures; Subdivisions located in heavy natural fuel types; Structures located on steep slopes covered with flammable vegetation; Limited water supply; and Winds over 30 miles per hour. Road Access Road access is a major issue for all emergency service providers. As development encroaches into the rural areas of the county, the number of houses without adequate turn-around space is 11.';00': 9 Arcadia's Wildfire Final . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I increasing. In many areas, there is not adequate space for emergency vehicle turnarounds in single-family residential neighborhoods, causing emergency workers to have difficulty doing their jobs because they cannot access houses. As fire trucks are large, firefighters are challenged by narrow roads and limited access, when there is inadequate turn around space, the fire fighters can only work to remove the occupants, but cannot safely remain to save the threatened structures. Water Supply Fire fighters in remote and rural areas are faced by limited water supply and lack of hydrant taps. Rural areas are characteristically outfitted with small diameter pipe water systems, inadequate for providing sustained fire fighting flows. Interface Fire Education Programs and Enforcement t Fire protection in urban/wildland interface areas may rely heavily more on the landowner's personal initiative to take measures to protect his or her own property. Therefore, public education and awareness may playa greater role in interface areas. In those areas with strict fire codes, property owners who are resist maintaining the minimum brush clearances may be cited for failure to clear brush. The Need for Mitigation Programs Continued development into the interface areas will have growing impacts on the wildland/urban interface. Periodically, the historical losses from wildfires in Southern California have been catastrophic, with deadly and expensive fires going back decades. The continued growth and development increases the public need for natural hazards mitigation planning in Southern California. Wildfire Mitigation Activities Existing mitigation activities include current mitigation programs and activities that are being implemented by county, regional, state, or federal agencies or organizations. Local Programs In Southern California there are dozens of independent local fire departments as well as large county wide consolidated fire districts. Although each district or department is responsible for fire related issues in specific geographic areas, they work together to keep Southern California residents safe from fire. Although fire agencies work together to fight urban/wildland interface fires, each separate agency may have a somewhat different set of codes to enforce for mitigation activities. The fire departments and districts provide essential public services in the communities they serve and their duties far surpass extinguishing fires. Most of the districts and departments provide other services to their jurisdictions, including Emergency Medical Services who can begin treatment and stabilize sick and injured patients in emergency situations. All of the fire service providers in the county are dedicated to fire prevention and use their resources to educate the public to reduce the threat of the fire hazard, especially in the wildland/urban interface. Fire prevention professionals throughout the county have taken the lead in providing many useful and educational services to Southern California residents, such as: II J ~oo~ 10 Arcadia's Wildfire Final . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Home fire safety inspection; Assistance developing home fire escape plans; Business Inspections; Citizen Emergency Response Team (CERT) training; Fire cause determination; Counseling for juvenile fire-setters; Teaching fire prevention in schools; Coordinating educational programs with other agencies, hospitals and schools; and Answering citizens' questions regarding fire hazards. The Threat of Urban Conflagration Although communities without an urban/wildland interface are much less likely to experience a catastrophic fire, in Southern California there is a scenario where any community might be exposed to an urban conflagration similar to the fires that occurred following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. "Large fires following an earthquake in an urban region are relatively rare phenomena, but have occasionally been of catastrophic proportions. The two largest peacetime urban fires in history, 1906 San Francisco and 1923 Tokyo, were both caused by earthquakes. The fact that fire following earthquake has been little researched or considered in the United States is particularly surprising when one realizes that the conflagration in San Francisco after the 1906 earthquake was the single largest urban fire, and the single largest earthquake loss, in U.S. history. The loss over three days of more than 28,000 buildings within an area of 12 km' was staggering: $250 million in 1906 dollars, or about $5 billion at today's prices. The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, the 1991 Oakland hills fire, and Japan's recent Hokkaido Nansei-oki Earthquake all demonstrate the current, real possibility of a large fire, such as a fire follov:.ing an earthquake, developing into a conflagration. In the United States, all the elements that would hamper fire-fighting capabilities are present: density of wooden structures, limited personnel and equipment to address multiple fires, debris blocking the access of fire-fighting equipment, and a limited water supply.,,12 This in Southern California, this scenario highlights the need for fire mitigation activity in all sectors of the region, urban/wildland interface or not. Fire Codes Local Fire Codes City of Arcadia Municipal Codes State Fire Codes Title 19 California Health and Safety Code Federal Programs The role of the federal land managing agencies in the wildland lurban interface is reducing fuel hazards on the lands they administer; cooperating in prevention and education programs; II } ~(l()..l 11 Arcadia's Wildfire Final . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I providing technical and financial assistance; and developing agreements, partnerships and relationships with property owners, local protection agencies, states and other stakeholders in wildland/urban interface areas. These relationships focus on activities before a fire occurs, which render structures and communities safer and better able to survive a fire occurrence. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Programs FEMA is directly responsible for providing fire suppression assistance grants and, in certain cases, major disaster assistance and hazard mitigation grants in response to fires. The role ofFEMA in the wildland /urban interface is to encourage comprehensive disaster prepafedness plans and programs, increase the capability of state and local governments and provide for a greater understanding of FEMA programs at the federal, state and local levels." Fire Suppression Assistance Grants Fire Suppression Assistance Grants may be provided to a state with an approved hazard mitigation plan for the suppression of a forest or grassland fire that threatens to become a major disaster on public or private lands. These grants are provided to protect life and improved property and encourage the development and implementation of viable multi-hazard mitigation measures and provide training to clarify FEMA's programs. The grant may include funds for equipment, supplies and personnel. A Fire Suppression Assistance Grant is the form of assistance most often provided by FEMA to a state for a fire. The grants are cost-shared with states. FEMA's US Fire Administration (US FA) provides public education materials addressing wildland/urban interface issues and the USF A's National Fire Academy provides training programs. Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Following a major disaster declaration, the FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant Program provides funding for 10ng-tem1 hazard mitigation projects and activities to reduce the possibility of damages from all future fire hazards and to reduce the costs to the nation for responding to and recovering from the disaster. National Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Protection Program Federal agencies can use the National WildlandlUrban Interface Fire Protection Program to focus on wildland/urban interface fire protection issues and actions. The Western Governors' Association (WGA) can act as a catalyst to involve state agencies, as well as local and private stakeholders, with the objective of developing an implementation plan to achieve a uniform, integrated national approach to hazard and risk assessment and fire prevention and protection in the wildland/urban interface. The program helps states develop viable and comprehensive wildland fire mitigation plans and performance-based partnerships. U.S. Forest Service The U. S. Forest Service (USFS) is involved in a fuel-loading program implemented to assess fuels and reduce hazardous buildup on forestlands. The USFS is a cooperating agency and, while it has little to no jurisdiction in the lower valleys, it has an interest in preventing fires in the interface, as fires often bum up the hills and into the higher elevation US forest lands. Other Mitigation Programs and Activities 11'J,~OOJ 12 Arcadia's Wildfire Final . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Some areas of the country are facing wildland/urban issues collaboratively. These are model programs that include local solutions. Summit County, Colorado, has developed a hazard and risk assessment process that mitigates hazards through zoning requirements. In California, the Los Angeles County Fire Department has retrofitted more than 100 fire engines with fire retardant foam capability and Orange County is evaluating a pilot insurance grading and rating schedule specific to the wildland/urban interface. All are examples successful programs that demonstrate the value of pre-suppression and prevention efforts when combined with property owner support to mitigate hazards within the wildland/urban interface. Prescribed Burning The health and condition of a forest will determine the magnitude of wildfire. If fuels - slash, dry or dead vegetation, fallen limbs and branches - are allowed to accumulate over long periods of time without being methodically cleared, fire can move more quickly and destroy everything in its path. The results are more catastrophic than if the fuels are periodically eliminated. Prescribed burning is the most efficient method to get rid of these fuels. In California during 2003, various fire agencies conducted over 200 prescribed fires and burned over 33,000 acres to reduce the wildland fire hazard." Firewise Firewise is a program developed within the National Wildland/ Urban Interface Fire Protection Program and it is the primary federal program addressing interface fire. It is administered through the National Wildfire Coordinating Group whose extensive list of participants includes a wide range of federal agencies. The program is intended to empower planners and decision makers at the local level. Through conferences and information dissemination, Firewise increases support for interface wildfire mitigation by educating professionals and the general public about hazard evaluation and policy implementation techniques. Firewise offers online wildfire protection information and checklists, as well as listings of other publications, videos and conferences. The interactive home page allows users to ask fire protection experts questions and to register for new information as it becomes available. FireFree Program FireFree is a unique private/public program for interface wildfire mitigation involving partnerships between an insurance company and local government agencies. It is an example of an effective non-regulatory approach to hazard mitigation. Originating in Bend, Oregon, the program was developed in response to the city's "Skeleton Fire" of 1996, which burned over 17,000 acres and damaged or destroyed 30 homes and structures. Bend sought to create a new kind of public education initiative that emphasized local involvement. SAFECO Insurance Corporation was a willing collaborator in this effort. Bend's pilot program included: 1. A short video production featuring local citizens as actors, made available at local video stores, libraries and fire stations; 2. Two citywide yard debris removal events; 3. A 3D-minute program on a model FireFree home, aired on a local cable television station; and 4. Distribution of brochures, featuring a property owner evaluation checklist and a listing of fire-resistant indigenous plants. I t 'J'~OOJ 13 Arcadia's Wildfire Final I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Wildfire Mitigation Action Items As stated in the Federal Wildland Fire Policy, "The problem is not one of finding new solutions to an old problem but of implementing known solutions. Deferred decision- making is as much a problem as the fires themselves. Ifhistory is to serve us in the resolution of the wildland/urban interface problem, we must take action on these issues now. To do anything less is to guarantee another review process in the aftermath of future catastrophic fires. "1' The wildfire mitigation action items provide direction on specific activities that organizations and residents in Southern California can undertake to reduce risk and prevent loss from wildfire events. Each action item is followed by ideas for implementation, which can be used by the steering committee and local decision makers in pursuing strategies for implementation. ST - WF#I: Enhance emergency services to increase the efficiency of wildfire fesponse and recovery activities. Ideas for Implementation: . Incorporate the Arcadia Fire Department Brush Plan into the City of Arcadia Local Multi Hazard Functional Plan. . Develop a county call list that includes all at-risk urban /wildland interface residents in the Southern California jurisdiction in order to contact them during evacuations. Coordinating Organization: Fire'Department Timeline: 2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Emergency Services/ Mitigation/Preparedness Constraints: Staff, Budget Funding ST - WF#2: Educate agency personnel on federal cost-share and grant programs, Fire Protection Agreements and other related federal programs so the full array of assistance available to local agencies is understood. Ideas for Implementation: . Investigate potential funding opportunities for individual mitigation projects; and . Develop, approve and promote Fire Protection Agreements and partnerships to clarify roles and responsibilities and to provide for fire mitigation activities and suppression preparedness, Coordinating Organization: City Managers Office and the Fire Department Timeline: 1-2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Public Awareness, Emergency Services Constraints: Partnerships, Staff II .I ~OO.. 14 Arcadias Wildfire Final . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I .' I I L T - WF# I: Enhance outreach and education programs aimed at mitigating wildfire hazards and reducing or preventing the exposure of citizens, public agencies, private property owners and businesses to natural hazards. Ideas for Implementation: . Encourage the hiring of fire prevention and education personnel to oversee education programs; . Visit urban interface neighborhoods and rural areas and conduct education and outreach activities; . Conduct specific community-based demonstration projects of fire prevention and mitigation in the urban interface; . Perform public outreach and information activities at fire stations by creating "Wildfire Awareness Week" activities, Fire stations can hold open houses and allow the public to visit, see the equipment and discuss wildfire mitigation with the station crews. Coordinating Organization: Fire Department Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Public Awareness Constraints: Staffing, Budget, Funding L T - WF#2: Encourage implementation of wildfire mitigation activities in a manner consistent with the goals of promoting sustainable ecological management and community stability. Ideas for Implementation: . Employ mechanical thinning and prescribed burning to abate the risk of catastrophic fire and restore the more natural regime of high frequency, low-intensity burns. Prescribed burning can provide benefit to ecosystems by thinning hazardous vegetation and restoring ~cological diversity to areas homogenized by invasive plants; and . Clear trimmings, trees, brush and other debris completely from sites when performing routine maintenance and landscaping to reduce fire risk. Coordinating Organization: Fire Department, Development Services Division and Public Works and Services Department Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Natural Systems Constraints: Staffing, Funding Wildfire Resource Directory Local Resources Office of Emergency Services Area "c" Fire Departments Arcadia Fire Department Monrovia Fire Department Pasadena Fire Department Burbank Fire Department San Marino Fire Department Glendale Fire Department South Pasadena Fire Department Alhambra Fire Department San Gabriel Fire Department Monterey Park Fire Department Additional Departments 11'8':004 15 Arcadia's Wildfire Final . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I County Resources Los Angeles County Fire Department 1320 N. Eastern Ave. Los Angeles, CA., 90063 Telephone: 323.881.2411 http://www.lacofd.org/default.htm State Resources California Division of Forestry & Fire Protection 1416 9th Street PO Box 944246 Sacramento California 94244-2460 (916) 653-5123 http://www.fire.ca.gov/php/index.php Office of the State Fire Marshal (OSFM) 1131 "S" Street Sacramento, CA 95814 PO Box 944246 Sacramento, CA 94244-2460 Tel. (916) 445-8200 Fax. (916) 445-8509 Federal Resources and Programs , Federal Wildland Fire Policy, WildlandlUrban Interface Protection This is a report describing federal policy and interface fire. Areas of needed improvement are identi tied and addressed through recommended goals and actions. hllp:/ /www.fs.fed.us/land/wdfire7c.htm National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) This is the principal federal agency involved in the National Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Protection Initiative. NFPA has information on the Initiatives programs and documents. Public Fire Protection Division 1 Battery March Park. P.O. Box 9101 Quincy, MA 02269-9101 Phone: (617) 770-3000 National Interagency Fire Center (NlFC) The NIFC in Boise, Idaho is the nation's support center for wildland firefighting. Seven federal agencies work together to coordinate and support wildland tire and disaster operations. These J I .I ~{)')J t6 Arcadia's Wildfire Final . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I agencies include the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Land Management, Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, National Weather Service and Office of Aircraft National Interagency Fire Center . 3833 S. Development Ave. Boise, Idaho 83705 208-387-5512 http://www.nifc,gov/ United States Fire Administration (USFA) of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) As an entity of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the mission of the USF A is to reduce life and economic losses due to fire and related emergencies through leadership, advocacy, coordination and support. USF A, Planning Branch, Mitigation Directorate 16825 S. Seton Ave. Emmitsburg, MD 21727 (301) 447-1000 http://www.fema.govlhazards/fires/wildfires.shtm - Wildfire Mitigation http://www.usfa.fema.gov/index.htm - U.S. Fire Administration Additional Resources firewise - The National WildlandlUrban Interface Fire program firewise maintains a Website designed for people who live in wildfire prone areas, but it also can be of use to local planners and decision makers. The site offers online wildfire protection infornlation and checklists, as well as listings of other publications, videos and conferences. firewise 1 Battery March Park. P.O. Box 9101 Quincy, MA 02269-9101 Phone: (617) 770-3000 http://www . firewise.orgl Publications National Fire Protection Association Standard 299: Protection of Life and Property from Wildfire, National Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Protection Program, (1991), National Fire Protection Association, Washington, D. This document, developed by the NfP A Forest and Rural Fire Protection Committee, provides criteria for fire agencies, land use planners, architects, developers and local governments to use in the development of areas that may be threatened by wildfire. To obtain this resource: National Fire Protection Association Publications (800) 344-3555 http://www.nfpa.org or http://www.firewise.org An International Collection of Wildland- Urban Interface Resource Materials (Information Report NOR- 344). Hirsch, K., Pinedo, M., & Greenlee, J. (1996). Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian forest Service. II .1 ~OO-l 17 Arcadia's Wildfire Final . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I .' I U This is a comprehensive bibliography of interface wildfire materials. Over 2,000 resources are included, grouped under the categories of general and technical reports, newspaper articles and public education materials. The citation format allows the reader to obtain most items through a library or directly from the publisher. The bibliography is available in hard copy or diskette at no cost. It is also available in downloadable PDF form, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, I-Zone Series Phone: (780) 435-72 1 0 http://www.prefire.uctpl.ucop.eduluwibib.htm Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Hazard Assessment Methodology. National Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Protection Program, (1998). NFPA, Washington, D.C. Firewise (NFPA Public Fire Protection Division) Phone: (617) 984-7486 htlp:f/www.firewise.org Fire Protection in the Wildland/Urban Interface: Everyone's Responsibility. National Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Protection Program, (1998). Washington, D. Firewise (NFPA Public Fire Protection Division) Phone: (617) 984-7486 hltp:f/www.firewise, org Wildfire Endnotes htlp://www.fire.ca.gov/php/2003 fireseasonstats _ v2.asp 2 http://www.fire.ca.gov/php/fire _ er _ contentldownloadsl2003 LargeFires.pdf ) http://www.usgs.gov/public/press/public_affairs/pressJeleases/prI805m.html . http://www.nifc.gov/stats/wildlandfirestats.html 5 hltp://research.yale.edu/gisf/assets/pdf/ppf/wildfire _report. pdf (, Planning for Natural Hazards: The Oregon Technical Resource Guide, (July 2000) Department of Land Conservation and Development 7 h ltp://www.usgs.gov/public/press/public_affairs/press_ re leases/pr 1805 m. html 8 Overgrown Forests Require Preventive Measures, By Gale A. Norton (Secretary of the Interior), USA Today Editorial, August 21, 2002 q hap:f /www.coastal.ca.gov/fire/ucsbfire.htm 1 10 Ibid II Planning for Natural Hazards: The Oregon Technical Resource Guide, (July 2000), Department of Land Conservation and Development 11,3200-1 18 Arcadia's Wildfire Final . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 12 1J 1.\ 15 http://www.eqe.comlpublications/revf93/firefoll.htm Source: National Interagency Fire Center, Boise ID and California Division of FOfestry, Riverside Fire Lab. California Office of Emergency Services, Sacramento California http://www.fs.fed.us/land/wdfire7c.htm 11 ] :oo~ 19 Arcadia's Wildfire Final . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I SECTION 10 . Windstorm Hazards In Arcadia "., . .... I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Windstorm Section Table of Contents Why Are Windstornls a Threat to Southern California? ........................................................... 10-3 Windstorm Characteristics................. ............. .......... .......... ." ...................... .................. ............ 10-3 Windstorm Hazard Identi fication .... .............................. ............................................... ... ... ....... 10-8 V ulnerabi Ii ty and Risk....................... ................................................................ ...... ...... ............ 10-9 Community Windstorm Issues................................................................................................. 10-10 What Is Susceptible to Windstorm? ......................................................................................... 10-11 Existing Windstorm Mitigation Activities............................................................................... 10-13 Windstorm Mitigation Action Items ........................................................................................ 10-14 Windstorm Resource Directory ............................................................................................... 10-14 S tate Resources .' ............................ ............. ... .............................................................. ............ 10-14 Federal Resources and Programs ............................................................................................. 10-14 Addi tional Resources. ......... ............................. ....... ...... ................................................... ........ 10-14 11/3/2004 2 Arcadia's Windsrrom Final I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Windstorms: -.;, Great 8uln Why are Severe Windstorms a Threat to the City of Arcadia7 Severe wind storms pose a significant risk to life and property in the region by creating conditions that dismpt essential systems such as public utilities, telecommunications, and Transportation routes. High winds can and do occasionally cause tornado-like damage to local homes and businesses. Severe windstorms can present a very destabilizing effect on the dry brush that covers local hillsides and urban wildland interface areas. '0 ,. High winds can have destructive impacts, especially to trees, power lines, and utility servtces. ~ Map I from NASA's "Observatorium" Windstorm Characteristics in Southern California Santa Ana Winds and Tornado-Like Wind Activity Based on local hislory, most incidents of high wind in the City of Arcadia are the result of the Santa Ana wind conditions. While high impact wind incidents are not frequent in the area, significant Santa Ana Wind events and sporadic tornado activity have been known to negatively impact the local community. What are Santa Ana Winds7 "Santa Ana winds are generally defined as warm, dry winds that blow from the east or northeast (offshore). These winds occur below the passes and canyons of the coastal ranges of Southern California and in the Los Angeles basin. Santa Ana winds' often blow with exceptional speed in the Santa Ana Canyon (the canyon from which it derives its name). Forecasters at the National Weather Service offtces in Oxnard and San Diego usually place speed minimums on these winds and reserve the use of "Santa Ana" for winds greater than 25 knots.,,1 These winds accelerate to speeds of 35 knots as they move through canyons and passes, with gusts to 50 or even 60 knots. "The complex topography of Southern California combined with various atmospheric conditions creates numerous scenarios that may cause widespread or isolated Santa Ana events. Commonly, Santa Ana winds develop when a region of high pressure builds over the Great Basin (the high plateau east of the Sierra mountains and west of the Rocky mountains including most of Nevada and Utah). Clockwise circulation around the center of this high-pressure area forces air down slope from the high plateau. The air warms as it descends toward the California coast at the rate of 5 degrees F per 1000 feet due to compressional heating. Thus, compressional heating provides the primary source of warming. The air is dry since it originated in the desert, and it dries out even more as it is heated:,2 1113/.2004 3 Arcadia's WindSlfom Final . I I I These regional winds typically occur from October to March, and, according to most accounts are named either for the Santa Ana River Valley where they originate or for the Santa Ana Canyon, southeast of Los Angeles, where they pick up speed. I I I I What are Tornados? Tornadoes are spawned when there is warm, moist air near the ground, cool air aloft, and winds that speed up and change direction. An obstruction, such as a house, in the path of the wind causes it to change direction. This change increases pressure on parts of the house, and the combination of increased pressures and fluctuating wind speeds creates stresses that frequently cause structural failures. I In order to measure the intensity and wind strength of a tornado, Dr. T. Theodore Fujita developed the Fujita Tornado Damage Scale. This scale compares the estimated wind velocity with the corresponding amount of suspected damage. The scale measures six classifications of tornadoes with increasing magnitude from an "FO" tornado to a "F6+" tornado. The chart below depicts the Fujita Tornado Damage Scale; I I I I Wind Scale Estimate Typical Damage (mph) FO < 73 Light damage. Some damage to chimneys and TV antennas; breaks twigs off trees; pushes over shallow-rooted trees. Moderate damage. Peels surface off roofs; windows broken; light trailer houses F1 73-112 pushed or overturned; some trees uprooted or snapped; moving automobiles pushed off the road. 74 mph is the beginning of hurricane wind speed. Considerable damage. Roofs torn off frame houses leaving strong upright F2 113-157 walls; weak buildings in rural areas demolished; trailer houses destroyed; large trees snapped or uprooted; railroad boxcars pushed over; light object missiles generated; cars blown off highway. Severe damage. Roofs and some walls torn off frame houses; some rural F3 158-206 buildings completely demolished; trains overturned; steel-framed hangar- warehouse-type structures torn; cars lifted off the ground; most trees in a forest uprooted snapped, or leveled. Devastating damage. Whole frame houses leveled, leaving piles of debris; steel F4 207 -260 structures badly damaged; trees debarked by small flying debris; cars and trains thrown some distances or rolled considerable distances; large missiles generated. Incredible damage. Whole frame houses tossed off foundations; steel- F5 261-318 reinforced concrete structures badly damaged; automobile-sized missiles generated; trees debarked; incredible phenomena can occur. Inconceivable damage. Should a tornado with the maximum wind speed in F6-Ft2 319 to excess of F5 occur, the extent and types of damage may not be conceived. A sonic number of missiles such as iceboxes, water heaters, storage tanks, automobiles, etc. will create serious secondary damage on structures. I I I I I I Sou rce: http://weather.latimes.com/tornadoF AQ. as p 11/3/2004 4 Arcadia's Windstrom Final I I I I . I' I I I I t t I I . I I I I Microbursts Unlike tornados, microbursts, are strong, damaging winds, which strike the ground and often give the impression a tornado has struck. They frequently occur during intense thundefstorms. The origin ofa microburst is downward moving air from a thunderstorm's core. But unlike a tornado, they affect only a rather small area. University of Chicago storm researcher Dr Ted Fujita first coined the term "downburst" to describe strong, downdraft winds flowing out of a thunderstorm cell that he believed were responsible for the crash of Eastern Airlines Flight 66 in June of 1975.3 A downburst is a straight-direction surface wind in excess of 39 mph caused by a small-scale, strong downdraft from the base of convective thundershowers and thunderstorms. In later investigations into the phenomena he defined two sub-categories of downbursts: the larger macrobursts and small microbursts.~ Macrobursts are downbursts with winds up to 117 mph, which spread across a path greater than 2.5 miles wide at the surface and which last from 5 to 30 minutes. The microburst, on the other hand is confined to an even smaller area, less than 2.5 miles in diameter from the initial point of downdraft impact. An intense microburst can result in damaging winds near 270 kmlhr (170 mph) and often last for less than five minutes.s "Oownbursts of all sizes descend from the upper regions of severe thunderstorms when the air accelerates downward through either exceptionally strong evaporative cooling or by very heavy rain which drags dry air down with it. When the rapidly descending air strikes the ground, it spreads outward in all directions, like a fast-running faucet stream hitting the sink bottom. When the microburst wind hits an object on the ground such as a house, garage or tree, it can flatten the buildings and strip limbs and branches from the tree. After striking the ground, the powerful outward running gust can wreak further havoc along its path. Damage associated with a microburst is often mistaken for the work of a tornado, particularly directly under the micro burst. However, damage patterns away from the impact area are characteristic of straight-line winds rather than the twisted pattern of tornado damage.,,6 Tornados, like those that occur every year in the Midwest and Southeast parts of the United States, are a rare phenomenon in most of California, with most tornado-like activity coming from microbursts. Local History of Windstorm Events While the effects of Santa Ana Winds are often overlooked, it should be noted that in 2003, two deaths in Southern California were directly related to the fierce condition. A falling tree struck one woman in San Diego.7 The second death occurred when a flying pickup truck cover 11/312004 5 t\rc:ldia's \\.'instrom Final . I I I I I I I " I 1\ ,I I I I t I I t launched by the Santa Ana Winds hit a passenger in a vehicle.s The following Santa Ana wind events were featured in news resources during 2003: "One of the strongest Santa Ana windstorms in a decade toppied 26 power poles January 6, 2003 in Orange early today, blew over a mobile derrick in Placentia, crushing two OC Register vehicles, and delayed Metrolink rail service." This windstorm also knocked out power to thousands of people in northeastern Orange County. January 8, 2003 "Santa Ana's roared into Southern Caiifornia late Sunday, blowing over trees, CBSNEWS.com trucks and power poles. Thousands of people lost power." Fire Officials Brace for Santa Ana Winds.. .. "The forest is now so dry and so many March 16, 2003 trees have died that fires, during relatively calm conditions, are running as fast and Dailybulletii1'com as far as they might during Santa Ana Winds. Now the Santa Ana season is here. Combine the literally tinder dry conditions with humidity in the single digits and 60- 80 mph winds, and fire officials shudder." The following is a glimpse of some major Santa Ana wind/windstorm events to hit the local area: Major Windstorms / Santa Ana Wind Events Orange County Area from 1961- 2001 Date Location and Damage November 5-6, 1961 February 10-11, 1973 October 26-27, 199i October 14, 1997 December 29, 1997 March 28-29, 1998 September 2, 1998 December 6, 1998 December 21-22, 1999 March 5-6, 2000 11/3/2004 Santa Ana winds. Fire in Topanga Canyon Strong storm winds: 57 mph at Riverside, 46 Newport Beach. Some 200 trees uprooted in Pacific Beach alone Santa Ana winds. Fire in Laguna Hills Santa Ana winds: gusts 87 mph in central Orange County. Large fire in Orange County Gusts 60'" mph at Santa Ana Strong storm winds in Orange County: sustained 30-40 mph. Gust 70 mph at Newport Beach, gust 60 Huntington Beach. Trees down, power out, and damage across Orange and San Diego Counties. 1 illegal immigrant dead in Jamul. Strong winds from thunderstorms in Orange County with gusts to 40mph.. Large fires in Orange County Thunderstorm in Los Alamitos and Garden Grove: gust 50-60 mph called "almost a tornado" Santa Ana winds: gust 68 mph at Campo, 53 Huntington Beach, 44 Orange. House and tree damage in Hemet. Strong thunderstorm winds at the coast: gust 60 mph at Huntington Beach Property damage and trees downed along the coast 6 Arcadia's Windstrom Final I I I I I I .' I I' I ,1. :1 I I I I I I t April 1 , 2000 December 25-26, 2000 February 13, 2001 Santa Ana winds: gust 93 mph at Mission Viejo, 67 Anaheim Hills Santa Ana winds: gust 87 mph at Fremont Canyon. Damage and injuries in Mira Loma, Orange and RiverSide Counties Thunderstorm gust to 89 mph in east Orange + - .-..- . . Source: http://www . wrh .noaa .govlsandiegolresearch/Guide/weatherhistory .pdf - - - ---- The following is a glimpse of majof tornado-like events to hit the surrounding areas: Major Tornado-like Events in the Orange County Area 1958-2001 Date Location and Damage April 1, 1958 Tornado: Laguna Beach February 19, 1962 Tornado: Irvine April 8, 1965 Tornado: Costa Mesa November 7, 1966 Newport Beach and Costa Mesa: Property Damage March 16, 1977 Tornado skipped from Fullerton to Brea and damage to 80 homes and injured four people February 9, 1978 Tornado: Irvine. Property damage and 6 injured January 31, 1979 Tornado Santa Ana Numerous power outages November 9, 1982 Tornadoes in Garden Grove and Mission Viejo. Property damage January 13, 1984 Tornado: Huntington Beach. Property damage March 16, 1986 Tornado: Anaheim. Property damage February 22-24, 1987 Tornadoes and waterspouts: Huntington Beach January 18, 1988 Tornadoes: Mission Viejo and San Clemente. Property damage February 28, 1991 Tornado: Tustin March 27, 1991 Tornado: Huntington Beach December 7, 1992 Tornadoes: Anaheim and Westminster Property damage January 18, 1993 Tornado: Orange County Property damage February 8, 1993 Tornado: Brea. Property damage February 7, 1994 Tornado from Newport Beach to Tustin. Roof and window damage. Trees were also knocked down December 13, 1994 Two waterspouts about 0.5 mile off Newport Beach December 13, 1995 Funnel cloud near Fullerton Airport March 13, 1996 Funnel cloud in Irvine r 1/3/200"; 7 Arcadia's \\'instrom Final I I I I I I I I .' I I I I I I I I I I November 10-11, 1997 Waterspout came ashore at Newport Pier on the 1 dh and dissipated over western Costa Mesa. Tornadoes in Irvine on the Il'h and a funnel ctoud developed. ldh: Winds estimated at 60-70 mph. l1'h: Minor power outages occurred with little property damage. A fisherman was blown from one end of Newport Pier to the other. Property and vehicle damage in Irvine from flying debris. Ten cars were thrown a few feet. December 21, 1997 Waterspout and tornado in Huntington Beach. Damage to boats, houses, and city property February 24, 1998 Tornado in Huntington Beach. Property damage with a power outage, roof .> flew Y. mile March 13-14, 1998 Numerous waterspouts between Long Beach, Huntington Beach, and Catalina March 31-Aprill, 1998 Numerous funnel clouds reported off Orange County coastline, two of which became waterspouts off Orange County. One waterspout briefly hit the coast off the Huntington Beach pier. June 6, 1998 Two funnel clouds off Dana Point December 31, 1998 Funnel clouds in Santa Ana. Waterspout off Costa Mesa coast February 21, 2000 Tornado: Anaheim Hills. Property damage October 28, 2000 Funnel clouds around Newport Beach and Costa Mesa January 10, 2001 Funnel cloud at Orange County airport and Newport Beach February 24, 2001 Tornado in Orange. Damage to warehouse, 6 structures, fences, and telephone wires. Source: http://www .wrh .noaa.govlsandiegolresearchIGuide/weatherhistory.pdf Windstorm Hazard Assessment Hazard Identification A windstorm event in the region can range from short term microburst activity lasting only minutes to a long duration Santa Ana wind condition that can last for several days as in the case of the January 2003 Santa Ana wind event. Windstorms in the City of Arcadia area can cause extensive damage including heavy tree stands, exposed coastal properties, road and highway infrastructure, and critical utility facilities. The map shows clearly the direction of the Santa Ana winds as they travel ...,..~. Great Basin 11/3/2004 2Map from NASA's "Observatorium" I I I I I I I ,I I I I I I I I I I I I from the stable, high-pressure weather system called the Great Basin High through the canyons and towards the low-pressure system off the Pacific. Clearly the area of the City of Arcadia is in the direct path of the ocean-pound. Santa Ana winds. Vulnerability and Risk With an analysis of the high wind and tornado events depicted in the "Local History" section, we can deduce the common windstorm impact areas including impacts on life, property, utilities, infrastructure and transportation. Additionally, if a windstorm disrupts power to local residential communities, the American Red Cross and City resources might be called upon for care and shelter duties. Displacing residents and utilizing City resources for shelter staffing and disaster cleanup can cause an economic hardship on the community. Community Windstorm Issues What is Susceptible to Windstorms? Life and Property Based on the history of the region, windstorm events can be expected, perhaps annually, across widespread areas of the region, which can be adversely impacted during a windstorm event. This can result in the involvement of City of Arcadia's emergency response personnel during a wide-ranging windstorm or microburst tornadic activity. Both residential and commercial structures with weak reinforcement are susceptible to damage. Wind pressure can create a direct and frontal assault on a structure, pushing walls, doors, and windows inward. Conversely, passing currents can create lift suction forces that pull building components and surfaces outward. With extreme wind forces, the roof or entire building can fail causing considerable damage. Such damage occurred to property on December 2002 when severe windstorm knocked down power lines, disrupted traffic and electrical service. Debris carried along by extfeme winds can directly contribute to loss of life and indirectly to the failure of protective building envelopes, siding, or walls. When severe windstorms strike a community, downed trees, power lines, and damaged property can be major hindrances to emergency response and disaster recovery. The Beaufort scale below, coined and developed by Sir Francis Beaufort in 1805, illustrates the effect that varying wind speed can have on sea swells and structures: BEAUFORT SCALE Beaufort Force ~~~~~ Wind Description - State of Sea - Effects on Land \ 1131]OO~ 9 ArC3diu's Winstrom Final .... I I I I I I I I '. I I I I I 0 Less 1 Calm - Mirror-like - Smoke rises vertically 1 1-3 Light - Air Ripples look like scales; No crests of foam - Smoke drift shows direction of wind, but wind vanes do not 2 4-7 Light Breeze - Small but pronounced wavelets; Crests do not break - Wind vanes move; Leaves rustle; You can feel wind on the face 3 8-12 Gentle Breeze - Large Wavelets; Crests break; Glassy foam; A few whitecaps - Leaves and small twigs move constantly; Small, light flags are extended 4 13-18 Moderate Breeze - Longer waves; Whitecaps - Wind lifts dust and loose paper; Small branches move 5 19-24 Fresh Breeze - Moderate, long waves; Many whitecaps; Some spray - Small trees with leaves begin to move 6 25-31 Strong Breeze - Some large waves; Crests of white foam; Spray - Large branches move; Telegraph wires whistle; Hard to hold umbrellas 7 32-38 Near Gale - White foam from breaking waves blows in streaks with the wind - Whole trees move; Resistance felt walking into wind 8 39-46 Gale - Waves high and moderately long; Crests break into spin drift, blowing foam in well marked streaks - Twigs and small branches break off trees; Difficult to walk 9 47-54 Strong Gale - High waves with wave crests that tumble; Dense streaks of foam in wind; Poor visibility from spray - Slight structural damage Storm - Very high waves with long, curling crests; Sea surface appears white from to 55-63 blowing foam; Heavy tumbling of sea; Poor visibility - Trees broken or uprooted; Considerable structural damage Violent Storm - Waves high enough to hide small and medium sized ships; Sea 1t 64-73 covered with patches of white foam; Edges of wave crests blown into froth; Poor visibility - Seldom experienced inland; Considerable structural damage 12 >74 Hurricane - Sea white with spray. Foam and spray render visibiiity almost non- existent - Widespread damage. Very rarely experienced on land. I I I Source: http://www.compuweather.com/decoder-charts.html Utilities Historically, falling trees have been the major cause of power outages in the region. Windstorms such as strong microbursts and Santa Ana Wind conditions can cause flying debris and downed utility lines. For example, tree limbs breaking in winds of only 45 mph can be thrown over 75 feet. As such, overhead power lines can be damaged even in relatively minor windstorm events. 11/3/2004 10 Arcadia"s \Vindstrom Final I . I I I i I I I ,I I- I I ,I I , t I I I Falling trees can bring electric power lines down to the pavement, creating the possibility of lethal electric shock. Rising population growth and new infrastructure in the region creates a higher probability for damage to occur from windstorms as more life and property are exposed to risk. Infrastructure mur---1 T~LZONE r-----------------------I-------~ 60' I I (20m) : ~5' (4.5m) , MEDIUM ZONE I ' . : 40'(12m) ~--r-- I , I I lO'NZONE I 0' [15ml-' 20' (6m) I I OR LESS I , ------, ~5' (4.5m~: I . . I I HOUSE Po.."I. (),d.f9foud lin., LAWN WALK STR EET Windstorms can damage buildings, power lines, and other property and infrastructure due to falling trees and branches. During wet winters, saturated soils cause trees to become less stable and more vulnerable to uprooting from high winds. Windstorms can result in collapsed or damaged buildings or blocked roads and bridges, damaged traffic signals, streetlights, and parks, among others. Roads blocked by fallen trees during a windstorm may have severe consequences to people who need access to emergency services. Emergency response operations can be complicated when roads are blocked or when power supplies are interrupted. Industry and commerce can suffer losses from interruptions in electric services and from extended road closures. They can also sustain direct losses to buildings, personnel, and other vital equipment. There are direct consequences to the local economy resulting from windstorms related to both physical damages and interrupted services. Increased Fire Threat Perhaps the greatest danger from windstorm activity in Southern California comes from the combina1ion of the Santa Ana winds with the major fires that occur every few years in the urban/wildland interface. With the Santa Ana winds driving the flames, the speed and reach of the flames is even greater than in times of calm wind conditions. The higher fire hazard raised by a Santa Ana wind condition requires that even more care and attention be paid to proper brush J \/31~OO~ II Arcadia's Win:<.trom Final ~. I I I I t . I I I I I I I 'J II I I I clearances on propeny in the wildland/urban interface areas. Transportation Windstorm activity can have an impact on local transponation in addition to the problems caused by downed trees and electrical wires blocking streets and highways. During periods of extremely strong Santa Ana winds, major highways can be temporarily closed to truck and recreational vehicle traffic. However, typically these disruptions are not long lasting, nor do they carry a severe long-term economic impact on the region. Existing Windstorm Mitigation Activities As stated, one of the most common problems associated with windstorms is power outage. High winds commonly occur during winter storms, and can cause trees to bend, sag, or fail (tree limbs or entire trees), coming into contact with nearby distribution power lines. Fallen trees can cause shon-circuiting and conductor overloading. Wind-induced damage to the power system causes power outages to customers, incurs cost to make repairs, and in some cases can lead to ignitions 3 http://www.treesaregood.com/treecare/avoiding_ conflicts. asp that stan wild land fires. One of the strongest and most widespread existing mitigation strategies penains to tree clearance. Currently, California State Law requires utility companies to maintain specific clearances (depending on the type of voltage running through the line) between electric power lines and all vegetation. Enforcement of the following California Public Resource Code Sections provides guidance on tree pruning regulations:9 4293: Power Line Clearance Required 4292: Power Line Hazard Reduction 4291: Reduction of Fire Hazards Around Buildings 4171: Public Nuisances The following penain to tree pruning regulations and are taken from the California Code of Regulations: Title 14: Minimum Clearance Provisions Sections 1250-1258 General Industry Safety Orders Title 8: Group 3: Anicles 12, 13,36,37,38 California Penal Code Section 385 Finally, the following California Public Utilities Commission section has additional guidance: California Public Utilities Commission General Order 95: Rule 35 11/3/2004 12 Arcadia's \Vindstrom Final 1 I I I I I I I I I , , I I I I I I I Homeowner Liability: Failure to allow a utility company to comply with the law can result in liability to the homeowner for damages or injuries resulting from a vegetation hazard. Many insurance companies do not cover these types of damages if the policy owner .~.I' has fefused to allow the hazard to be eliminated. The power companies, in compliance with --1-..:"........- the above regulations, collect data about tree failures and their impact on power lines. This mitigation strategy assists the power company in preventing future tree failure. From the collection of this data, the power company can advise residents as to the most appropriate vegetative planting and pruning procedures. The following chart depicts some of the tree failure data collected by Southern California Edison in this comprehensive mitigation strategy: Windstorm Mitigation Action Items The windstorm mitigation action items provide direction on specific activities that organizations and residents in City of Arcadia can undertake to reduce risk and prevent loss from windstorm events. Each action item is followed by ideas for implementation, which can be used by the Hazard Mitigation Planning Commillee and local decision makers in pursuing strategies for implementation. . City of Arcadia's Mitigation Strategy Recommendations ST - Wind #1: Public Awareness Campaign: To provide public education materials to City of Arcadia residents and all School District staff, parents and age-appropriate students with mitigation materials pertaining to the protection of life and property before, during, and after a windstorm. Ideas for Implementation: 1. Compile mitigation brochures from the following organizations: FEMA; California Public Utilities Commission; County of Arcadia Public Works; Southern California Edison. 2. Distribute these materials to City of Arcadia residents and school district members. Materials can be distributed at City Council Meetings, Commission Meetings, City Hall, Parks and Recreation Centers, Fire Departments, Police Departments, Chamber of Commerce Meetings, School Administration Offices and other appropriate venues. 3. Create community PowerPoint seminar to be given at CERT/RACES joint hazard training event. Utilize presentation at future City Council Meetings or other public 11/3/2004 13 Arcadia's \Vinstrom Final . I' I I I I events as appropriate. Coordinating Organization: City Managers Office Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protection of Life and Property Constraints: Budget and staffing I 'I I I , I I I' I I I '. L T - Wind #2: Create local City and utility awareness of tree pruning and Fire Code Sections relevant to wind-resistant utility operations Ideas for Implementation: Provide information to City Public Works and local utility companies encouraging compliance with State and Local tree clearance and integrity guidelines by: Compile comprehensive list of pertinent State and local regulations Send letters of encouragement from Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee and local City and School officials encouraging utility compliance with guidelines Coordinating Organization: city Managers Office Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Mitigation Constraints: Staffing, Budget and Partnerships II Windstorm Resource Directory State Resources California Division of Forestry & Fire Protection 1416 9th Street PO Box 944246 Sacramento California 94244-2460 916-653-5123 htlp://www.fire.ca.gov/php/index. php Federal Resources and Programs National Weather Service Los Angeles/Oxnard Weather Forecast Office 520 North Elevar Street Oxnard, CA 93030 Forecast and weather info: 805-988-6610 Administrative issues: 805-988-6615 11/3/2004 14 Arcadia's Windstrom Final . I I I I I I I I I , I I I I I I I 1 E-mail: Webmaster.LOX@noaa.gov http://weather.noaa.gov/ Additional Resources International Society of Arboriculture. P.O. Box 3129 Champaign, IL 61826-3129 Phone: 217.355.9411 Fax: 217.355.9516 Web: www.isa-arbor.com E-mail: isa@isa-arbor.com Publications WINDSTORMS: Protect Your Familv and Property from the Hazards of Violent Windstorms http://emd. wa.gov/5-prep/trnglpubed/Windstrm. pdf Preparing Your Home for Severe Windstorms is available from http://www .chubb.comJpersonallhtmllhelpful_ tips_home _ windstorm.html End Notes: 1 hi \)):.' i ni mbo. WTh. noaa. go\'/Sandie~o/snawind.htm I 2Ibid 3Keith C. Heidorn at http://www.suiteI01.com/article.cfmil3646/1 009 \ 8, June 1,2003 4Ibid 5Ibid 61bid 7www.cbsnews.com. January 8, 2003 8 W'W'W .cbsnews.com/slOrics/2003/0 1/06/nat ionall 9www.cpuc.ca.gov Ij s.asp 1113/2004 15 Arcadia's Wins[rom Final . I I I I 1 I I I I t I 'I I Appendix A - Resources Master Resource Directory The Resource Directory provides contact information for local, regional, state, and federal programs that are currently involved in hazard mitigation activities. The Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee may look to the organizations on the following pages for resources and technical assistance. The Resource Directory provides a foundation for potential partners in action item implementation. The Hazard lvlitigation Advisory Committee will continue to add contact information for organi:ations currently engaged in hazard mitigation activities. This section may also be used by various community members interested in hazard mitigation information and projects. I I I I I American Public Works Association Level: National Hazard: Multi htto:II\V\vw.aowa.net 2345 Grand Boulevard Suite 500 Kansas City, MO 64108-2641 Ph: 816-472-6100 Fx: 816-472-1610 Notes: The American Public Works Association is an international educational and professional association of public agencies, private sector companies, and individuals dedicated to providing high quality public works goods and services. Association of State Floodplain Managers Level: Federal Hazard: Flood www.t1oods.ore: 2809 Fish Hatchery Road Madison, WI 53713 Ph: 608-274-0123 Fx: Notes: The Association of State Floodplain Managers is an organization of professionals involved in floodplain management, flood hazard mitigation, the National Flood Insurance Program, and flood preparedness, warning and recovery 13uilding Seismic Safety Council (BSSC) Level: National Hazard: Earthquake www.bssconline.org 1090 Vermont Ave., NW Suite 700 Washington, DC 20005 Ph: 202-289-7800 Fx: 202-289-109 Notes: The Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSe) develops and promotes building earthquake risk mitigation regulatory provisions for the nation. !"''''uy',:OO4 \\1998p~\&ru 11998\OMA 21( P~IJl\1 OM.>.. P\t.nl! Plan DO'-lv.P?l::ItIil A R.esourc1:l,wpd . I I I I 1 I I I Appendix A - Resources I I I :1 I I I I I I California Department of Transportation (CaITrans) Level: State Hazard: Multi hllP://www .dot.ca. 'i!.ovl ]20 S. Spring Street Los Angeles, CA 90012 Ph: 213-897-3656 Fx: Notes: CalTrans is responsible for the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of the California State Highway System, as well as that portion of the Interstate Highway System within the state's boundaries. Alone and in partnership with Amtrak, Caltrans is also involved in the support of intercity passenger rail service in California. California Resources Agency Level: State Hazard: Multi Imo:l/resources.ca. 'i!.ovl 1416 Ninth Street Suite 1311 Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916-653-5656 Fx: Notes: The California Resources Agency restores, protects and manages the state's natural, historical and culntral resources for current and funtre generations using solutions based on science, collaboration and respect for all the communities and interests involved. California Division of Forestry (CD F) Level: State Hazard: Multi h tto ://www. fire.e a. 'i!.0 vip hol index. D hp 210 W. San Jacinto Perris CA 92570 Ph: 909-940-6900 Fx: Notes: The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection protects over 31 million acres of California's privately-owned wildlands. CDF emphasizes the management and protection of California's natural resources. California Division of Mines and Geology (DMG) Level: State Hazard: Multi www.consrv.ca.l!ovlclls/index.htm 801 K Street MS 12-30 Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916-445-1825 Fx: 916-445-57IS Notes: The California Geological Survey develops and disseminates technical information and advice on California"s geology, geologic hazards, and mineral resources. lI~~zry '.2004 2 \\l99!pe"In'~' J99i'.DMA 2X '11m) D.~ Plaml Plu o.x,1Appndil: ,.. RC$D:ln"u.""FcI . I I I I I I I I Appendix A - Resources California Environmental Resources Evaluation System (CERES) Level: State Hazard: Multi htto:/ Iceres. ca. gov/ 900 N St. Suite 250 Sacriltnento, Ca. 95314 Ph: 9]6-653-2238 Fx: Notes: CERES is an excellent web site for access to environmental infor:nation and websites. California Department of Water Resources (D\VR) Level: State Hazard: Flood http://wwwdwr.water.ca.gov 1416 9th Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916-653-6192 Fx: Notes: The Department of Water Resources manages the water resources of California in cooperation with other agencies, to benefit the State's people, and to protect, restore, and enhance the natural and human environments. J I I I I I I . I California Department of Conservation: Southern California Regional Office Level: State Hazard: Multi www.consrv.ca.gov 655 S. Hope Street Los Angeles, CA 90017-2321 #700 Ph: 213-239-0878 Fx: 213-239-0984 Notes: The Department of Conservation provides services and information that promote e.l\yironmental health, economic vitality, informed land-use decisions and sound management of our state's natural resources. California Planing Information Network Level: State Hazard: Multi www.calpin.ca.gov Ph: Fx: Notes: The Governor's Office of Planning and Research (OPR) publishes basic information on local planning agencies, known as the California Planners' Book of Lists. This local planning information is available on-line with new search capabilities and up-to-the- minute updates. !.nijLjI.l.:~ 3 \\I99!pc'.aru i 1;;!\C"IA:J( Pl'~\l DMA Plln'lll'lln OOCI\Ap~t::ll!il A RcIOlJre::.l,'N;:<1 I . I I I I I I I I J I . I I Appendix A - Resources EPA, Region 9 Level: Regional Hazard: Multi h tlp:1 Iwv.rw. epa. gov Ire gion 09 75 Hawthorne Street San Francisco, CA 94105 Ph: 415-947-8000 Fx: 415-947-3553 Notes: The mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment through the themes of air and global climate change, water, land, communities and ecosystems, and compliance and environmental stewardship. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region LX Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.fema.!:!QV III1 Broadway Suite 1200 Oakland, CA 94607 Ph: 510-627-7100 Fx: 510-627-7112 Notes: The Federal Emergency Management Agency is tasked with responding to, planning for, recovering from and mitigating against disasters. Federal Emergency }Ianagement Agency, Mitigation Division Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.fema.flov/flmalplanhowto.slnm 500 C Street, S. W. \Vashington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202-566-1600 Fx: Notes: The Mitigation Division manages the National Flood Insurance Program and oversees FEMA's mitigation programs. It has of a number of programs and activities of which provide citizens Protection, with flood insurance; Prevention, with mitigation measures and Partnerships, with communities throughout the country. Floodplain Management Association Level: Federal Hazard: Flood www.tloodplain.org I I I I I P.O. Box 50891 Sparks, NY 89435-0891 Ph: 775-626-6389 Fx: 775-626-6389 Notes: The Floodplain Management Association is a nonprofit educational association. It was established in 1990 to promote the reduction of flood losses and to encourage the protection and enhancement of natural floodplain values. Members include representatives of federal, state and local government agencies as well as private firms. hftuuy~.l004 4 \\199Epc\ml i 199!\DMA 2K P\~\l DMA Planll Pin DDl:I\....ppendu. A RCJOu"t:el.wpd . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Appendh A - Resources Gateway Cities Partnership level: Regional Hazard: Multi www.2:atewavcities.or2: 7300 Alondra Boulevard Suite 202 Paramount, CA 90723 Ph: 562-817-0820 Fx: Notes: Gateway Cities Partnership is a 501 C 3 non-profit Community Development Corporation for the Gateway Cities region of southeast LA County. The region comprises 27 cities that roughly speaking extends from Montebello on the north to Long Beach on the South, the Alameda Corridor on the west to the Orange County line on the east. Governor's Office of Emergency Services (OES) Level: State Hazard: Multi www.oes.ca.!!QV P.O. Box 419047 Rancho Cordova, CA 95741-9047 Ph: 916 845. 8911 Fx: 916 845- 8910 Notes: The Governor's Office of Emergency Services coordinates overall state agency response 10 major disasters in support of local government. The office is responsible for assuring the state's readiness 10 respond 10 and recover from natural, manmade, and war- caused emergencies, and for assisting local governments in their emergency preparedness, response and reco\'ery efforts. Greater Antelope Valley Economic Alliance Level: Regional Hazard: Multi 42060 N. Tenth Street West Lancaster, CA 93534 Ph: 661-945-2741 Fx: 661-945-7711 Notes: The Greater Antelope Valley Economic Alliance, (GA VEA) is a 501 (c)(6) nonprofit organization with a 50 I (c)(3) affiliated organization the Antelope Valley Economic Research and Education Foundation. GA VEA is a public-private partnership of business, local governments, education, non-profit organizations and health care organizations that was founded in 1999 with the goal of attracting good paying jobs to the Antelope Valley in order to build a sustainable economy. hnuuy3,:OOJ 5 I" "'p"=' . "9l'DMA 0< ""''' OMA ""''' "" O~,^"m.' A .""0"".... . I I I I .~ppendL~ A - Resources Landslide Hazards Program, US-GS Level: Federal Hazard: Landslide h no :!!1a nds \ides .1IS ~s. ~o v /index. h tm 1 12201 Sunrise Valiey Drive MS 906 Ph: 703-648- 4000 Fx: Reston, VA 20192 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Notes: The NLIC website provides good information on the programs and resources regarding landslides. The page includes information on the National Landslide Hazards Program Information Center, a bibliography, publications, and current projects. USGS scientists are working to reduce long-term losses and casualties from landslide hazards through bener understanding of the causes and mechanisms of ground failure both nationally and worldwide. Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation Level: Regional Hazard: Multi www.laedc.org 444 S. Flower Street 34th Floor Los Angeles, CA 90071 Ph: 213-236-4813 Fx: 213- 623-0281 l\otes: The LAEDC is a private, non-profit 501 (c) 3 organization established in 1981 with the mission to anract, retain and grow businesses and jobs in the Los Angeles region. The LAEDC is widely relied upon for its Southern California Economic Forecasts and Industry Trend Reports. Lead by the renowned Jack Kyser (Sr. Vice President, Chief Economist) his tcam of researchers produces numerous publications to help business, media and government navigate the LA region's diverse economy. Los Angeles County Public Works Department Level: County 900 S. Fremont Ave. Hazard: Multi him:l!ladpw.org Alhambra, CA 91803 Ph: 626-458-5100 Fx: Notes: The Los Angeles County Department of Public Works protects property and promotes public safety through Flood Control, Water Conservation, Road Maintenance, Bridges, Buses and Bicycle Trails, Building and Safety, Land Development, Watetworks, Sewers, Engineering, Capital Projects and Airports Janll.ll)'j,:OOol 6 \\I99!pc'~', n9i\DMA 1K Pl.."l] DMA Plu\! PIIIl ~\Appendix A ~u:cCl.wpd . I I I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Appendb: A - Resources National Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Program Level: Federal Hazard: Wildfire W\VW .firewise .orgl I Banerymarch Park Quincy, MA 02169-7471 Ph: 617-770-3000 Fx: 617 770-0700 Notes: Firewise maintains a Website designed for peop,~e_who live in wildfire- prone areas, but it also can be of use to local planners and decision makH~' The site offers online wildfire protection information and checklists, as well as listings'Of other publications, videos, and conferences. National Resources Conservation Service Level: Federal Hazard: Multi http://www.nrcs. Llsda. govl 14th and Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20250 Room 5105-A Ph: 202-720-7246 Fx: 202-720-7690 Notes: NRCS assists owners of Americ;Ls private land with conserving their soil, water, and other natural resources, by delivering technical assistance based on sound science and suited to a customer's specific needs. Cost shares and financial incentives are available in some cases. National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) Level: Federal Hazard: Wildfire www.nifc.~ov 3833 S. Development Ave. Boise, [daho 83705-5354 Ph: 208-387, 5512 Fx: Notes: The NIFC in Boise, Idaho is the nation's support center for wildland firefighting. Seven federal agencies work together to coordinate and support wildland fire and disaster operations. National Fire Protection Association (NFP A) Level: National Hazard: Wildfire hnp:llwww. n fDa. 0 rg/ ca tal 0 g/bome/i ndex .as p I Batterymarch Park Quincy, MA 02169-7471 Ph: 617 -770-3000 Fx: 617 770-0700 Notes: The mission of the international nonprofit NFPA is to reduce the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards on the qualiry oflife by providing and advocating scientifically-based consensus codes and standards, research, training and education JaIl'l.ryJ,:0O4 7 \\1998pc\aru i 199NlMA 21( PI~ll'l DMA Flnll PII.n Docs\APpClllill. A Re)Qllf'l;Q_wpd . I I I I I I I I I I , I I I I I I I AppendLx A - Resources i'o" ationaI Floodplain Insurance Program (i'o"FIP) Level: Federal Hazard: Flood www.fema.gov/nfio/ 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202-566-1600 Fx: Notes: The Mitigation Division manages the National Flood Insurance Program and oversees FEMA's mitigation programs. It has ofa number of programs and activities of which provide citizens Protection, with flood insurance; Prevention, with mitigation measures and Parrnerships, with commuruties throughout the country. National Oceanic /Atmospheric Administration Level: Federal Hazard: Multi W\Vw.noaa.I!QY 14th Street & Constitution Ave NW Rm 6013 Ph: 202-482-6090 Fx: 202-482-3 I 54 Washington, DC 20230 Notes: NOAA's historical role has been to predict environmental changes, protect iife and property, provide decision makers with reliable scientific information, and foster global environmental stewardship. National Weather Service, Office of Hydrologic Development Level: Federal Hazard: Flood htm:/ /www.nws.l1oaa.gov/ 1325 East West Highway SSMC2 Ph: 30]-713-1658 Fx: 301-713-0963 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Notes: The Office of Hydrologic Development (OHD) enhances National Weather Service products by: infusing new hydrologic science, developing hydrologic techniques for operational use, managing hydrologic development by NWS field office, providing advanced hydrologic products to meet needs identified by NWS customers 1.m;...,.t~Cv. 8 \\199!pe\:""1.199NlM,A ZK 1'1111\1 DMA 1'1111'>1 Plan Ooxll.Al'pc.-,di1 A R.eIOUfcel.""~d . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Appendix A - Resources National Weather Service L eve l: Federal Hazard: Multi http://www .nws.noaa.govl 520 North Elevar Street .::::.. Oxnard, CA 93030 Ph: 805-988- 6615 Fx: Notes: The National Weather Service is responsible for providing weather service to the nation. It is charged with the responsibility of observing and reponing the weather and with issuing forecasts and warnings of weather and flooes in the interest of national safety and economy. Briefly, the priorities for service to the nation are: 1. protection oflife, 2. protection of property, and 3. promotion of the nation's welfare and economy. San Gabriel Valley Economic Partnership Level: Regional Hazard: Multi www.val1evnet.org 4900 Ri vergrade Road Irwindale, CA 91706 Suite A31 0 Ph: 626-856-3400 Fx: 626-856-5115 Notes: The San Gabriel Valley Economic Partnership is a non-profit corporation representing bOlh public and private sectors. The Pannership is the exclusive source for San Gabriel Valley-specific information, expenise, consulting, products, services, and events. It is the single organization in the Valley with the mission to sustain and build the regional economy for the mutual benefit of all thirty cities, chambers of commerce, academic instinnions, businesses and residents. Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County Level: County Hazard: Flood htto:llwww.lacsd.oral 1955 Workman Mill Road Whittier, CA 90607 Ph:562-699-74ll x2301 Fx: Notes: The Sanitation Districts provide wastewater and solid waste management for over half the population of Los Angeles County and turn waste products into resources such as reclaimed water, energy, and recyclable materials. JL'IUL')'!,;0C4 9 \\unpc-.aret, 199i\OMA:K '1..'1\\ OMA Plln.l P\.an DOCloAppaldi:< ^ Re"\II1:u.""l=~ . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . I I Appendix A - Resources Santa Monica Mountains ConserYanc)" Level: Regional Hazard: Multi hno://smmc.ca.f!ov/ 570 West Avenue Twenty-Six Suite 100 Los Angeles, CA 90065 Ph: 323-221-8900 Fx: Notes: The Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy helps to preserve over 55,000 acres of parkland in both wilderness and urban settings, and has improved more than 114 public recreational facilities throughout Southern California. South Bay Economic Development Partnership Level: Regional Hazard: Multi WWw.southbavpartnership.com 3858 Carson Street Suite 110 Torrance, CA 90503 Ph: 310-792-0323 Fx: 310-543-9886 Notes: The South Bay Economic Development Partnership is a collaboration of business, labor, education and government. lts primary goal is to plan an implement an economic development and marketing strategy designed to retain and create jobs and stimulate economic growth in the South Bay of Los Angeles County. South Coast Air Quality Manage~ent District (AQMD) Level: Regional Hazard: Multi www.aamd.Q:o\' 21865 E. Copley Drive Diamond Bar, CA 91765 Ph: 800-CUT-SMOG Fx: Notes: AQMD is a regional government agency that seeks to achieve and maintain healthful air quality through a comprehensive program of research, regulations, enforcement, and communication. The AQMD covers Los Angeles and Orange Counties and parts of Riverside and San Bernardino Counties. ;.a::If)'~. 2004 10 \\1 998pc:\.ru J 199!'DMA:K Pl&n\t D~ PI.nll Plan DOC:IIAppc:ll:fu:.... ~c...wpcI . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Appendix A - Resources Southern California Earthquake Center (SeE C) Level: Regional Hazard: Earthquake www.sceC.org 3651 Trousdale Parkway Suite 169 Los Angeles, CA 90089-0742 Ph: 213-740-5843 Fx: 213/740-0011 Notes: The Southem Califomia Earthquake Center (SCEC) gathers new infonnation about earthquakes in Southem California, integrates this information into a comprehensive and predictive understanding of earthquake phenomena, and communicates this understanding to end-users and the general public in order to increase earthquake awareness, reduce economic losses, and save lives. Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) Level: Regional 818 W. Seventh Street Los Angeles, CA 90017 Hazard: Multi www.$cae:.ca.!:!ov 12th Floor Ph: 213-236-1800 Fx: 213-236-1825 Notes: The Southern California Association of Governments functions as the Metropolitan Planning Organization for six counties: Los Angeles, Orange, San Bemardino, Riverside, VenDlra and Imperial. As the designated Metropolitan Planning Organization, the Association of Governments is mandated by the federal govern..ment to research and draw up plans for transportation, growth management, hazardous waste management, and air quality. State fire Marshal (SFM) Level: State Hazard: Wildfire http://osfm.fire.ca.gov 1131 "$" Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916-445-8200 Fx: 916-445-8509 Notes: The Office of the State Fire Marshal (SFM) supports the mission of the California Deparonent of Forestry and Fire Protection (CD F) by focusing on fire prevention. SFM regulates buildings in which people live, controls substances which may, cause injuries, death and destruction by fire; provides statewide direction for fire prevention within wildland areas; regulates hazardous liquid pipelines; reviews regulations and building standards; and trains and educates in fire protection methods and responsibilities. h:uury',;lOG4 11 \\199Spc'''~.119.S\DMA 11( PIItl\: OMA /'lan\ll'l&ll DoelV.ptlcn<1iI ^ Ruowt;cs,Wjld I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Appendh A - Resources The Community Rating System (CRS) Level: F cderal Hazard: Flood htto:llwww. fema. <zov In fi oi crs. s h tm 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202-566-1600 Fx: Notes: The Community Rating System (CRS) recognizes community floodplain management efforts that go beyond the minimum requirements of the NFIP. Property owners within the County would receive reduced NFIP flood insurance premiums if the County implements floodplain management practices that qualify it for a CRS rating. For further information on the CRS, visir FEMA's website. United States Geological Survey Level: Federal Hazard: Multi httD:llwww.us<zs.govl 345 tv[iddlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 Ph: 650-853-8300 Fx: Notes: The USGS provides reliable scientific information to describe and understand the Earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources; and enhance and protect our quality of life. US Army Corps of Engineers Level: Federal Hazard: Multi ht1P:l/www.llsace.armv.mil P.O. Box 532711 Los Angeles CA 90053- 2325 Ph: 213-452- 3921 Fx: Notes: The United States Army Corps of Engineers work in engineering and environmental maners. A workforce of biologists, engineers, geol"ogists, hydrologists, natural resource managers and other professionals provide engineering services to the nation including planning, designing, building and operating water resources and other civil works projects. USDA Forest Service Level: Federal Hazard: Wildfrre htto:l/www.fs.fed.us 1400 Independence Ave. SW Washington, D.C. 20250-0002 Ph: 202-205-8333 Fx: Notes: The Forest Service is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Forest Service manages public lands in national forests and grasslands. J'flU~ry 5,:004 12 \\J99!pc'~~ II 1991\DMA 1K Plan\! OM}. PI~lllll'!an DOCJlAppcIldi.o;... Rc:.ao..n:eL....-pd . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Appendix A - Resources USGS \Vater Resources Level: Federal Hazard: Multi wW\V.water.USEs.e:OV 6000 J Street Placer Hall Sacramento, CA 95819-6129 Ph: 916-278-3000 Fx: 916-278-3070 Notes: The USGS Water Resources mission is to provide water information that benefits the Nation's citizens: publications, data, maps, and applications software. Western States Seismic Policy Council (WSSPC) Level: Regional Hazard: Earthquake www.wssoc.orQlhome.html 125 California Avenue Suite 0201, #1 Palo Alto, CA 94306 Ph: 650-330-110 I Fx: 650-326-1769 Notes: WSSPC is a regional earthquake consortium funded mainly by FElvlA. Its website is a great resource, with information clearly categorized - from policy to engineering to education. Westside Economic Collaborative CIO Pacific Western Bank Level: Regional Hazard: Multi hno:I/w\vw. \vcstside- la.or ] 20 Wilshire Boulevard Santa Monica, C~ 90401 Ph: 310-458-1521 Fx: 3 ]0-458-6479 Notes: The Westside Economic Development Collaborative is the first Westside regional economic development corporation. The Westside EDC functions as an information gatherer and resource center, as well as a forum, through bringing business, government, and residents together to address issues affecting the region: Economic Diversity, Transportation, Housing, Workforce Training and Retraining, Lifelong Learning, Tourism, and Embracing Diversity. :lnuuy5,UIC4 I 3 \\1998~,'''~. i 1991\OMA:K Plu\1 DMA I'~.ll\l Pb:> DlICliAppcl'Idl.l ^ RJ:ao''''''.wpd . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Appendix B: The Public Participation Process Public participation is a key component to strategic planning processes. Citizen participation offers citizens the chance to voice their ideas, interests, and opinions. The Federal Emergency Management Agency also requires public input during the development of mitigation plans. The City of Arcadia Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan integrates a cross-section of citizen input throughout the planning process. To accomplish this goal, the City of Arcadia Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee developed a public participation process through three components: (I) developing a project steering committee; (2) conducting stakeholder interviews to target the specialized knowledge of individuals working with populations or areas at risk from natural hazards; and (3) conducting two public workshops to identify common concerns and ideas regarding hazard mitigation and to discuss specific goals and actions of the mitigation plan. Integrating public participation during the development of the City of Arcadia Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan has ultimately resulted in increased public awareness. Through citizen involvement, the mitigation plan reflects community issues, concerns, and new ideas and perspectives on mitigation opportunities and plan action items. Table B.l lists the various people and organizations that participated on the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee. Table B.1. Hazar Itiaation lannlna ommittee Project Steering Committee: City of Arcadia Fire Department City of Arcadia Police Department City of Arcadia Administrative Services Department City of Arcadia Public Works Services Department City of Arcadia Recreation and Community Services Department City of Arcadia Development Services Department Brenda Hunemiller, Coordinator - Office of Disaster Management, Area D: Fan Abel, Coordinator - Office of Disaster Management, Area E Mike Martinet, Executive Director - Office of Disaster Management, Area G Constance Perett, Managef - Los Angeles County Office of Emergency Management d M' P C . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I California Division of Forestry Fedefal Emefgency Management Agency Southern California Association of Governments Governor's Office of Emergency Services Project Manager: Kenneth J. Marston, Battalion Chief-City of Arcadia Meeting #1 March 15, 2004 The City of Arcadia Emergency Services convened the meeting and provided an overview 10 the committee about the Disasler Mitigation Act of2000 and the planning process that was about to be undertaken The City of Arcadia's Emergency Services Coordinator introduced the steering committee. Each committee member described the department or organization that they represented and their role in addressing hazard mitigation. There was a discussion of past and current mitigation activities undertaken in the city to provide the committee members with a knowledge historic community disaster issues. The City Manager designated the city's Emergency Services Coordinator to serve as the chairperson of the committee. Meeting #2 April I, 2004 The chairperson presented the project methodology and the draft framework for the Mitigation Plan. A brainstorming process was then conducted to develop the goals for the Plan. The Steering Committee was asked to identify goals for risk reduction, and potential outcomes for how the plan could be used in the future. Table B-2 lists the resulting goals and ideas. Table B.2. Goal Areas and Ideas Goal Area Idea Property Protection Reduce insurance losses and repetitive claims for chronic hazard events while promoting insurance coverage for catastrophic hazards. Focus resources on activities involving property owners and that assist in protecting homes, structures, or property from natural hazards. Natural Systems Evaluate and make recommendations for city guidelines, codes, and permitting processes in addressing natural hazard mitigation and development in vulnerable areas. Link watershed planning, natural resource management, and land use planning with natural hazard mitigation activities to protect vital habitat and water quality. Preserve and rehabilitate natural systems to serve natural hazard mitigation functions. Public Awareness Develop and implement education programs that will increase . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I property owners and developers awareness of natural hazards. Develop and conduct outreach programs to increase the number of local, county, and regional activities implemented by public and private sector organizations. Partnerships Strengthen communication and coordinate participation in and between public agencies, citizens, non-profit organizations, business, and industry. Document the process and resources that will reduce the administrative burden on the requestors/recipients of grant funds. Provoke congressional attention by identifying mitigation priorities. Emergency Establish policy to encourage mitigation for critical facilities, Services servic~, and infrastructure. Strengthen emergency operations by increasing collaboration and coordination among public agencies, non-profit organizations, business, and industry. Implementation Promote leadership within public agencies to implement natural hazard mitigation activities. Attain participation and funding 10 implement mitigation activities by creating a dynamic document, which is continually updated and revised. Guide Development Identi fy a clear process by which planners can identify and al)d Use of illustrate to potential developers the natural hazards that are Vulnerable Areas present, the threat they pose, and how their development will be mitigated, regulated, and possibly limited. Improve hazard identification, assessment and summarize hazards data and possible mitigation strategies to address those hazards in a palatable format Source: City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Steering Committee, 2004 Additional Meetings Additional Workshop Meetings were condUCled on; May 3, 17, and 25 July I and 22 August 12 and 19 September 14 and 30 The committee worked as a group on the Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan. Each member discussed what he or she was working on and progress towards completion. Assignments were made and discussed. Goals were set for each meeting and time lines for the plan were set. Stakeholders Interviews Stakeholders interviewed for the mitigation plan represented agencies and organizations throughout the city and surrounding communities The Committee staff integrated .... I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I information provided by stakeholders into the sections of the plan relating to current. mitigation activities, new action items and in the resource directory. Table 8.3 lists the stakeholders that the committee staff interviewed during development of the mitigation plan. Table B.3. Mitigation Plan Stakeholders City of Arcadia's Homeowners Associations Water Providers/ Water Departments Chamber of Commerce Santa Anita Race Track Methodist Hospital of Southern California Arcadia School District Southern California Gas Company Southern California Electric Company Westfield Shoppingtown Arcadia Utility Companies Cal- Trans T.?p Twenty Five Employers Disaster Area Managers for Area D, E, and G Los Angeles County Office of Emergency Management Governor's Office of Emergency Services Public Meetings City of Arcadia coordinated two public workshops in the City to gather public ideas and opinions about the mitigation plan goals and activities. Public Workshops: August 12, and August 19, 2004 The public workshops provided information on the mitigation plan to workshop participants and garnered input on issues related to natural hazards in the community. A survey instrument was handed out to all participants (attached at end of chapter). Invitation Process The Natural Hazards Mitigation Committee worked with the Chairperson to identify all possible stakeholders. The chairperson sent letters of invitation to all identified stakeholders. . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Results The Chairperson began the presentation by providing an overview of workshop objectives to the panicipants. Each person began with introductions, and then discussed their thoughts on the plan goals. The panicipants then discussed some of the hazards or disasters they had personally experienced in the past and activities that might prevent damages from natural hazards in the future. The process took approximately I hour. Each panicipant was asked to complete a survey addressing the natural hazards of Arcadia. ~- -. --. I I Hazards Mitigation and Preparedness Questionnaire This questionnaire is designed to help the local Hazard Mitigation Planning Project by identifying the community's concerns about natural and human-caused hazards and to better understand community needs in reducing risk and loss from such hazards. The questionnaire should be completed by an adult, preferably the homeowner or the head of the household. Please, take a few moments to complete this questionnaire. All individual responses are strictly confidential, and are for research purposes only. Thank you. 1. Zip code: Community Name or location: Internet Access? Y/N Own/Rent I 2. How concerned are you about the following disasters affecting your community? Please give each hazard a priority rating as follows: 0= Not concerned; t = Somewhat concerned; 2 = Moderately concerned; 3 = Vel)! concerned 3. What is the most effective way for you to receive information about how to make your household and home safer from natural disasters? (Please check all that app/y.) Media: o o o o o o I I I I I I Natural: Floods Levee Failure High Winds Dam Failure Health AlerUEpidemic landslidelMudslide Earthquake Biological/Plant/An imal Human caused: Transportation Loss Fire Telecommunications Failure Radioiogicallncident Special Events Terrorism Utilities Interruption o o o o o o o o o o Books Mail Fire Department Internet Fact sheet/brochure Church/religious organization Employer Public meetings University or research institution Utility Bills Newspaper Newspaper ads Television news Television ads Radio news Radio ads Other methods: o Schools o Outdoor advertising (billboards, etc) I \ In the following list, please check those activities that you have done, plan to do in the nearfuture, have not done, or are unable to do. (P/easa check one answer for each preparedness activity) Have Plan to Not Unable Have you or someone in your household: done do done to do Attended meetings or received written information on natural disasters or emergency preparedness? 0 0 0 0 Taiked with family members about what to do in case of a disaster or emergency? 0 0 0 0 Developed a "Household/Family Emergency Plan" in order to decide what everyone would do in the event of a disaster? 0 0 0 0 Prepared a "Disaster Supply Kit" (extra food, water, medications, batteries, first aid items and other emergency supplies)? 0 0 0 0 In the last year, has anyone in your household been trained in First Aid or Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)? 0 0 0 0 I I I I I 5. Building a disaster supply kit, receiving First Aid training and developing a hcuseholdlfamily emergency plan are all inexpensive activities that require a personal time commitment. How much time (per year) are you willing to spend on disaster/emergency preparedness? (Check only one) o Q-t hour 0 2-3 hours 04-7 hours 08-15 hours 018+ hours 0 Other, please specify I I I 6. Did you consider the possible occurrence of a natural hazard when you bought/moved into your current home? DYes 0 No ~. Would you be willing to spend more money on a home that has features that make it more disaster resistant? Oves 0 No 0 Don't know 8, Do you cany flood insurance? If so what is the annual ccst? DYes 0 No I I I I I I I I I I I 9. Would you be willing to make your home more resistant to natural disasters? o Yes 0 No . 10. What nonstruc!ural or structural modifications for earthquakes and floods have you made to your home? (Please check al/ that apply) 10a. Nonstructural o Anchor bookcases. cabinets to wall o Secure water heater to wall o Ins!alllatches on drawers/cabinets o Fit gas appliances with flexible connections o Others (please explain) o Others (please explain) o None 10b. Structural o Secure home to foundation o Brace inside 01 cripple wall with sheathing o Brace unreinforced chimney o Brace unreinforced masonry and concrete walls and foundations 11. Natural and human-caused disasters can have a significant impact on a community but planning for these events can help lessen the impact. Tha following statement will help us determine community priorities for planning for those hazards. Please tell us how important each one is to you. Very Somewhat Not Very Not Statemant Important Important Neutral Important Important Protecting private property 0 0 0 0 0 Protecting critical facilities (hospitals. transportation networks, 0 0 0 0 0 fire stations) Preventing development in hazard areas 0 0 0 0 0 Protecting natural environment 0 0 0 0 0 Protecting historical and cultural landmarks 0 0 0 0 0 Promoting cooperation among public agencies. citizens, nan- D 0 0 0 0 profit organizations and businesses Protecting and reducing damage to utilities 0 0 0 0 0 Strengthening emergency services (police, fire. ambulance) 0 0 0 0 0 I I I I I I 12. Please check the box that best represents your opinion of the following strategies to reduce the risk and loss associated with natural disasters Communitywide Strategies Agree Neutral Disagree Not Sure I support a regulatory approach to reducing risk. 0 0 0 0 I support a non-regulatory approach to reducing risk. 0 0 0 0 I support pOlicies to prohibit development in areas subject to natural hazards. 0 0 0 0 I support the use of local tax dollars to reduce risks and losses from natural 0 0 0 0 disasters. I support protecting historical and cuitural structures. 0 0 0 0 I would be willing to maRe my home more disaster-resistant. 0 0 0 0 I support steps to safeguard the local economy following a disaster event a 0 0 0 I support improving the disaster preparedness of schools. a 0 0 0 I I Mail to: --------- Attachment C - - - - -- - - -- DMA 2000 Hazard Mitigation Plan Natural Hazard Rick Analysis Rating Form City of Arcadia 2004 _lnstructions-for_Hazard.Mitigation_Rating_~orm -. Give each hazard priority risk category listed as a rating from 0 to 3; 0 = no risk, 3 meaning a high risk. . o = No hazard in accordance with the definitions for hazard prioritization on page 4 through 6 of this' form. 1 = Low Risk in accordance with the hazard prioritization definitions on pages 4 through 6 of this fOfm. 2 = Moderate Risk in accordance with the hazard definitions on pages 4 through 6 of this form. 3 = High Risk in accofdance with the hazard risk definitions on pages 4 through 6 of this form. Total the numbefs horizontally for each hazafd category. The highest possible score fOf a hazard is 24; the lowest potential score is O. Aftef the completion of the matfix, the committee will assign the numerical values fOf the fOUf categories of risk: 1-highest priority risks, 2-moderate priority risks, 3-low priority risks and O-no risk rating values for prioritization. Examples: A score of 17 to 24 could be considered high-pfiority fisk 9 to 16 could be considered moderate-priority risk o to 8 could be considered low-priority risk Dated: J 8 Dec 2003 ------------------- Attachment C DMA 2000 Hazard Mitigation Plan Natural Hazard Rick Analysis Rating Form City of Arcadia 2004 - - - --- - Hazard - - - - - ~- Magnitude Duration - - - Distribution Area Affected Frequency -'---Oegree of~Community- - ',:', l' ^, ~,\:;r~: ~:' :'''~'r{!'\>~;('"; Probability Value Vulnerability Priority Dam.,F;;ilure~'.;" ..c:' :( i , ,,,,,,-~,',,'" : . , . ~ ~~'.;~:~~' ::\~::>~~;'~":~ E:~! Orough\..~",."l,." , .~ . .~,,,.. :;:, ~.:::-..:l.l;..~.:,';~ 1 .>.;~ ,~~'-')..:t.T J"'Jl- f' -,~ . 'E Hht}"'"k:' AI f.~ d -,iI', .~"', -: .~ ,!,.~4~Jt.'~.~:~,~~~~~~;~.<~::: :. fi~~.;~i~~.~~~~~/~?)(:,~\i;; . .~_,'_ ,': ..;~) :i:i~~7J:-. :! ;:.t:~ ,'J:,-"':- ~wiiifta~d/l!irtf!l:..~:~~~t;,.1W.:.: ::;;: ,; 'iJ':;:'lret;~\Jt"-';~,;~. 1'16od"'~ r~;l:.'~~.'I~~ ,. ~~ .,~~,."~. . ,,<01,<, ~ ,..""',, '. ,,'~.\., ,."\1" . '" . _ . ~,",_~~~',K.I;-" . ~~"t f" J :oJ: ~""j< i '~~~~t$~"~; .~ktl~':W' J .', '.', ' .~. ,. " :il!.arjdslid8~11!.~~. ~ l~?""\ ',"{,io '': ..~n.;:I;I..(..,....~tr.J'~,~i ~~.....\.!\t,. .- "'.' , ' " "'".,.'- '~. .....,... ;.'~.; l".ii'-""'f~" ''\'I'--~'?irl' ".. 5""'1" 'JJ.W'-~~ ::t.o;~ :-;;,._,l~ " . evere"i ea!ne,,'j,j""'" ~1_'!...~.};;{!t~~~R'{.'. '~'i~:'" 't'>(f~f;;ll "-'/,-;' - ..x,... ".~~-'~ .' ..'Wi"d:~Rallrti~.~\ ,~~1~~.'?j '...~ \....,., i~('ii-7.,"~~:;&:~'i" ;":;"'\~!'''jdu'mJf'f.!~~ ,~i'li,:"< :t.1lcroliu Is~EI NiriO\t~ 'f '.:~::;>):~~~r~~i~~~Iit'i$ :;~!~~~~~~.~~]~ ')''''~i~)ff''' s" .v" r.-, r .. {:?ir' ~.:a~.~!:"~ -' - ,~..iflf~~+.{l%I~~1 Dated: 18 Dec 2003 -------- - - -- - - - - - - Attachment C DMA 2000 Hazard Mitigation Plan Natural Hazard Rick Analysis Rating Form City of Arcadia 2004 _D_efinitions_focHaza rd-'~rioritization Magnitude Physical and economic greatness (impact) of the event Factors to consider . Size of event . Threat to life . Threat 10 property 1. Individual 2. Puolic Sector 3. Business and manufacturing 4. Tourism Duration The length of time the disaster and the effects of the disaster last Factors to consider . Length of physical duration during emergency phase . Length of threat to life and property . Length of physical duration during recovery phase . Length of effects on individual citizen and community recovery . Length of effects on economic recovery, lax base, business and manufacturing recovery, tourism, threat to tax base and threal to employment. Dated: 18 Dcc 2003 I I I Appendix C: I Economic Analysis of Natural Hazard Mitigation Projects I Benefit/cost analysis is a key mcchanism used by the state Office of Emergency Services (OES), the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and other state and federal agencies in evaluating hazard mitigation projects, and is required by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Public Law 93-288, as amended. I I This appendix outlines several approaches for conducting economic analysis of natural hazard mitigation projects. It describes the importance of implementing mitigation activities, different approaches to economic analysis of mitigation strategies, and methods to calculate costs and benefits associated with mitigation strategies. Information in this section is derived in part from: The Interagency Hazards Mitigation Team, State Hazard Mitigation Plan, (Oregon State Police- Office of Emergency Management, 2000), and Federal Emergency Management Agency Publication 331, Report on Costs and Benefits of Natural Hazard Mitigation. I I This section is not imended to provide a comprehensive description ofbenefitlcost analysis, nor is it intendcd to provide the details of economic analysis methods that can be used to evaluate local projects. It is intcnded to (I) raise benefit/cost analysis as an important issue, and (2) provide some background on how economic analysis can be used to evaluate mitigation projects. I Why Evaluate Mitigation Strategies? Mitigation activities reduce the cost of disasters by minimizing property damage, injuries, and thc potential for loss of life, and by reducing emergency response costs, which would otherwise be incurred. I I Evaluating natural hazard mitigation provides decision-makers with an understanding of the potential benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis upon which to compare alternative projects. Evaluating mitigation projects is a complex and difficult undertaking, which is influenced by many variables. First, natural disasters affect all segments of the communities they strike, including individuals, businesses, and public services such as fire, police, utilities, and schools. I I Second, while some of the direct and indirect costs of disaster damages are measurable, some of the costs are non-financial and difficult to quantify in dollars. Third, many of the impacts of such events produce "ripple-effects" throughout the community, greatly increasing the disaster's social and economic consequences. I I While not easily accomplished, there is value, from a public policy perspective, in assessing the positive and negative impacts from mitigation activities, and obtaining an instructive benefit/cost comparison. Otherwise, the decision to pursue or not pursue various mitigation options would not be based on an objective understanding of the net benefit or loss associated with these I I D.co:mtM:rIO,:OCl3 1 \\1998pc'.arn i 1995'D~ 210; Plan\1 OM-' PlJll\1 "Il~ Dllcs\Appcndi~ C Cost Al\.tlysil.""Pd I I I I actions. I What are Some Economic Analysis Approaches for Mitigation Strategies? The approaches used to identify the costs and benefits associated with nalliral hazard mitigation strategics, measures, or projects fall into two general categories: benefit/cost analysis and C05t- effectiveness analysis. The distinction between the two methods is the way in which the relative costs and benefits arc measured. Additionally, there are varying approaches to assessing the value of mitigation for public sector and private sector activities. I I I Benefit/Cost Analysis Benefitlcost analysis is used in natural hazards mitigation to show if the benefits to life and property protected through mitigation efforts exceed the cost of the mitigation activity. Conducting benefit/cost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a project is worth undertaking now, in order to avoid disaster related damages later. Benefit/cost analysis is based on calculating the frequency and severity of a hazard, avoided future damages, and risk. I I In benefit/cost analysis, all costs and benefits are evaluated in terms of dollars, and a net benefit/cost ratio is computed to determine whether a project should be implemented (i.e., ifnet benefits exceed net costs, the project is worth pursuingj.' A project must have a benefit/cost ratio greater than I in order to bc funded. I Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Cost-effectiveness analysis evaluates how best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a specific goal. This type of analysis, however, does not necessarily measurc costs and benefits in tcrms of dollars. Determining the economic feasibility of mitigating natural hazards can also be organized according to the perspective of those with an economic interest in thc outcome. Hence, . economic analysis approaches are covered for both public and private sectors as follows. I .' Investing in public sector mitigation activities Evaluating mitigation strategies in the public sector is complicated because it involves estimating all of the economic benefits and costs rcgardless of who realizes them, and potentially to a large number of people and economic entities. Some benefits cannot be evaluated monetarily, but still affect the public in profound ways. Economists have developed methods to evaluate the economic feasibility of public decisions that involve a diverse set of beneficiaries and nonmarket benefits. I I I . Investing in private sector mitigation activities Private sector mitigation projects may occur on the basis of one of two approaches: it may be mandatcd by a regulation or standard, or it may be economically justified on its own merits. A building or landowner, whether a private entity or a public agency, required to conform to a mandated standard may consider the following options: 1. Request cost sharing from public agencies; 2. Dispose of the building or land either by sale or demolition; I I ~et::nberIO,~OOJ 2 \\199Spc\lft3 i 1998\DMA:1( "LallI] DMA I'lln\1 PIIlI DO($'Appendl~ C COil ^1I.:Il~i,.wp4 I I I I I 3. Change the designated use of the building or land and change the hazard mitigation compliance requirement; or 4. Evaluate the most feasible altematjves and initiate the most cost effective hazard mitigation alternative. I Estimating the costs and benefits of a hazard mitigation strategy can be a complex process. I Employing the services of a specialist can assist in this process. I The sale of a building or land triggers another set of concems. For example, real estate disclosure laws can be developed which require sellers of real propeny to disclose known defects and deficiencies in the propeny, including earthquake weaknesses and hazards to prospective purchasers. Correcting deficiencies can be expensive and time consuming, but their existence can prevent the sale of the building. Conditions of a sale regarding the deficiencies and the price of the building can be negotiated between a buyer and seller. .' '. I How can an Economic Analysis be Conducted? Benefit/cost analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis are important tools in evaluating whether or not to implement a mitigation activity. A framework for evaluating alternative mitigation activities is outlined below: .' I. Identify the Alternatives: Alternatives for reducing risk from natural hazards can include structural projects to cnhance disaster resistance, education and outrcach, and acquisition or demolition of exposed properties, among others. Different mitigation project can assist in minimizing risk to natural hazards, but do so at varying economic costs. I I 2, Calculate the Costs and Benefits: Choosing economic criteria is essential to systematically calculating costs and benefits of mitigation projects and selecting the most appropriatc alternativc. Potential economic criteria to evaluate alternatives include: I - Determine the project cost This may include initial project development costs, and repair and operating costs of maintaining projects over time. . I - Estimate the benefits. Projecting the benefits, or cash flow resulting from a project can be difficult. Expected future returns from the mitigation effort depend on the correct specification of the risk and the effectiveness of the project, which may not be well known. Expected future costs depend on the physical durability and potential economic obsolescence of the investment. This is difficult to project. These considerations will also provide guidance in selecting an appropriate salvage value. Future tax structures and rates must be projected. I I DcC'mlMrlO.:OOJ o j "\19c9!p'\l1U i 199~\DM.A:" Plu\l OMA Pllnll Pbn Doci\Appendi.\ C Cosl.'aal)"lis_""Jld I I I I Financing alternatives must be researched, and they may include retained earnings, bond and stock issues, and commerQialloans. I - Consider costs and benefits to society and the environment. These are not easily measured, but can be assessed through a variety of economic tools including existence value or contingent value theories. These theories provide quantitative data on the value people attribute to physical or social environments. Even without hard data, however, impacts of structural projects to the physical environment or to society should be considered when implementing mitigation projects. I I I - Determine the correct discount rate. Detcrmination of the discount rate can just be the risk-free cost of capital, but it may include the decision maker's time preference and also a risk premium. Including inflation should also be considered. I I 3. Analyze and Rank the Alternatives: Once costs and benefits have been quantified, economic analysis tools can rank the alternatives. Two methods for determining the best alternative given varying costs and benefits include net present value and internal rate of return. - Nd present value. Net present value is the value of the expected future returns of an investment minus the value of expected f\!ture cost expressed in today's dollars. If the net present value is greater than~e project costs, the project may be determined feasible for implementation. Selecting the discount rate, and identifying the present and future costs and benefits of the project calculates the net present value of projects. I I I - In ternal Rate of Return. Using the internal rate of return method to evaluate mitigation projects provides the interest rate equivalent to the dollar returns expected from the project. Once the rate has been calculated, it can be compared to rates earned by investing in alternative projects. Projects may be feasible to implement when the internal rate of return is greater than the total costs of the project. .' . Once the mitigation projects are ranked on the basis of economic criteria, decision- makers can consider other factors, such as risk; project effectiveness; and economic, environmental, and social returns in choosing the appropriate project for implementation. I How are Benefits of Mitigation Calculated? I Economic Returns of Natural Hazard Mitigation The estimation of economic returns, which accrue to building or land owner as a result of natural hazard mitigation, is difficult. Owners evaluating the economic feasibility of mitigation should consider reductions in physical damages and fmanciallosses. A partial list follows: - Building damages avoided I I DC;mlbcr 10, 2003 4 \\199~pc"'uc~ 1l1998\DMA 2K I'lanll DMA f1lnlll'l.tD DocslAppc:uli. C CQJI AlI.tl}'s<I....-pd I I I I Content damages avoided Inventory damages avoided Rental income losses avoided Relocation and disruption expenses avoided Proprietor's income losses avoided I I I 1'hese parameters can be estimated using observed prices, costs, and engineering data. The difficult part is to correctly determine the effectiveness of the hazard mitigation project and the resulting reduction in damages and losses. Equally as difficult is assessing the probabiliry that an event will occur. The damages and losses should only include those that will be borne by the owner. The salvage value of the investment can be important in determining economic feasibility. Salvage value becomes more important as the time horizon of the owner declines. This is important because most businesses depreciate assets over a period of time. I I Additional Costs from Natural Hazards Property owners should also assess changes in a broader set of factors that can change as a result of a large natural disaster. These are usually termed "indirect" effects, but they can have a very direct. effect on the economic value of the owner's building or land. They can be positive or negative, and include changes in the following: Commodity and resource prices A vailability of resource supplies Commodity and resource demand changes Building and land values Capital availability and interest rates A vailability of labor Economic structure Infrastructure Regionai exports and imports Local, state, and national regulations and policies Insurance availability and rates I I I I I I Changes in the resources and industries listed above are more difficult to estimate and require models that are structured to estimate total economic impacts. Total economic impacts are the sum of direct and indirect economic impacts. Total economic impact models are usually not combined with economic feasibility models. Many models exist to estimate total economic impacts of changes in an economy. Decision makers should understand the total economic impacts of natural disasters in order to calculate the benefits of a mitigation activity. This suggests that understanding the local economy is an important first step in being able to understand the potential impacts of a disaster, and the benefits of mitigation activities. I . I Additional Considerations Conducting an economic analysis for potential mitigation activities can assist decision-makers in choosing the most appropriate strategy for their community to reduce risk and prevent loss from I D'mmbcrl0,200J 5 \\199apc'~rea 1199a'D.\.l.A:K Plantl o~v.. Plln\l PIll! Docs,^ppcnl1i. ceQ.! Mal)':1il''''lld I I I I natural hazards. Economic analysis can also save time and resources from being spent on inappropriate or unfeasible projects. Several resources and models are listed on the following page that can assist in conducting an economic analysis for natural hazard mitigation activities. Benefit/cost analysis is complicated, and the numbers may divert attention from other important issues. It is important to consider the qualitative factors ofa project associated with mitigation that cannot be evaluated economically. There are altemative approaches to implementing mitigation projects. Many communities are looking towards developing multi-objective projects. With this in mind, opportunity rises to develop strategies that integrate natural hazard mitigation with projects related to watersheds, environmental planning, community economic development, and small business development, among others. Incorporating natural hazard mitigation with other community projects can increase the viability of project implementation. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Dec~mbHIO,:OOJ 6 \\199!pc'<>~'1199'\OMA:K rlan.,l D~tA Pl.nll l'Lt.n Do<:Iv..pprndil C COlI....~I)'1iJ.wpd I ~ I I '. I I I Resources CUREe Kajima Project, Methodologies For Evaluating The Socio-Economic Consequences Of Large Earthquakes, T~sk 7.2 Economic Impact Analysis, Prepared by University of California, Berkeley Team, Robert A. Olson, VSP Associates, Team Leader; John M. Eidinger, G&E Engineering Systems; Kenneth A. Goettel, Goettel and Associates Inc.; and Gerald L. Horner, Hazard Mitigation Economics Inc., 1997. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Benefit/Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects, Riverine Flood, Version 1.05, Hazard Mitigation Economics Inc., 1996. Federal Emergency Management Agency Report on Costs and Benefits of Natural Hazard Mitigation. Publication 331, 1996. I I Goettel & Horner Inc., Earthquake Risk Analysis Volume III: The Economic Feasibility of Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings in The City of Portland, Submitted to the Bureau of Buildings, City of Portland, August 30, 1995. Goettel & Homer Inc., Benefit/Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects Volume V, Earthquakes, Prepared for FEMA's Hazard Mitigation Branch, October 25,1995. 1\ I I I I I Horner, Gerald, Benefit/Cost Methodologies for Use in Evaluating the Cost Effectiveness of Proposed Hazard Mitigation Measures, Robert Olson Associates, Prepared for Oregon State Police, Office of Emergency Management, July 1999. Intcragency Hazards Mitigation Team, State Hazard Mitigation Plan, (Oregon State Police- Office of Emergency Management, 2000). Risk Management Solutions, Inc., Development of a Standardized Earthquake Loss Estimation Methodology, National Institute of Building Sciences, Volume I and II, 1994. VSP Associates, Inc., A Benefit/Cost Model for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, Volumes I & 2, Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, Publication Numbers 227 and 228,1991. VSP Associates, Inc., Benefit/Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects: Section 404 Hazard Mitigation Program and Section 406 Public Assistance Program, Volume 3: Seismic Hazard Mitigation Projects, 1993. .. I VSP Associates, Inc., Seismic Rehabilitation of Federal Buildings: A Benefit/Cost Model, Volume 1, Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEivlA, Publication Number 255,1994. . OecnTlt>etlO,2003 7 \\199!pc....reo r 199i\D~tA 2K Pla:l\l D.\tA 'I~n\] Plan Do,;a\Appe:'ldix C COSIAlul~~i""''P<1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ., I I I I . , TJi J ,11 ullCD II u COREN & CONE THE CITY OF ARCADIA Comparison Of Assessed Value To Market Value Single Family Residential 2004/05 Tax Year 9,600,000,000 8,600,000,000 7,600,000,000 6,700,000,000 5,700,000,000 II...... l . .' ,14,800,000,000 ;-. .. . i 3,800,000,000 1-,' Assessed Value: $ 5,194,738,539 . 12,900,000,000 ,- -11,900,000,000 I 1950,000,000 City Single Family Parcels 200~ Single Famil)' Assessed Value Square Feet 2(1(1~ Assessed Value Per Sq Foot 2(1(14 City Revenue 2(10~ Sales Value Sales Price Per Sq Foot Estimated Market Value Per Sq Foot 20(l~ Estimated Market Value 13,556 $5,194,738,539 30,003,13~ $173.U $5,(148,093 N/A N/A $317.72 $9,532,573,41~ $9,271,134 $4,223,041 Estimated Re,'cnue Based On .Market Value 20(14 Increased Revenue Number Of Parcels wlo Sq. Ft. Data 19 Sale Parcels 362 $143,353,462 817,083 $175.45 $139,260 $263,059,900 $321.95 N/A N/A $255,664 $116,405 o The purpose of this table is to estimate the difference between the assessed values and the market values for single family residences. ~larket value is estimated based upon changes of ownership of single famil~' homes which occurred in the 2004 calendar year and appl)'ing the the average percentage increase in the price per square foot to the total single family square footage in the city, Property tax re\'enue estimates are calculated b,y appl~'ing the Cit:y's share of the generalle\'}' to the respecth'e assessed or market value of the residential propert). without regard to redevelopment tax incremental revenues, Data Source: Los Angeles COUllty Assessor 2004/05 Combined Tax Rolls PC409071505 TI.;~ ,.,.....,,..;~ ....., /,.. J,,. "~fOrl:,.. ~.,-...,.._...r ,.,,,1., ;~~"....._,..... -.,..1;....:..(' -I"~-"-~,,,..,.. ~._,,..,.,..,.....~ ._,.;."_.,, .".. "...;rf.... ,.....,...~.."'f ",( f--1,,/T r"......,f. r",.,,, - - - - ... - - -.. - - - .. - - .. .. - - City of Arcadia ENTIRE CIlY 2004-05 VALUES USE PARCEL COUNT ASSESSED VALUE TAXABLE VALUE MARKET VALUE" SQ. FT. NOTES Marllet Value/Sq f\. Single Family Residential 139391 $5,344,940,7t71 $5,344,221,8141 $9,532,573,4141 30,003,134 19 records w/o SQ.tt. values $J2t.95 Multi-Family Resldental 9091 $476,081,3531 $475,569,3151 $1,380,195,6451 5,618,774 1 record w/o sqJt values $245.64 2 unit:> <snd h!Qher Commerdal Property 6101 $768,329,8t51 $762,467,8821 $3,218,280,3391 8,896,913 5 records w/o sq.fl values $361.73 Industrial Property t791 $130,945,3031 $130,945,3031 $378,586,1851 2,566,686 an records have sq. It values $147.50 Institutional Property 521 $69,440,1441 $33,342,8931 $33,342,8931 1,288,023 .n ,e<ll<tls h.... sq. It...\\res $25.89 Schools, churches, hospitals Recreational 91 $161,694,9tOI $161,521,2601 $162,569,9311 1,398,812 all records have SQ. It vallles $116.22 racetrack, bowling alley, dubs Possessory Interest [30]1 $55,344,9811 $55,329,9661 $55,329,9661",.It. on oUIer parr:e/s-non /axed pa"",1s ""'sed '" ot/IerS Nt'" lease Interest parcel count not in total Miscellaneous 11 $54,7971 $54,7971 $54,7971 391 all records have SQ. ft.. values last Sale 1964 East Pasadena Water Company- 1150 W. Duarte Rd. Government 21 $t,021,8711 $t,021,8711 $1,021,8711 10,219 too few parcels wfth SQ. f\.. values no data a\laildl* Exempt 2651 $23,646,3971 $01 $23,646,3971 299,540 23 out of 265 wI sq. It values nol:1axed Irrigated Land 11 $20,4861 $20,4861 $20,4861 n/a last Sale 1964 California Mish land 8. Water Co. -1148 W. Duarte Rd. Vacant Land 342\ $89,128,8771 $87,292,1171 $87,292,1171 700,197 53 of J.12 vacant parcels wI sq,ft. value not enough data Unknown 241 $39,931,1671 $39,931,t671 $39,931,1671 714,764 12outof24w,sq.ft.values not enough data Use Codes do not match County listing TOTALS 163031 $7,160,580,8181 $7,091,718,8711 $14,912,845,2081 .. Market Value estimates based on per square toot sales value tor properties tranterrlng ownershlp- 2004 calendar year SFR assessed value per sq. ft. = $173.14; Markets value per sq. ft.= $321.95 MFR assessed value per sq. ft. = $84.64; Market value per square foot = $245.64 Commercial assessed value per sq. ft. = $85.70; Market value per square foot = $361.73 Industrial assessed value per sq. ft. = $51.02; Market value per square foot = $147.50 Recreational assessed value per sq. ft. = $116.22; Market value per square foot = $116.22 I I I I I I I I I I I I, I I I I I I THE CITY OF ARCADIA FLOOD MAP - SOUTH 2004/05 ROLL SUMMARY Taxahle Property Values or'" -n l 0 ._, , i ~ -,..I,: I ~ "I I ,.L.L.(~..: .~d'! I COREN &- CONE Secured Taxable Nonunitary Utilities Unsecured Roll I Parcels TRAs 533 11 o o 9 5 Values Land $ 88,491,179 $0 $0 Improvements $ 59,616,712 $0 $0 Personal Property $ 235 $0 $ 69.896 Fixtures $0 $0 $0 Aircraft $0 $0 Total Value $ 148,108,126 $0 $ 69,896 Exemptions Real Estate $0 $0 $0 Personal Property $0 $0 Fixtures $0 SO Aircraft $0 $0 Homeo\\'ners* . $.2,311,400 $0 $0 Total Exemptions* $0 $0 $0 I Total Net Value $ 148,108,126 $0 $ 69,896 Combined Values Total Total Values $ 148,178,022 Total Exemptions $0 Net Total Values $ 148,178,022 J\'nre: f/(Jme(ll1'''er.~ E.u/1/OIi(ln Nm Illr//ldrd III Total Exemptions Data Source: Los A1IKeles Coumy Assessor 2004/05 CombitJed Tax Rolls PC..t09071311 I I I II J I I I I I I I I I I I I I M--~ e I THE CITY OF ARCADIA FLOOD MAP - SOUTH USE CATEGORY SUMMARY, 2004/05 t~Hn:\ Co\E BASIC PROPERTY VALUE TABLE CATEGORY I I'ARCELS ASSESSED VALUE NET TAXABLE VALUE I Residential 482 $ 145,923,307 (97.7%) I $ 145,923,307 (98.5%) Institutional 2 I $ 969,124 (0.6%) $ 969,124 (0.7%) I I Government 1 I $ 608,510 (0.4%) $ 608,510 (0.4%) Vacant Land 48 I $ 607,185 (0.4%) $ 607,185 (0.4%) I Exempt 12 I $ 1,171,483 (0,8%) $0 (0.0%) I $ 69,896 Unsecured [9] I $ 69,896 (0.0%) I (0.0%) I I , , TOTALS I 545 $ 149,349,505 $ 148,178,022 , ASSESSED VALUE NET TAXABLE VALUE / Residential 97.7% Residential 98.5% Data Source: [..os AlIJ!l'Jes COJlIlt\' Asse.\"mr 2(W.JJn5 Cnmhi1U>d Tar Rnllf pr.JIlOIl"lJll --------------~---- City of Arcad'la South Flood Map 2004-05 VALUES USE PARCEL COUNT ASSESSED VALUE TAXABLE VALUE MARKET VALUE** SQ. FT. NOTES Market Value/Sq ft. Single Family Residential 4451 $134,868,5561 $134,868,5561 $280,913,9311 872,539 $321.95 Multi-Family Residental 381 $11,054,9741 $11,054,9741 $20,459,8471 83,292 $245.64 2 units and higher Institutional 21 $969,1241 $969,1241 $767,5911 11,646 Government 111 $1,779,6461 $1,779,6461 $1,081,7251 too few parcels with sq. ft. values no data available Vacant Land 491 $607,3091 $607,3091 $16,468,0941 too few parcels with sq. ft. values not enough data TOTALS 5451 $149,279,6091 $149,279,6091 $3t9,691,1881 ** Market Value estimates based on per square foot sales value for properties tranferring ownership- 2004 calendar year SFR assessed value per sq. ft. ~ $t54.57; Marlc.et value per sq. ft. (city-wide sales) ~ $321.95 MFR assessed value per sq. ft. ~ $132.73; Market value per square foot (city-wide sales) ~ $245.64 ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I THE CITY OF ARCADIA FLOOD MAPS - NORTH 2004/05 ROLL SUMMARY Taxable Propert). Values :-"Drrl-'- I I "I ' I -.J . , - . '; , I ,! 1,1 r;, , I '_ 1... _ \ L I '! . __I, I ~_ -_ ~...",-____Il COREN & CONE Secured Taxable Nonunitary Utilities Unsecured Roll I Parcels TRAs 853 8 o o 85 5 Values Land $ 214,082,526 $0 $0 Improvements $ 176,843,345 $0 $0 Personal Propel1y $ 4,874 $0 $ 1,500,609 fixtures $ 86,477 $0 $ 1.117.393 Aircraft $0 $0 Total Value $ 391,017,222 $0 $ 2,618,002 Exemptions Real Estate $ 1.265.993 $0 $0 Personal Property $0 $0 fixtures $0 $0 f\ircraft $0 $0 Homeowners" $ 4,109.000 $0 $0 Total Exemptions* $ 1,265,993 $0 $0 Total Net Value $ 389,751,229 $0 $ 2,618,002 Combined Values Total Total Values $ 393,635,224 Total Exemptions $ 1,265,993 Net Total Values $ 392,369,231 NfJte: Hmrlt'OWller,\ EXl'nlpriOlI No/Included In Total E.r(IIlPtir!ll.l" n....'~ ('^....~... ,...." i ..~I"',.<' r"........ i ...........",. '1nn "n:: r;,,,,",.,;".-~ T...,. p~,,- ,..~.,,""~.~~ . -a I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . Ill[II THE CITY OF ARCADIA FLOOD MAPS - NORTH USE CATEGORY SUMMARY, 2004/05 COilE' c. Ul,-"E I BASIC PROPERTY VALUE TABLE CATEGORY I PARCELS I ASSESSED VALUE NET TAXABLE VALUE I I Residential 788 I $ 364,437,542 (92.3%) $ 364,437,542 (92.9%) Commercial 36 I $ 19,951,773 (5.1%) $ 19,951,773 (5.1%) , , I Industrial 1 $ 268,928 (0.1%) $ 268,928 (0.1%) Institutional 3 I $ 767,591 (0.2 %) $ 15,554 (0.0%) Vacant Land 21 $ 890,361 (0.2%) $ 376,405 (0.1%) Exempt 31 $ 1,041,744 (0.3%) $0 (0.0%) Unsecured [85] I $ 2,618,002 (0.7%) $ 2,618,002 (0.7%) I Unknown 4 I $ 4,701,027 (1.2 %) $ 4,701,027 (1.2%) I I TOT ALS 884 I $ 394,676,968 $ 392,369,231 I ASSESSED VALUE NET T AXABLE VALUE Commercial 5.1 % Commercial 5.10/. Residential 92.3% Residential 92.9% ro " -. (' ','. _ - - , - - .,,~ -,~,. r.-.""h- . ,".''-,..? ,.nn f'rli: r~n"..;., ,;_~ T'". 1:>-"- r>r"''-'I''''I~' -------~----------- -, City of Arcadia North Flood Map 2004-05 VALUES USE PARCEL COUNT ASSESSED VALUE TAXABLE VALUE MARKET VALUE** SQ. FT. NOTES Single Family Residential 7741 $360,573,2901 $360,573,2901 $646,685,5111 2,008,652 Multi-Family Residental 181 $7,706,6381 $7,706,6381 $13,694,1841 55,749 2 units and higher Commercial Property 371 $22,224,2161 $22,224,2161 $99,474,3031 274,996 Industrial 11 $268,9281 $268,9281 $268,9281 943 Institutional 31 $767,5911 $502,0531 $767,5911 22,096 Government 301 $1,081,7251 $1,081,7251 $1,081,7251 too few parcels with sq. ft. values Vacant Land 211 $474,4191 $474,4191 $474,4191 too few parcels with sq. ft. values TOTALS 8841 $393,096,8071 $392,831,2691 $762,446,6621 * * Market Value estimates based on per square foot sales value for properties tranferring ownership- 2004 calendar year SFR assessed value per sq. ft. = $179.51; Market value per sq. ft. (city-wide sales) = $321.95 MFR assessed value per sq. ft. = $138.24; Market value per square foot (city-wide sales) = $245.64 Commercial assessed value per sq. ft.= $80.82; Market value per square foot (city-wide sales)= $361.73 Industrial assessed value per sq. ft. + $285.29; Market value per square foot @ $285. 18/sq. ft. > Market Value/Sq ft. $321.95 $245.64 $361.73 no data available not enough data . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IHI crlJlL I COllEN i> CONE THE CITY OF ARCADIA MORRIS S. JONES RESERVOIR 2004/05 ROLL SUMMARY Taxable Property Values Secured Taxable Non unitary Utilities Unsecured Roll I Parcels TRAs 382 3 o o 11 2 Values Land $ 89,870,477 $0 $0 Improvements $ 60, I 72,808 $0 $0 Personal Property $0 $0 $ 105,132 Fixtures $0 $0 $0 Aircraft $0 $0 Total Value $ 150,043,285 $0 $ 105,132 Exemptions Real Estate $0 $0 $0 Personal Property $0 $0 Fixtures $0 $0 Aircraft $0 $0 Homeowners. $ 2,112,600 $0 $0 Total Exemptions" $0 $0 $0 Total Net Value $ 150,043,285 $0 $ 105,132 Combined Values Total Total Values $ 150,148,417 Total Exemptions $0 Net Total Values $ 150,148,417 Note: Homeownus Exemotion Not/nc/uded In Total ExemDtioftS Data Souru: Los Angele.f County Assessor 2004105 Combined Tax Rolls PCI09D,IUO This uport iJ not to be lutd ill support ofddt i$Jlla"c~ or continuing disdosll~ :staumtnts without the wrinell consent ofHdL. Cortll & COile. . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~arllfij I co i~ I \ j I)" I: THE CITY OF ARCADIA MORRIS S. JONES RESERVOIR USE CATEGORY SUMMARY, 2004/05 BASIC PROPERTY VALUE TABLE CATEGORY I PARCELS I ASSESSED VALUE I NET TAXABLE VALUE , Residential 381 $ 150,039,919 (96.8%) $ 150,039,919 (99.9%) Vacant Land 1 $ 3,366 (0.0%) $ 3,366 (0.0%) Exempt 5 $ 4,789,926 (3.1%) $0 (0.0%) 1: I Unsecured ..' Illl $ 105,132 (0.1%) $ 105,132 (0.1%) TOTALS 387 $ 154,938,343 $ 150,148,417 ASSESSED VALUE NET TAXABLE VALUE Residential 96.8% Residential 99.9% Data SOllru: Los Angeles County Assessor 2004/05 Combined Tax RoUs This report is not to be used"lf support o/debt iSSllQIIU or cOlltinuin, disclosun stlJlements without tile wrirrefl consent o/HdL, Corell &- COile. PC499081JJ6 ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . USE Single Family Residential Government Vacant Land City of Arcadia Morris S. Jones Reser PARCEL COUNT ASSESSED VALUE TAXABLE VALUE 381\ $150,039,9191 $150,039,9191 51 $4,789,9261 $4,789,9261 11 $3,3661 $3,3661 3871 $154,833,2111 $154,833,2111 TOTALS ** Market Value estimates based on per square foot sales value for properties tr SFR assessed value per sq. ft. = $179.51; Market value per sq. ft. (city-wide sales) = $321. --. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II voir Flood Map 2004-05 VALUES MARKET VALUE** SQ. FT. NOTES $278,901,7441 866,289 $4,789,9261 too few parcels with sq. It. values $3,3661 too few parcels with sq. It. values $283,695,0361 anferring ownership- 2004 calendar year .95 Mart<et Value/Sq ft. $321. 95 no data available not enough data . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 11Un. Tif \ i In ([lliL I COREN & CONE THE CITY OF ARCADIA SANTA ANITA FASHION PARK 2004/05 ROLL SUMMARY Taxable Propert). Values Secured Taxable Unsecured . Roll Nonunitary Utilities I Parcels TRAs 7 2 o o 147 2 Values Land $ 99,697,492 $0 $0 Improvements $ 110.134,921 $0 $0 Personal Property $0 $0 $ 14,362.150 Fixtures $0 $0 $ 10.010,710 Ai rcraft $0 $0 Total Value $ 209,832,413 $0 $ 24,372,860 Exemptions Real Estate $0 $0 SO Personal Property SO $0 Fixtures $0 SO Aircraft $0 SO Homeowners* . . $0 $0 $0 . . Total Exemptions* $0 $0 $0 Total Net Value $ 209,832,413 $0 $ 24,372,860 Combined Values Total Total Values $ 234,205,273 Total Exemptions $0 Net Total Values $ 234,205,273 " , ,\'O[~: Homeol,'/lt!r5 Ext'/nfJfiOfl N01lnrludrd In Total EU'mfJfiollS nnt" t;:"..,.r... 11l~ J."uplpl: rnll""' J. ........p......nr ')nnJln::; rnmh'"f"rf T",,,, Pro".. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I rnrn1 THE CITY OF ARCADIA SANTA ANITA FASHION PARK USE CATEGORY SUMMARY, 2004/05 tIlRE.\ ... 1.Il'\E BASIC PROPERTY VALUE TABLE I , CATEGORY PARCELS I ASSESSED VALUE NET TAXABLE VALUE I I , i Commercial 5 I $ 193,623,592 (82.7 % ) $ 193,623,592 (82.7%) I i I I Vacant Land 2 $ 16,208,821 (6.9%) $ 16,208,821 (6.9%) , , Unsecured [147] \ $ 24,372,860 (10.4%) $ 24,372,860 (10.4%) I I TOTALS 7 i $ 234,205,273 . $ 234,205,273 I I , ASSESSED VALUE NET TAXABLE VALUE nmerclaI82.7~o Vacant Land 6.9% Commercial 82.7% Unsecured 10.4% Unsecured 10.4'-. Vacant Land 6.9% n._._....._____.,__4..__,__r'_....,_i__ - ....flfl~'fl~r_..'...., '''r__ n ,. ------------------- City of Arcadia Santa Anita Fashion Park 2004-05 VALUES USE PARCEL COUNT ASSESSED VALUE TAXABLE VALUE MARKET VALUE** SQ. FT. Market Value/Sq ft. Commercial Dept. Store 11 $20,564,6311 $20,564,6311 $218,193,8861 677,726 $220.00 Commercial Shopping Center 51 $185,298,2761 $185,298,2761 $395,567,4801 1,798,034 $220.00 Vacant Land 11 $3,969,5061 $3,969,5061 $3,969,5061 Unsecured Bills (147)1 $24,372,8601 $24,372,8601 $24,372,8601 TOTALS 71 $234,205,2731 $234,205,2731 $642,103,7321 ** Market Value estimates based on per square foot sales value for properties of similar types transfering ownership within past 3 years. Commercial Dept Store assessed value per sq. ft. = $30.34; Market value per square foot (county wide mall sales) $220.00 Commercial Shaping Center assessed value per sq. ft. = $132.73; Market value per square foot (county wide mall sales) = $220.00 . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I THE CITY OF ARCADIA WILDLAND INTERFACE AREA 2004/05 ROLL SUMMARY Taxable Property Values .. "":J- ~ -c : , r I;, l "' .,: III ' :" 1_ "~.1. ~__-='~ ! COREN & CONE I Secured Taxable Nonunitary Utilities Unsecured Roll I Parcels TRAs 996 12 o o 21 3 Values Land $ 270,147,681 $0 $0 Improvements $ 196,829,782 $0 $0 Personal Propel1y $ 4.000 $0 $ 170,782 Fixtures $0 $0 $ 4,664 Aircraft $0 $0 Total Value $ 466,981,463 $0 $ 175,446 Exemptions Real Estate $ 100,000 $0 $0 Personal Propel1y $0 $0 Fixtures $0 $0 Aircraft $0 $0 Homeowners. $ 5,285,000 $0 $0 Total Exemptions* $ 100,000 $0 $0 Total Net Value $ 466,881,463 $0 $ 175,446 Combined Values Total Total Values $ 467,156,909 Total Exemptions $ 100,000 Net Total Values $ 467,056,909 NOlI:': H(Jml'{/\rnt'f_~ E.w'lIIprirll/ N(!//ndlldcd III Total E.tt'lI1mioru n_.~ ('~"_A_' , ~~ .t .._AI.." r.........., t....A"....... "lIl'1l/fl~ r_~/-';..~~ "T". ~- r1- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ffftl ~ THE CITY OF ARCADIA WILDLAND INTERFACE AREA USE CATEGORY SUMMARY, 2004/05 CO 1:1-. \ I"O\E BASIC PROPERTY VALUE TABLE CATEGORY I PARCELS : ASSESSED VALUE I NET TAXABLE VALUE I Residential 950 $ 449,009,430 (95.9%) $ 448,909,430 (96.1 %) I , Commercial I 3 I $ 959,733 (0.2%) $ 959,733 (0.2%) Vacant Land 42 I $ 16,462,125 (3.5%) $ 16,462,125 (3.5%) , , ! Exempt 34 $ 1,266,122 (0.3%) $0 (0.0%) I I Unsecured [21] $ 175,446 (0.0%) $ 175,446 (0.0%) ! , I I ! Unknown 1 $ 550,175 (0.1%) I $ 550,175 (O.I'7c) I I I TOTALS 1,030 $ 468,423,031 $ 467,056,909 , i i I ASSESSED VALUE NET TAXABLE VALUE Residential 95.9% Residential 96.1% Data Soufce: Lmi AnrIeles Cou",... AU"n'nr 2n(j4ms rnmhinpd Tar R()"t;; pr.JfJO(l1/IJl ------------------- City of Arcadia Wildland Interface Area 2004-05 VALUES USE PARCEL COUNT ASSESSED VALUE TAXABLE VALUE MARKET VALUE** SQ. FT. NOTES Market Value/5Q ft. Single Family Residential 9511 $447,340,1601 .$447,240,1601 $783,170,7411 2,432,585 $321.95 Multi-Family Residental 11 $2,397,8731 $2,397,8731 $3,912,3081 15,927 $245.64 2 units and higher Commercial Property 31 $959,7331 $959,7331 $18,306,7941 50,609 $361. 73 Government 291 $1,081,7251 $1,081,7251 $1,021,871 I too few parcels with sq. ft. values no data available Vacant Land 461 $16,468,0941 $16,468,0941 $16,468,0941 too few parcels with sq. ft. values not enough data TOTALS 10301 $468,247,5851 $468,147,5851 $822,879,8081 ** Market Value estimates based on per square foot sales value for properties tranferring ownership- 2004 calendar year SFR assessed value per sq. ft. = $183.89; Market value per sq. ft. (city-wide sales) ~ $321.95 MFR assessed value per sq. ft. = $150.55; Market value per square foot (city-wide sales) = $245.64 Commerdal assessed value per sq. ft.= $18.96; Market value per square foot (city-wide sales)~ $361.73 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I AA.5HTO ATC blca BFE BLM BSSC CDBG CFR CRS EDA EPA ER EWP FAS FEMA FIR1'v1 FMA FTE GIS GNS GSA HAZUS HMGP HMST HUD IBHS ICC IHMT NCDC NFIP NFPA NrLVlP NIBS NIFC NMFS NOAA NPS NRCS NWS SBA OC';rn\xrIO.;OOJ Appendix D Acronyms Federal Acronyms American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Applied Tcchnology Council bene tit/cost analysis Base Flood Elevation Bureau of Land Management Building Seismic Safety Council Community Development Block Grant Code of Federal Regulations Corrununity Rating System Economic Development Administration Environmental Protection Agency Emergency Relief Emergency Watershed Protection (NRCS Program) Federal Aid System Federal Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Rate Map Flood Mitigation Assistance (FEivlA Program) Full Time Equivalent Geographic Information System InstiTUte of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (International) General Services Administration Hazards U.S. Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Hazard Mitigation Survey Team Housing and Urban Development (United States, Department of) Institute for Business and Home Safety Increased Cost of Compliance Interagcncy Hazard Mitigation Team National Climate Data Center National Flood Insurance Program National Fire Protection Association NaTUral Hazard Mitigation Plan (also known as "409 Plan") National InstiTUte of Building Sciences National Interagency Fire Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Park Service NaTUral Resources Conservation Service National Weather Service Small Business Administration \\I99Spc-.arc=. i 1995\DMA:1( l'1.ul'ol Ol-lA /'1...,111'1..0 DO~.,,^ppcndi~ 0 ""'1'On}"t:IS.\"JId . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I SEAO SHMO TOR UGB UR.M USACE USBR USDA US FA USFS USGS WSSPC A&W AA AAR ARC ARP A TC20 ATC21 BCP BSA CAER CalARP CalBO CalEP A CalREP CALST ARS CalTRANS CBO CD CDF CDMG CEC CEPEC CESRS CHIP CHMIRS CHP CLETS CST! CUEA De~cmbcr 10, :001 Structural Engineers Association of Oregon State Hazard Mitigation Officer Transfer of Development Rights Urban Growth Boundary Unrcinforced Masonry United States Army Corps of Engineers United States Bureau of Reclamation United States Depamnent of Agriculture United States Fire Administration United States Forest Service United States Geological Survey Westem States Seismic Policy Council California Acronyms Alert and Waming Administering l\.reas After Action Report Amcrican Red Cross Accidcntal Risk Prevention Applied Technology Council20 Applied Technology Council2l Budget Change Proposal California Bureau of State Audits Community Awareness & Emergency Response Califomia Accidental Relcase Prevention Califomia Building Officials Califomia Environmental Protection Agency Califomia Radiological Emergency Plan California State Accounting Reporting System Califomia Depamnent of Transportation Conununity Based Organization Civil Defense Califomia Depamnent of Forestry and Fire Protection California Division of Mines and Geology Califomia Energy Conunission California Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council Califomia Emergency Services Radio System California Hazardous Identification Program California Hazardous Materials Incident Reporting System California Highway Patrol California Law Enforcement Teleconununications System Califomia Specialized Training Institute Califomia Utilities Emergency Association 2 \\199~pc\al'l:.1199S\DMA 2K Plan',t D~(A Planll Plal\ Doet\Al'Pendi~ o ACllln)'IN."'Pd . I I CUPA DAD I DFO DGS DHSRHB I DO DOC DOE I DOF DOJ DPA I DPIG DR DSA I DSR DSW DWR EAS I EDIS EERI EMA I EMl EMMA EMS I EOC EOP EPA I EPEDAT EPI EPIC I ESC FAY FDAA I FEAT FEMA FFY I FIR FIRESCOPE FMA I FSR FY GIS I HAZMAT HAZMIT HAZUS I Dftcmbo:rIO,:OO3 I Certified Unified Program Agency Disaster Assistance Division (of the state Office of Emergency Svcs) Disaster Field Office Califomia Department of General Services Califomia Department of Health Services, Radiological Health Branch Duty Officer Department Operations Center Department of Energy (U.S.) California Department of Finance California Department of Justice California Department of Personnel Administration Disaster Preparedness Improvement Grant Disaster Response Division of the State Architect Damage Survey RepOI1 Disaster Service Worker California Depal1menr of Water Resources Emergency Alel1ing System Emergency Digital Information System Eal1hquake Engineering Research Institute Emergency Management Assistance" Emergency Management Institute Emergency Managers Mutual Aid Emergency Medical Services Emergency Operations Center Emergency Operations Plan Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.) Early Post Earthquake Damage Assessment Tool Emergency Public Information Emergency Public Information Council Emergency Services Coordinator F ederal Award Year Federal Disaster Assistance Administration Governor's Flood Emergency Action Team Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Fiscal Year Final Inspection Reports Firefighting Resources of So. Calif Organized for Potential Emergencies Flood Management Assistance Feasibility Study Report Fiscal Year Geographical Information System Hazardous Materials Hazardous Mitigation Hazards United States (an earthquake damage assessment prediction 1001) . ~<'.': 3 \\1998pc'.a1U . 1995',vMA :K '1.11I11 OMA Pl~\1 PI:an OIXS\A~dix 0 A=n)ms."<pd I , I I HAD HEICS I HUG HlA H.c'vIEP HMGP I IDE IA IFG I IRG IPA LAl"l I LEMMA LEPC MARAC I MHID MOU NBC I NEMA NEwlIS NFlP I NOAA NPP NSF I NWS 0.'1.. OASIS I OCC oeD OEP OES I OSHPD OSPR PA I PC PDA PIO I POST PPAlCA PSA I PTAB PTR RA I RADEF ~\1P I Dc~.m,bcr 10.1003 I -, ~ Housing and Community Development Hospital Emergency Incident Command System Hospital Emergency Planning Guidance Hazard Identification and Analysis Unit Hazardous Matcrials Emergency Preparedness Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Initial Damage Estimate Indi vidual Assistance Individual & Family Grant (program) Incident Response Geographic Information System Information and Public Affairs (of state Office of Emergency Services) Local Area Network Law Enforcement Master Mutual Aid Local Emergency Planning Comminee Mutual Aid Regional Advisory Council Multihazard Identification Memorandum of Understanding Nuclear, Biological, Chemical National Emergency Managcment Agency National Emergency Management Information System National Flood Insurance Program National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association Nuclear Power Plant National Science Foundation National Weather Service Operational Area Operational Area Satellite Information System Operations Coordination Center Office of Civil Defense Office of Emergency Planning California Governor's Office of Emergency Services Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Oil Spill Prevention and Response Public Assistance Personal Computer Preliminary Damage Assessment Public Information Office Police Officer Standards and Training Performance Partnership Agreement/Cooperative Agreement (FEMA) Public Service Announcement Planning and Technological Assistance Branch Project Time Repol1 Regional Administrator (OES) Radiological Defense (program) Regional Assessment of Mitigation Priorities 4 \\1!19!pC-.ln:1 i 199!\O:-.u 1K PJ&ll11 DMA Plm\l Plan Do;g\AppClld.i.Y. DA~roll)ma.wpd. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I RAPID RDO RDMHC REOC REPI RES RIMS RMP RPU RRT SAM SARA SAVP SBA SCO SEMS SEPIC SLA SONGS SOP SWEPC TEC TRU TTT UPA UPS USAR USGS WC W Pu'i WIPP December 10,1003 . Railroad Accident Prevention & Immediate Deployment Radiological Defense Officer Regional Disaster Medical Health Coordinator Regional Emergency Operations Center ,'n Reserve Emergency Public Information Regional Emergency Staff Response Information Management System Risk Management Plan Radiological Preparedness Unit (OES) Regional Response Team State Administrative Manual Superfund Amendments & Reauthorization Act Safety Assessment Volunteer Program Small Business Administration California State Controller's Office Standardized Emergency Management System State Emergency Public Information Committee State and Local Assistance San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station Standard Operating Procedure Statewide Emergency Planning Committee Travel Expense Claim Transuranic Train the Trainer Unified Program Account Uninterrupted Power Source Urban Search and Rescue United States Geological Survey California State Warning Center Wide Area Network Waste Isolation Pilot Project 5 \\199!pc'..~s 1199!\DMA:1( Plan\l OMA Planll Plln OOClv..ppcndU. 0 A=,nyma.wpd . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Acceleration Asset Base Flood Base Flood Elevation (BFE) Bedrock Building Coastal High Hazard Area Coastal Zones Community Rating System (CRS) Computer-Aided Design And Drafting (CAD D) D<<(mIxrIO.:OO,1 Appendix E Glossary The rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity at the earth's surface is 9.8 meters per second squared. That means that every second that something falls toward the surface or'eal1h its velocity increases by 9.8 meters per second. Any manmade or natural feature that has value, including, but not limited to peop.ie; buildings; infrastructure like bridges, roads, and sewer and water systems; lifelines like electricity and communication resources; or environmental, cultural, or recreational features like parks, dunes, wetlands, or landmarks. Flood that has a I percent probability of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. Also known as the 100-year flood. Elevation of the base flood in relation to a specified datum, such as the National Geodetic Vel1ical Datum of 1929. The Base Flood Elevation is used as the standard for the National Flood Insuranee Program. The solid rock that underlies loose material, such as soil, sand, clay, or gravel. A structure that is walled and roofed, principally above ground and permanently affixed to a site. The term includes a manufactured home on a permanent foundation on which the wheels and axles carry no weight. Area, usually along an open coast, bay, or inlet, that is subject to inundation by storm surge and, in some instances, wave action caused by storms or seismic sources. The area along the shore where the ocean meets the land as the surface of the land rises above the ocean. This land/water interface includes barrier islands, estuaries, beaches, coastal wetlands, and land areas having direct drainage to the ocean. An NFIP program that provides incentives for NFIP communities to complete activities that reduce flood hazard risk. When the community completes specified activities, the insurance premiums of policyholders in these communities are reduced. A computerized system enabling quick and ace urate electronic 2-D and 3-D drawings, topographic mapping, site plans, and profile/cross- section drawings. O-,H:u .\Iil Worlshop ~ol(bovl..CD.I- Plan Doc~\Apptndi\ E Glou.lrY doc I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~ Contour A line of equal ground elevation on a topographic (contour) map. - - -. -- Critical Facility Facilities that are critical to the health and welfare of the population and that are especially important following hazard events. Critical facilities include, but are not limited to, shelters, police and fire stations, and hospi tals. Debris The scattered remains of assets broken or destroyed in a hazard event. Debris caused by a wind or water hazard event can cause additional damage to other assets. Digitize To convel1 electronically points, lines, and area boundaries shown on maps into x, y coordinates (e.g., latitude and longitude, universal transverse mereator (VTM), or table coordinates) for use in computer applications. Displacement Time The average time (in days) which the building's occupants typically must operate from a temporary location while repairs are made to the original building due to damages resulting from a hazard event. Duration How long a hazard event lasts. Earthquake A sudden motion or trembling that is caused by a release of strain accumulated within or along the edge of eal1h's tectonic plates. Wearing away of the land surface by detaehment and movement of soil and rock fragments, during a flood or storm or over a period of years, through the action of wind, water, or other geologic processes. ~ - . -. Erosion Erosion Hazard Area Area anticipated to be lost to shoreline retreat over a given period of time. The projected inland extent of the area is measured by multiplying the average annual long-term recession rate by the number of years desired. Essential Facility Elements that are important to ensure a full recovery of a community or state following a hazard event. These would include: government functions, major employers, banks, schools, and certain commercial establishments, such as grocery stores, hardware stores, and gas stations. Extent The size of an area affected by a hazard or hazard event. n.:-ccm~r 10. ~OO.I 2 o 'HJ.Z .\lit Wor~~hop ;-';mebool.CDd- Plan o.x~'.Appendi, E GIO~iJl')-doc "l I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Extratropical Cyclone Fault Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Fire Potential Index (FPI) Flash Flood Flood Flood Depth Flood Elevation Flood Hazard Area Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) Flood Insurance Study (FIS) Dc,cmbcr IO,~OO.\ Cyclonic storm events like Nor'easters and severe winter low-pressure systems. Both West and East coasts can experience these non-tropical storms that produce gale-force winds and precipitation in the form of heavy rain or snow. These cyclonic storms, commonly called Nor'easters on the East Coast because of the direction of the storm winds, can last for several days and can be very large - I ,OOO-mile wide storms .are not uncommon. A fracture in the continuity of a rock formation caused by a shifting or dislodging of the earth's crust, in which adjacent surfaces are differentially displaced parallel to the plane of fracture. --~~"--- -- Independent agency created in 1978 to provide a single point of accountability for all Federal activities related to disaster mitigation and emergency preparedness, response and recovery. Developed by USGS and USFS to assess and map fire hazard potential over broad areas. Based on such geographic information, national poliey makers and on-the-ground fire managers established priorities for prevention activities in the defined area to reduce the risk of managed and wildfire ignition and spread. Predietion of fire hazard shortens the time between fire ignition and initial attack by enabling fire managers to pre-allocate and stage suppression forces to high fire risk areas. A flood event occurring with little or no warning where water levels rise at an extremely fast rate. A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from (I) the overflow of inland or tidal waters, (2) the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source, or (3) mudflows or the sudden collapse of shoreline land. -- - -. Height of the flood water surface above the ground surface. Elevation of the water surface above an established datum, e.g. National Geodetic Vel1ical Datum of 1929, North American Vertical Datum of 1988, or Mean Sea Level. The area shown to be inundated by a flood of a given magnitude on a map. Map of a community, prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, that shows both the special flood hazard areas and the risk premium zones applicable to'the community. A study that provides an examination, evaluation, and determination of flood hazards and, if appropriate, corresponding water surface elevations in a community or communities. 3 0 \Haz .\fil Worlshop ;-';meb.xJl.CD.I. Plan DoeslAppendh E Glossary Je>i: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I " Floodplain Frequency Fujita Scale of Tornado Intensity Functional Downtime Geographic Area Impacted Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Ground Motion Hazard Hazard Event Hazard Identification Hazard Mitigation [)(cembc:T10.:OOJ Any land area, including watercourse, susceptible to partial or complete inundation by water from any source. A measure of how often events ofa particular magnitude are expected to occur. Frequency describes how often a hazard of a specific magnitude, duration, and/or extent typically oecurs, on average. Statistically, a hazard with a 100-year recurrence interval is expected to occur once every 100 years on average, and would have a I percent chance - its probability - of happening in any given year. The reliability of this information varies depending on the kind of hazard being considered. Rates tornadoes with numeric values from FO to F5 based on tornado windspeed and damage sustained. An FO indicates minimal damage such as broken tree limbs or signs, while and F5 indicated severe damage sustained. The average time (in days) during which a function (business or service) is unable to provide its services due to a hazard event. The physical area in which the effects of the hazard are experienced. A computer software application that relates physical features on the eal1h to a database to be used for mapping and analysis. The vibration or shaking of the ground during an earthquake. When a fault ruptures, seismic waves radiate, eausing the ground to vibrate. The severity of the vibration increases with the amount of energy released and decreases with distance from the causative fault or epicenter, but soft soils can fUl1her amplify ground motions A source of potential danger or adverse condition. Hazards in this how to series will include naturally oceurring events such as floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunami, coastal storms, landslides, and wildfires that strike populated areas. A natural event is a hazard when it has the potential to harm people or property. A specific occurrence of a pal1icular type of hazard. The process of identifying hazards that threaten an area. Sustained actions taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk from hazards and their effects. 4 D .H;u \lil Worhbop :-"OIeOOoI...CD.l. Pbn Doc$'.Appendi\ E Glou3r}doc 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Hazard Profile HAZUS (Hazards U.S.) Hurricane Hydrology Infrastructure Intensity Landslide Lateral Spreads Liquefaction Do:cemt'Cr 10.~OO3 , A deseription of the physical characteristics of hazards and a detern1ination of various descriptors including magnitude, duration, frequency, probability, and extent. In most cases, a community can most easily use these descriptors when they are recorded and displayed as maps. A GIS-based nationally standardized earthquake loss estimation tool developed by FEMA. An intense tropical cyclone, formed in the atmosphere over warm ocean areas, in which wind speeds reach 74-miles-per-hour or more and blow in a large spiral around a relatively calm center or "eye." Hurricanes develop over the north Atlantic Ocean, nol1heast Pacific Ocean, or the south Pacific Ocean east of I600E longitude. Hurricane circulation is counter-elockwise in the NOl1hern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The science of dealing with the waters of the earth. A flood discharge is developed by a hydrologic study. ,; Refers to the public services of a community that have a direct impact on the quality of life. Infrastructure includes communication technology such as phone lines or Internet access, vital services such as public water supplies and sewer treatment facilities, and includes an area's transpol1ation system such as airports, heliports; highways, bridges, tunnels, roadbeds, overpasses, railways, bridges, rail yards, depots; and waterways, canals, locks, seaports, ferries, harbors, drydocks, piers and regional dams. A measure of the effects of a hazard event at a particular place. - - - Downward movement of a slope and materials under the force of gravity. Develop on gentle slopes and entail the sidelong movement of large masses of soil as an underlying layer liquefies in a seismic event. The phenomenon that occurs when ground shaking causes loose soils to lose strength and act like viscous fluid. Liquefaetion causes two types of ground failure: lateral spread and loss of bearing strength. Results when the soil suppol1ing structures liquefies. This can cause structures to tip and topple. 5 D Ha.l ;'1;1 Worl.\hop ;\ou:b.xJl-C'O'l-l'lan Doc~'.Appo:ndi, E Gloss.2ry do<; , I I Lowest Floor I Magnitude I Mitigation Plan I I National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) I National Geodetic Vel1ical Datum of 1929 (NGVD) I I I National Weather Service (NWS) Nor'easter Outflow I Planimetric I I I Planning Probability Recurrence Interval I Repetitive Loss Property I I I December II).~OOJ Under the NFIP, the lowest floor of the lowest enclosed area (including basement) of a structure. A measure of the strength ofa hazard event. The magnitude (also referred to as severity) of a given hazard event is usually determined using technical measures specific to the hazard. A systematic evaluation of the nature and extent of vulnerability to the effects of natural hazards typically present in the state and includes a description of actions to minimize future vulnerability to hazards. - --~---~- - Federal program ereated by Congress in 1968 that makes flood insurance available in communities that enact minimum floodplain management regulations in 44 CFR S60.3. ___ - __._ _n _ _ _ __ Datum established in 1929 and used in the NFIP as a basis for . measuring flood, ground, and structural elevations, previously referred to as Sea Level Datum or Mean Sea Level. The Base Flood Elevations shown on most of the Flood Insurance Rate Maps issued by the Federal Emergency Management Agency are referenced to NGVD. - - Prepares and issues flood, severe weather, and coastal storm warnings and can provide technical assistance to Federal and state entities in preparing weather and flood warning plans. An extra-tropical cyclone producing gale-force winds and precipitation in the form of heavy snow or rain. Follows water inundation creating strong currents that rip at structures and pound them with debris, and erode beaches and coastal structures. Describes maps that indicate only man-made features like buildings. The act or process of making or carrying out plans; the establishment of goals, policies and procedures for a social or economic unit. A statistical measure of the likelihood that a hazard event will occur. The time between hazard events of similar size in a given location. It is based on the probability that the given event will be equaled or exceeded in any given year. A property that is currently insured for which two or more National Flood Insurance Program losses (occuning more than ten days apart) of at least S I 000 each have been paid within any I O-year period since 1978. 6 D'Hu \lit WIJrlihop ~oleOOoI...(D.I. Plan Doc:i'Appcndi, E Gloswydoc r-- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I .' I I Replacement Value Richter Scale Risk Riverine Scale Scarp Scour Seismicity Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) Stafford Act State Hazard Mitigation Officer (SHMO) Oc-cembcr IO.~OO.l The cost of rebuilding a strueture. This is usually expressed in terms of cost per square foot, and refleets the present-day cost of labor and materials to construct a building of a particular size, type and quality. A numerical scale of earthquake magnitude devised by seismologist C.F. Richter in 1935. The estimated impact that a hazard would have on people, services, facilities, and structures in a community; the likelihood of a hazard event resulting in an adverse condition that causes injury or damage. Risk is often expressed in relative terms such as a high, moderate or low likelihood of sustaining damage above a particular threshold due to a specific type of hazard event. It also can be expressed in terms of .... potential monetar~}o33_:~ as~o~iated wi~~t~,:_i~~eltSit~ ~f t~~ ~azard: Of or produced by a river. A proportion used in determining a dimensional relationship; the ratio of the distance between two points on a map and the actual distance. between the two points on the eal1h's surface. A steep slope. Removal of soil or fill material by the flow of flood waters. The term is frequently used to describe storm-induced, localized eonical erosion around pilings and other foundation supports where the obstruction of now increases turbulence. Describes the likelihood of an area being subject to earthquakes. An area within a floodplain having a 1 percent or greater chance of flood occurrence in any given year (I DO-year floodplain); represented on Flood Insurance Rate Maps by darkly shaded areas with zone designations that include the letter A or V. The Robel1 T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, PL 100-107 was signed into law November 23,1988 and amended the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, PL 93-288. The Stafford Act is the statutory authority for most Federal disaster response activities, especially as they pel1ain to FEMA and its programs. - - -- The representative of state government who is the primary point of contact with FEMA, other state and Federal agencies, and local units of government in the planning and implementation of pre- and postdisaster mitigation activities. 7 D ,H:u: \fil Worhhop :-;oleb.~l.._CD,I. PI,," OlIn'Appendix E GJoss,l/)" doc - "l I I I Stornl Surge Structure I I I Substantial Damage Super Typhoon Surface Faulting I I Tectonic Plate I I I Topographic Tornado Tropical Cyclone I I I I Tropical Depression Tropical Storm Tsunami Typhoon I I I Decembtr 10.~OO.1 Rise in the water surface above normal water level on the open coast due .to the .action of wind stress and atmospheric pressure on the water surface. Something constructed. (See also Building) Damage of any origin sustained by a structure in a Special Flood Hazard Area whereby the cost of restoring the structure to its before- damaged condition would equal or exceed 50 percent of the market value of the structure before the damage. A typhoon with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph or more. The differential movement of two sides of a fracture - in other words, the location where the ground breaks apart. The length, width, and displacement of the ground characterize surface faults. Torsionally rigid, thin segments of the eal1h's lithosphere that may be assumed to move horizontally and adjoin other plates. It is the friction between plate boundaries that cause seismic activity. ~ - - -. -~---- - -- -~---- Characterizes maps that show natural features and indicate the physical shape of the land using contour lines. These maps may also include manmade features. A violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. A generic term for a cyclonic, low-pressure system over tropical or subtropical waters. A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of less than 39 mph. A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds greater than 39 mph and less than 74 mph. Great sea wave produced by submarine eal1h movement or volcanic eruption. A special category of tropical cyclone peculiar to the western Nol1h Pacific Basin, frequently affecting areas in the vicinity of Guam and the North Mariana Islands. Typhoons whose maximum sustained winds attain or exceed 150 mph are called super typhoons. 8 D 'Hu ,\lil Worhhop SOleboo~.CD\l. Plan Docs'Appendi\ E GlouJ:)' doc I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Vulnerability Vulnerability Assessment Water Displacement Wave Runup Wildfire Zone December IO,~OO"\ Describes how exposed or susceptible to damage an asset is. Vulnerability depends on an asset's eonstruction, contents, and the economic value of its functions. Like indirect damages, the vulnerability of one element of the community is often related to the vulnerability of another. For example, many businesses depend on uninterrupted electrical power - if an electric substation is flooded, it will affect not only the substation itself, but a number of businesses as well. Often, indirect effects can be much more widespread and damaging than direct ones. The extent of injury and damage that may result from'a'hazard event of a given intensity in a given area. The vulnerability assessment should address impacts of hazard events on the existing and future built environment. When a large mass of earth on the ocean bottom sinks or uplifts, the column of water directly above it is displaced, forming the tsunami wave. The Tate of displacement, motion of the ocean floor at the epicenter, the amount of displacement of the rupture zone, and the depth of water above the rupture zone all contribute to the intensity of the tsunami. The height that the wave extends up to on steep shorelines, measured above a reference level (the normal height of the sea, corrected to the state of the tide at the time of wave arrival). An uncontrolled fire spreading through vegetative fuels, exposing and possibly consuming structures. - - . A geographical area shown on a Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIR..t\1) that reflects the severity or type of flooding in the area. - - . - 9 0 \flu .\1il Workshop :\meOOoI..(D I- Plan Docs\"'ppendi, E Glossar)'.dOl; ~. ~ ~ NORTH SCALE: 1" = 2500' In 11 ~ ORANGE GROVE RTE OT FY COLORADO ST ANITA cou... HUNTIN T III m ~ RO ti ~~ Ul OUI'fl.1"E z 9 :> Ul 0 " 0 ~ ~ Z N REAL ~ ~ ..J Z 0 <: I ~ Z ~ LONGDEN AV SN<rA ANITA ~~iVr... F't:: ~LITr. ~4D """'~--- ----:::_- ~ ~ iE <D LAS TUNAS LIVE I'V / / 1. Base Map of City of Arcadia ~ z j; i RTE 210 COLORADO 5T HUNTIN T N . III ti \;; ~ III ~~ z '3 ~ III 0 " ORANGE DU~TE ~ NORTH SCALE: 1" = 2500' GROVE OT SNlTA "'"A ~ ~ REAL CAMINO REAL ~ ...J o I LAS TUNAS \..\VE l< 2. Critical Facilities A ngcles National Forest Los Angdes COlUlly ':-'0 L~ ~ City of Si~na !\ ladrc J ?ri'~ e~\'- /? z~ '\2 4"" .-;?;:::. , r":;; 'Jri T1 . :;;0 . I EL~S I " AI'E \, U~'-..... V Ii GRANDl"lIiWAI"E, \\ \ )- ~ ~ / I ','-1. ,- ,.... ~/ \) 'i' r.~ ' ~:' I~L~ i .J IF~1>l '. I (- ~ - '""r... jl \\.. 'Il,:-)I, ~L--"""tf~) _/~,. ._,~..,...I.~".I,.I."".:.. fl...!. n 1..1'\ : fOOTHlLL I3LI'll. -~ ' , (';>-......... 21O}~.. . 1-:/'7" ,I, , ,~. "",,,,," \) =---- ;:~ -. . .;.:\:[; i I ~ ~~ .. I' "', '(~; .. f@-m"i-t. UE:!d= -:- - \ .. ,_ .. I -1 oj ~-~ I -;t!1; , :~ .' ~li"'llt;;] II ,.. '-1 - i'l"~. _ , i" hi ,~ ~: 1l- t ~'~:,-r- .111 r "- L,. '~' - , . ,I :' I : ""l=l , U i ~ I!-lli t 4-..: +-, ]1" ,'f' '. ! _~ II,I'! ,.j) ..... ,v. ' I j' I.... \ ' ..;>: '" ~ )-' j f ", \ .\",...~ -' ~,.. Tempi< '? ';; 'to -"..." !-(' .~\~ C'IY 91 -=- City ~ ~ ;.......LA I . ~!~,...... rn\Jndule :..: q, ~ 0:~'<:~~J\rmtY';' ". ". ::::-......~ ~ ~. t ~', +,:,~':.:.J!_ ~.' ~ .9. >;. ~~7')'"'' Fro, " -:C. "\'~:" ., Q ~~, . . ~ ~ ,~ ;..: Q"'tJ' )f '0) & ~ ,/";1 .iJ'VrdJ"'!C :.:. ~~'i " ."',' ' '..,} ~ " / . . / o,~\'~j . ,f/ ":''I)'t-t>- ~,'~ / ~l~ / :.? / 'J/5/%(CTA501) ,j'. ~ '; '::. c '" ~ ~ ~ 0;. .,; o :7. =iF' .....- ~ 5::' ~.~ __ U: ~~. '" ... 1lC 51 : City uf "" '; 0:' "' ORANGE ". Siom, 1\1,,,." \ Q,"i ':<t GROI'EAI'E. 'r----,---J~.___l ~~'i \ ) /J (""%"'-91\', P;;'~:~~~a --1,"--"( ---'jj y. " \, : fij::: ~ '/) i;) I . ,.-'--. 6 ;:: o 'r.; <::: 0)"; SIERRA MADRE BL\'D. .~ ~l ~~ .. ., :n o z;;l . ";0<.0 (/}U~ \ "-\ :....-;. I 1\\1. ,'- ~............ ......,......~. ~'210l:'"'.j..+.....".""'.......,"_. -:- - l -!Y' - I -, .,. . ;' 8:~~J '-I,L -r- I':~"C '\ '{:, l.O~ .~"g.:l".,. - ,J . t--~" '- \ '" . 0. Ct.1un1y _ \ _ ~ _ " /~';.-111~t' ~~: 1-' ?:\ ~(A7-' C,\l.Il'ORNlAru.I~. ~ (. {-i:I r/JT'~I I l'l\:....l \ ,.,Y"...~ :~::: L, /<.:. l i 1 ~ I . _ ' t- Jr' ::;~. ,i, ... L,. .:-..1. :!J1rJ \., ....,.:....;..,L! i 1"i'Ul-lT1NGTOl-lDR. -, .. If"'. _~;: ;'L,~~ \ 0~':'.~" 1, / ~ .0' 'l~-\ IT! j DUARTE RD. ......--- .' .... '" ~ 1, I 1 us :\1~oJ\,;:s .- -- . Coto:t:- . .. ---~- r-~l~. l'~ -,..- ,,' ,.. I. ., 't.-- I ^'\u};;:~fl ',-u lor... OIL . --- l-- ~ , cO ~Q ~ ~~ ~d [~c ::15 .~~ z ~ FC'OTHILl. fRIVY.--"'- COl.ORADO BLVD. .~ "-~ "1\ -, . V. (EJ \.....~.." ,. "'c~:;f~f-,.-" . . .~lJff ;'~.l;'."'" 1l!.L1 I . ", v, .'. ~ ,'". , : . '-". SoI"",jI~i' "'" _. __ . -' '. ':'~ >,<G.Q!I::~~H:J":Irl' . C '. . ",CA.'-fF.' ~J.)II.. poj' ~~\'\ r ,.f!l-hJ \ PI< 113. ~. , r- "- " , -----. LL. - -\-':1' , I ~-- , .. LEGEND: t I City of Arcadia I- -: Sphere oflntlnellcc LAND USE: I I I I I C=:J C=:J Multiple Fmllily Rc>idential 24 DU/A,:; M~):m\\lm c=J COlllJllel",;ial I I Horse Racing ~,:'~ '.I [ndusuial I I I I , J Sing,le Family Re~idcnl.ial o. ;. DUlAC Single Family ResideIllial oj - '1 DUlAC Single FlUnily Rcsidential o. ti DUlA~":: Multiple Fmllily Residential 12 DUlAC Ma>:illlum ().... '::il.1' -'~ .~ cor :-' t\~ .-" d PUBLIC FACILITIES 8< GROUNDS: ,~ SOIu'ce: Hi Pltblic Fa.ciJitv ILJ W Police Stal.im; lli] [EJ Fire SllIl ion i." ::m Hospital Rei CHi City Hall jkj f(;. Comnnulity Center Cit.y of Arc~dia. Development. Sen~ces Depml1l1enl. 1995, .;: 8 o :-? 6"1 Library Element.ary School Middle School High School Pm:k Mixed Use Com;r'lC:'C\i.I/hlou:=t.t"ill! Mixed Use C(Jll1llltl~I.1I&!l.;ltlple Fl\1l1ily "nolic Facilities & Grolmc:.b< : Lv~- ,...wge/t:s . +-- Coulltv Flood Cti'JIro/ Cilyof i\lonrovia COLORADO 13[,11). , , t- IIUNTIN()TON OR. ~, ~ '9;: '0 '. q,'l~'"':\.., ::: ,.." ~, v ~ F 23 z_..~~~ ~~ 'xp.l ~........-: :-< .4<1.. r:;:;~ DUARTE RD ~ t:: '" :-rD _. -- 2. 4~ I ,\ CIty ~lf I\IUl1.flJ\'l<\ .J 1j . -h Lus If AllB..::h=:; Cl'l\tllt)' I I , - CAJ.\il.:..iO REAL.'~,\ E : i _ LONGDEN .~ 11';. LlI'cOMAI'E City of El \Iontc. C) lLSA . ~~Irr:()f~' ~-"~'--" ;~,: !.-~:~ ... , '.t;" '~'~. 'N.. " ":OS'~ . " ~.i'" --..~ -';;-!:.I)~~r!.~"" General Pian Land Use Map 2-3 Scale in Feet. ~~. O' I 200' 2~ 00' ~,- ,~'" . ....0"' ,,,., ....0""" r~~ID e.'"" ~"'" COlORADO REAl ~ NORTH SCALE: 1" = 2500' (\ <; ""III> e "" GROVE ORANGE z ~ =i RTE 210 OT ST .~ .t ~~^,r"1 F'f: ~/Jf?,.., ~"1D ~---- --...:.::..- HUNTING . IX> In ti 1RPOUS~ u..t.~=" W ~ Z 0 :> ..J III 0 C> F....Il'NIEW AVEN...EO ,,~ DUAf<,E :i( . o o z " ~~" JltHS ;> h. < III ""~ ~ J..~ GROVE 0 GftOVE PAAK ElEJ.l -- ....""" ,- ,~'" . ""'~ "" . REAl " e ~ ~ , ,,~ ~ ..J o I ~ ~ ...."J lSTClCXBl ,~ ~" "". ,- ~ Z ~ LONGDEN AV ~- ,- ''''''''' - ~lotG.EY ~, \.."'E K ,,'I ~L::' -~~ 3. Facilities Essential 340 151 00" CIDLAOFLAT I-H1.39 i ".','~''''\\'';,~-,:::,'C,~vl~i~*~~':;m'r.)'l,,:~;.!,:.{~!i:'''':';' . .,.. ;.;.?'" -^-':';\-/././/.~ .,.~.'"' ;"I::";''V'.,,1,~'W.;'' ,~. ,....'....i. .~\." Q ~-:~- -_':~-' . ~~:~~~~~f~~::l~'.. ':'-1:-~1:? ~;~' .:].-;;; '. I ".~" '~1'~'';' - I"G ,'~- .--.--. .:<-., -.~.<J4 t ~~.." \\~\I}.-:.~ ...~'.q~;r..('7.,Jr.. .l'~I~"'\f. ~ ;') ".:,' ~ )l"J;~.' 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INCHES OF ..J \" RAINFALL 25- YEAR 24-HOUR ISOHYET REDUCTION F ACfOR: 0.878 10-YEAR 24-HOUR1S0HYET REDUCTION FACfOR: 0.714 4.b Historic Precipitation Chart - South Part ~~''::>~ J -4/ ~,-,' / ~ ,.- ~_...< . ,,~ OMS ~ Norlh 3'+ 2648"N '~"'~',",",,',i;'",':''' 7' . , . . . ,\ >' f.l .,} , U,S. National Gnd ~ Noroheast . ~ S:l..1Li422 < ~ 3\ i\jAD E, . Earthauakes LEGEND Recent Earthquakes [Q) ., 0 . ,'-> ;'1'fi'~~f.;~. <;tS~~'i' :,('!\'~''f:~,,';.f.: .; '~,.~"~~' ;~~. Cities Earthquake Events (1568-1996) Streets State Boundary Con9ressional District Boundary County Boundary ZIP Code Boundary Peak Ground Acceleration 10% PE in 50 yrs. USGS o './ Major Hi2hwaYs 1\/ ;\,/ o CI ('gJ l!!9 0'l\.6'.\o1IU8vity ., 6'4, 15~ 15%.40% 4~ . 6Ol6 lNer 60% . i ,.. '~ - , 1(. ...,. twISlON, is AHOGEOtOGY JAMESF.o,..,6.STATEGEOlOGIST 11'''V7JIT srATEOF CAUFOIINIA- 'AVlS.GOVERNOR THERESOURCESAGEHCY-M. .I:HOl5,SECAETARY OEPAfnlWlT Of CONSalYATlOH-STE'Vl:. _. rtUll, OilEf OEfVlY OfIECrOR ~ ...,.... 14.0no" J'/ " PURPOSE OF MAP _:a:wIII--.dZaldUlUnlIoslnfulfllngthftf'l::lPlll\>lblldo:lfufPfClt<<llng .. SIIIIt>>''''''''....__af..nhq-A, ~1j,......dIl'ClUI'Id,...",.._1nIlI bt' _......"""""",.AaChbll:"'-'-C_~~-..a 1'a"~~u.__-.ndId~tD"llS-.:I ftQlll't- :'~~~~gs.t~or:>c:l..~111.~ For.lIlNf1I~mlM!iBr*"-dI~""'rwn. ...5ebn*.... -'*w.,...Aa....~~... .-...t......................llwmft UII!l'sGuiditIJeeIGVJ'-w.aInsrI~J..,Ill~dI). ~oflNl"'P""'lvnded~==.IEmIr9'lIlC)'~AIJIIl'l'YI Mm:I"AiDUpCkIn"lIIl___tt. lafC_llanln....Pft_Ion"""" _~OlIbd~SiroIcn. SCALfl~ - - -- .~ MAP EXPLANAll0N Zones of Requited InYeStlgation: ~ln~.-:h O""1...0MsI0n2du..ClllfanUI'IlbIc~Ia:SClIlle (5dImkHultdsMlpplIllilIocO o "'- AlaI wNl'I hl5torlc OCDJITfl'ICfi at IIqlllfKtlClll, or Ioal gllCllogb~ geotec:hnlt111.ndgroo.n:l\Q'le'CIll"Idltlons.~te.poII!ntl.lltor ~ntglOunddlspl;KemmtsIU(l'Ilh11lmlllgatlan"~'n PuIlllr: Resourt:esCoOeStctIon 2693(ej WQl,l1d bI~m1. &rtt.:juab-lndlod~lldes Alftswhawpt'fViol.ll~d~~crlocal ~~~geoI1IdriaIand~ffKeWll~aJndltIoru 1ndIaD. ~fotl*TN,...,tgrtll.llld dllplaCl!malb5llCh hi mltIglJtlon mcMllnm In PubIc: IIesourasCocleSKtion 269lldwauld ..-.... IMPORTANT. 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J)DISOAIMEJl:"""S~dc.llonoll..-dlN~d~""ftO ,....adrn.........~....~lIt)'ol....lIlmlran-.tlldllhaelllllll _<ilrlwBi~....SZIbt_IllIi~shdbe..'*I.rdB~~ ::m~~~-=-~~-::=.~~-=;:r~..., STATE OF CALIFORNIA SEISMIC HAZARD ZONES C) MT. WILSON QUADRANGLE OFFICIAL MAP Released: March 25, 1999 DATAAfC/IICt'M:lOOUXiTU5fDTOOEW.OP' TMlSM>>"I'AESEHTIDINTH(FOIJ.OWlNCi: ~1iIIAtd~""'tIlv.Mt.WIIonUIllImM~I.osAngelIs Coo.m1,c.lIlumII::CMIIalnkDholIIanolM/ftaWld~ap...rn.IIfpoIf~l, f.~lIll'omldan..~~~thIIll'aP""lMmsor.IIUIIId far-*'ll.-' 1IIldIbul~-..w.""'IDDMG.WaldWido"''' 1Iltl-t. '-'-~L c..p,.lghlO199!1bJthtCIIbrD~_dc----. ChbiarIolMr.a-'~,AIllt;;Jta--'- 8. Liquefaction & Earthquake-Induced Landslides q ~---,~-j, - :-, '1....- ~ ::;' ~ ~ on L, . I~ '" rJJ ~ n '" ~ ~ ./,!i~- /"1;' '.~. ik_,\T1 '-',' , .;;,\. 11"" '~;f'ir#' "I'j .f[-.(;... _. ~: c:>:> a VI ';'.-", ~,~:~~~~ 0 ~ I LJ;;a ~Wrnrl]i 5 ::::'2 ~n 2~ :::'~ 5'~ 2::::: ~:J; l""" :r: ""1:T1 'T; in 0. ::: (.0 S_ _:.0 u: -;. "~. - F." ~ - - - os.? ~. 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