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Home My WebLink AboutItem 1b: Adopt resolution no. 6841 Approving the City of Arcadia local hazard mitigation plan.STAFF REPORT Fire Department DATE: September 18, 2012 TO: Honorable Mayor and City Council FROM: Tony L. Trabbie, Fire Chief 'f" I By: Barry Spriggs, Battalion Chief Yvonne Yeung, Senior Management Analyst f,(� SUBJECT: ADOPT RESOLUTION NO. 6841 APPROVING THE CITY OF ARCADIA LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN Recommendation: Adopt SUMMARY Local governments are required to have an approved Local Hazard Mitigation Plan in place to receive pre- disaster and post- disaster mitigation federal funding. It is recommended the City Council adopt Resolution No. 6841 approving the City of Arcadia's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, prior to its submittal to the Federal Emergency Management Agency for final approval. BACKGROUND The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 was a law enacted by the federal government that places emphasis on mitigation planning for local municipalities. The law requires local governments to develop and adopt the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan with final approval by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, A Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is a document that identifies potential natural and human caused disasters specific to a community and it contains information to assist the City, residents, and other interested parties to plan for local hazards. On March 2, 2010, City Council adopted Resolution No. 6710, approving the City's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. The approved document was forwarded to the California Emergency Management Agency and the Federal Emergency Management Agency for review. Changes to the document were required and completed, and the revised document was resubmitted and approved by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, pending City Council adoption. Local Hazard Mitigation Plan September 18, 2012 Page 2 of 3 DISCUSSION After a disaster strikes, repair and reconstruction efforts are often undertaken in such a manner as to simply restore infrastructure to pre - disaster conditions. Although such efforts expedite a return to normal functioning, the replications of pre- disaster conditions result in a cycle of damage, reconstruction, and repeated damage. Hazard mitigation planning ensures such cycles are broken and that post- disaster repairs and reconstruction result in vulnerability reduction. While disasters may be unpreventable, the devastating effects may be reduced or eliminated through well - organized public education and awareness efforts, preparedness, and mitigation. For those hazards that cannot be fully mitigated, the community must be prepared to provide efficient and effective response and recovery services. The mission of the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is to promote sound public policy designed to protect residents, critical facilities, infrastructure, private property, and the environment from natural and human caused hazards. This mission will be achieved by increasing public awareness, documenting resources for risk reduction and loss - prevention, and identifying activities that will guide the City toward building a safer, more sustainable community. The document was prepared through a concerted and collaborative effort of City departments, citizens in the community, and major stakeholders in the region. All City departments met regularly, coordinated resources, and compiled information required for the document. Public workshops were held to gather ideas and opinions on community mitigation goals and activities. In addition, a stakeholder meeting was conducted, which was attended by emergency service coordinators within the region, representatives from the Arcadia Unified School District, American Red Cross, Santa Anita Race Track, civic groups, and the Arcadia Chamber of Commerce. The end product is a comprehensive City of Arcadia Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. Over 100 pages in length, excluding appendices and maps, the document reviews action items from previous Local Hazard Mitigation Plan and evaluates if those goals are met. It also discusses in detail eight (8) possible natural and human caused hazards that could impact the City of Arcadia. Those hazards include: 1. Earthquake 2. Wildfire 3. Debris flow /landslide 4. Flooding 5. High winds 6. Drought 7. Hazardous materials 8. Terrorism Local Hazard Mitigation Plan September 18, 2012 Page 3 of 3 The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan includes a description, risk analysis, and mitigation strategies for each hazard. For example, the earthquake section of the document discusses: the definition of an earthquake; earthquake related hazards, such as ground shaking and landslides; the history of earthquakes in Southern California and in Arcadia; earthquake hazard assessment and a list of the nearby fault lines that affect Arcadia; risk analysis of the probability of an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0 or greater occurring in the next five (5), 10, 20, and 50 years; the City's current mitigation of earthquake hazards; and a resource directory pertaining to earthquake preparedness and mitigation. The adoption of Resolution No. 6841 by City Council is the final requirement in the plan approval process. The document has already been approved by the California Emergency Management Agency. Additionally, the document has been approved by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, pending formal adoption by City Council. Upon City Council adoption, the document will be available for public review in the City Manager's Office, City Clerk's Office, and the Arcadia Public Library. The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is subject Section 15252 of the California Environmental feasibility and planning study. Additionally, th e General Plan in implementing certain Public policies outlined in Resolution No. 6841. FISCAL IMPACT to a statutory exemption pursuant to Quality Act guidelines because it is 'a document is consistent with the City's Safety Element goals, objectives, and Adoption of Resolution No. 6841 has no direct fiscal impact to the City. Arcadia will have the opportunity to implement recommended mitigation action items through existing programs and procedures. Failure to adopt a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan will forfeit the City of Arcadia's eligibility to receive federal funding for both pre - disaster and post- disaster mitigation projects. RECOMMENDATION It is recommended the City Council adopt Resolution No. 6841, approving the City of Arcadia's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. Approved: Dominic Lazza a to City Manager Attachment: Resolution No. 6841 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Staff report from March 2, 2010 RESOLUTION NO. 6841 A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF ARCADIA, CALIFORNIA, APPROVING THE CITY OF ARCADIA LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN WHEREAS, the City of Arcadia recognizes that on October 30, 2000, the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 ( "DMA ") was signed into law, amending provisions of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief Act of 1988; and WHEREAS, the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (Public Law 106 -390) states that for a community to receive pre- disaster and post- disaster funds and Federal Emergency Management Funds, a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan ( "LHMP ") must be submitted to the California Emergency Management Agency and the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( "FEMA "), and the failure to submit a plan will disqualify a community from receiving disaster assistance; and WHEREAS, the DMA reinforces the importance of pre- disaster infrastructure mitigation planning to reduce disaster losses nationwide because it focuses on planning and recognizes the significance of hazard mitigation planning at the local level, and the necessity for effective coordination between state and local entities to promote an integrated, comprehensive approach to mitigation planning; and WHEREAS, the DMA requires local agencies like the City of Arcadia to develop and update a mitigation plan that includes a detailed City profile and identification of specific threats and vulnerabilities within the City, and which sets forth specific mitigating measures to address such threats and vulnerabilities; and WHEREAS, the DMA requires detailed documentation of all actions, meetings, studies, and directives undertaken in furtherance of the DMA plan; and 1 WHEREAS, the DMA includes new criteria for local mitigation planning, including the development and submittal of mitigation plans as a condition to receiving Local Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funds; and WHEREAS, the City of Arcadia has met all federal requirements of the Stafford Act and applicable amendments, and has further met all requirements of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, including development of and updating the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan through public participation and steering committee establishment, and development of a maintenance program for annual plan review and federal plan review every five (5) years. NOW, THEREFORE, THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF ARCADIA, CALIFORNIA, DOES HEREBY FIND, DETERMINE AND RESOLVE AS FOLLOWS: SECTION 1. Pursuant to the foregoing recitals, the following findings and determinations are hereby made: 1. The City of Arcadia's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is subject to a statutory exemption pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines, Section 15252, because it is a feasibility and planning study; 2. The City Council expresses its full support for, and willingness to devote appropriate resources to, the DMA program and the adoption of a DMA plan for the City; and 3. The City Council supports the active participation of all interested agencies, departments, community groups, and the public with respect to the DMA program. i! SECTION 2. The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is consistent with the City's General Plan in that it implements the following Public Safety Element goals, objectives, and policies: 1. Establishment and enforcement of standards and criteria to reduce unacceptable levels of fire and geologic risk; 2. Development of stringent site criteria for construction in areas with fire and /or geologic risks and /or problems and prohibition of construction if these criteria are not met; 3. Encouragement of continued research in the fields of geologic and fire safety; 4. Strengthening of existing codes and ordinances pertaining to fire and geologic hazards; 5. Requirement that all new developments and selected existing developments comply with established fire and geologic safety standards; 6. Improvement of programs and practices for dealing with land subsidence and erosion; 7. Expansion of public education programs pertaining to fire and geologic risks and /or problems; 8. Encouragement of improved fire and geologic hazard insurance programs; 9. Review and improvement of disaster preparedness and emergency response capabilities; 10.Increase in cooperation and coordination between the various jurisdictions and agencies involved in fire protection and the mitigation of geologic problems. 3 SECTION 3. The City Council hereby approves and adopts the City of Arcadia's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. SECTION 4. City Council Resolution No. 6710 is hereby repealed in its entirety. SECTION 5. The City Clerk shall certify the adoption of this Resolution. Passed, approved and adopted this day of , 2012. ATTEST: City Clerk APPROVED AS TO FORM: IV Q I t Stephen P. Deitsch City Attorney 4 Mayor of the City of Arcadia CITY OF ARCADIA LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN ADOPTED MARCH 2, 2010 REVISED AND READOPTED SEPTEMBER 1 B, 2012 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Section 1 - Executive Summary 1 -1 Section 2 - Resolution adoption by Council 2 -1 Section 3 - FEMA Crosswalk 3 -1 Volume 1 Section 4 - Community Profile 4 -1 Section 5 - Planning Process 5 -1 Volume 2 Section 6 - Risk Assessment 6 -1 Section 7 — Earthquake 7 -1 Section 8 — Flood 8 -1 Section 9 - Landslide Debris /Mud Flow 9 -1 Section 10 - Windstorm 10 -1 Section 11 — Wildfire 11 -1 Section 12 — Drought 12 -1 Section 13 - Hazardous Materials 13 -1 Section 14 — Terrorism 14 -1 Volume 3 Section 15 - Mitigation Strategy 15 -1 Section 16 - Plan Maintenance 16 -1 Appendix Appendix A - Resource Directory A -1 Appendix B- Economic Analysis of L H M projects B -1 Appendix C — Acronyms C -1 Appendix D — Glossary D -1 m Y c <' c LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Five -Year Action Plan Matrix The City of Arcadia's Local Hazards Mitigation Action Plan includes resources and information to assist City residents, public and private sector organizations, and others interested in participating in planning for local hazards. The mitigation plan provides a list of activities that may assist City of Arcadia in reducing risk and preventing loss from future hazardous events. The action items address multi - hazard issues, as well as activities for earthquakes, flooding, landslides, windstorms, wildfires, drought, hazardous materials, and terrorism. How is the Plan Organized? The Mitigation Plan contains a five -year action plan matrix, background on the purpose and methodology used to develop the mitigation plan, a profile of City of Arcadia, sections on eight hazards that occur within the City, and a number of appendices. Who Participated in Developing the Plan? The City of Arcadia's Local Hazards Mitigation Action Plan is the result of a collaborative effort between City of Arcadia's citizens, public agencies, non -profit organizations, the private sector, and regional and state organizations. Public participation played a key role in development of goals and action items. A meeting was held with stakeholders in the City, and two public meetings were held to include City of Arcadia's residents in plan development A Hazard Mitigation Committee guided the process of developing the plan. What is the Plan Mission? The mission of the City of Arcadia's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is to promote sound public policy designed to protect citizens, critical facilities, infrastructure, private property, and the environment from potential hazards. This can be achieved by increasing public awareness, documenting the resources for risk reduction and loss - prevention, and identifying activities to guide the City towards building a safer, more sustainable community. What are the Plan Goals? The plan goals describe the overall direction that City of Arcadia's agencies, organizations, and citizens can take to work toward mitigating risk from hazards. The goals are stepping- stones between the broad direction of the mission statement and the specific recommendations outlined in the action items. Protect Life and Property • Implement activities that assist in protecting lives by making homes, businesses, infrastructure, critical facilities, and other property more resistant to losses from natural hazards. • Reduce losses and repetitive damages for chronic hazard events while promoting insurance coverage for catastrophic hazards. • Improve hazard assessment information to make recommendations for discouraging new development in high hazard areas and encouraging preventative measures for existing development in areas vulnerable to hazards. 1 -1 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Public Awareness • Develop and implement education and outreach programs to increase public awareness of the risks associated with natural hazards. • Provide information on tools; partnership opportunities, and funding resources to assist in implementing mitigation activities. Natural Svstems • Balance natural resource management, and land use planning with local hazard mitigation to protect life, property, and the environment. • Preserve, rehabilitate, and enhance natural systems to serve local hazard mitigation functions. Partnerships and Implementation • Strengthen communication and coordinate participation among and within public agencies, citizens, non - profit organizations, business, and industry to gain a vested interest in implementation. • Encourage leadership within public and private sector organizations to prioritize and implement local and regional hazard mitigation activities. Emergency Services • Establish policy to ensure mitigation projects for critical facilities, services, and infrastructure. • Strengthen emergency operations by increasing collaboration and coordination among public agencies, non - profit organizations, business, and industry. • Coordinate and integrate hazard mitigation activities, where appropriate, with emergency operations plans and procedures. How are the Action Items Organized? The action items are a listing of activities in which City agencies and citizens can be engaged in to reduce risk. The action items are organized within the following matrix, which lists all of the multi - hazard and hazard - specific action items included in the mitigation plan Data collection, research, and the public participation process resulted in the development of these action items (see Appendix B). The matrix includes the following information for each action item: Coordinating Oruanization The coordinating organization is the public agency with regulatory responsibility to address hazards, or that is willing and able to organize resources, find appropriate funding, or oversee activity implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Coordinating organizations may include local, county, or regional agencies that are capable of or responsible for implementing activities and programs. Time line Action items include both short and long -term activities. Each action item 1 -2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY includes an estimate of the time line for implementation. Short-term action items are activities which City agencies are capable of implementing with existing resources and authorities within one to two years. Long -term action items may require new or additional resources or authorities, and may take between one and five years (or more) to implement. Ideas for Implementation Each action item includes ideas for implementation and potential resources, which may include grant programs or human resources. Plan Goals Addressed The plan goals addressed by each action item are included as a way to monitor and evaluate how well the mitigation plan is achieving its goals once implementation begins. The plan goals are organized into the following five areas: 1. Protect Life and Property 2. Public Awareness 3. Natural Systems 4. Partnerships and Implementation 5. Emergency Services Partner Orizanizations The Partner organizations are not listed with the individual action items or in the plan matrix. Partner organizations are listed in Appendix A of this plan and are agencies or public /private sector organizations that may be able to assist in the implementation of action items by providing relevant resources to the coordinating organization. The partner organizations listed in the Resource Directory of the City of Arcadia's Local Hazards Mitigation Plan are potential partners recommended by the Hazard Mitigation Committee, but were not necessarily contacted during the development of the Mitigation Plan. Partner organizations should be contacted by the coordinating organization to establish commitment of time and resources to action items. Constraints Constraints may apply to some of the action items. These constraints may be a lack of city staff, lack of funds, or vested property rights, which might expose the City to legal action as a result of adverse impacts on private property. How Will the Plan be Implemented, Monitored, and Evaluated? The Plan Maintenance Section of this document details the formal process that will ensure that the City of Arcadia's Local Hazards Mitigation Plan remains an active and relevant document. The plan maintenance process includes a schedule for monitoring and evaluating the Plan annually and producing a plan revision every five years. This section describes how the City will integrate public participation throughout the plan maintenance process. Finally, this section includes an explanation of how the City of Arcadia's government intends to incorporate the mitigation strategies outlined in this 1 -3 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Plan into existing planning mechanisms such as the City's General Plan, Capital Improvement Plans, and Building & Safety Codes. Plan Adoption Adoption of the Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan by the local jurisdiction's governing body is one of the prime requirements for approval of the plan. Once the plan is completed, the City Council will be responsible for adopting the City of Arcadia's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan The local agency governing body has the responsibility and authority to promote sound public policy regarding hazards. The City Council will periodically need to re -adopt the plan as it is revised to meet changes in the hazard risks and exposures in the community. The approved Local Hazard Mitigation Plan will be significant in the future growth and development of the community. Coordinating Body A City of Arcadia's Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will be responsible for coordinating implementation of Plan action items and undertaking the formal review process. The City Council / City Manager will assign representatives from City agencies, including, but not limited to, the current Hazard Mitigation Committee members. Convener The City Council will adopt the City of Arcadia's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, and the Hazard Mitigation Committee will take responsibility for plan implementation. The Project Manager will serve as a convener to facilitate the Hazard Mitigation Committee meetings, and will assign tasks such as updating and presenting the Plan to the members of the committee. Plan implementation and evaluation will be a shared responsibility among all of the Local Hazard Committee Members. Implementation through Existing Programs The City of Arcadia addresses statewide planning goals and legislative requirements through its General Plan, Capital Improvement Plans, Fire Codes, City Building & Safety Codes and other related documents. The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan provides a series of recommendations that are closely related to the goals and objectives of these existing planning programs. City of Arcadia will have the opportunity to implement recommended mitigation action items through existing programs and procedures. Economic Analysis of Mitigation Projects The Federal Emergency Management Agency's approaches to identify costs and benefits associated with hazard mitigation strategies or projects fall into two general categories: benefit/cost analysis and cost - effectiveness analysis. Conducting benefit /cost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a project is worth undertaking now, in order to avoid disaster - related damages later. Cost- effectiveness analysis evaluates how best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a specific goal. Determining the economic feasibility of mitigating hazards can provide decision makers with an understanding of the potential benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis upon which to compare alternative projects. 1 -4 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Formal Review Process The City of Arcadia's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan will be evaluated on an annual basis to determine the effectiveness of programs, and to reflect changes in land development or programs that may affect mitigation priorities. The evaluation process includes a firm schedule and time line, and identifies the local agencies and organizations participating in plan evaluation. The Project Manager or designee will be responsible for contacting the Hazard Mitigation Committee members and organizing the annual meeting. Committee members will be responsible for monitoring and evaluating the progress of the mitigation strategies in the Plan. Continued Public Involvement The City of Arcadia is dedicated to involving the public directly in the continual review and updates of the Hazard Mitigation Plan. Copies of the plan will be catalogued and made available at city hall, City Clerk' office and at City of Arcadia Library. The existence and location of these copies will be publicized in City newsletters. In addition, locations of the Plan and any proposed changes will be posted on the City website. This site will also contain an email address and phone number to which people can direct their comments and concerns. 1 -5 ,� �- c �� . � o' n RESOLUTION 6710 A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF ARCADIA, CALIFORNIA, SUPPORTING THE 2010 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN WHEREAS, the City of Arcadia recognizes that on October 30 2000, the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 ( "DMA ") was signed into law, amending provisions of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief Act of 1988, and WHEREAS, the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (Public Law 106 -390) states that for a community to receive pre- disaster and post- disaster funds and Federal Emergency Management Funds, a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan ( "LHMP ") must be submitted to the California Emergency Management Agency and the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( "FEMA "), and the failure to submit a plan will disqualify a community from receiving disaster assistance; and WHEREAS, the DMA reinforces the importance of pre- disaster infrastructure mitigation planning to reduce disaster losses nationwide because it focuses on planning and recognizes the significance of hazard mitigation planning at the local level, and the necessity for effective coordination between state and local entities to promote an integrated, comprehensive approach to mitigation planning; and WHEREAS, the DMA requires local agencies like the City of Arcadia to develop and update a mitigation plan that includes a detailed City profile and identification of specific threats and vulnerabilities within the City, and which sets forth specific mitigating measures to address such threats and vulnerabilities; and WHEREAS, the DMA requires detailed documentation of all actions, meetings, studies and directives undertaken in furtherance of the DMA plan; and WHEREAS, the DMA includes new criteria for local mitigation planning, including the development and submittal of mitigation plans as a condition to receiving Local Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funds; and WHEREAS, the City of Arcadia has met all federal requirements of the Stafford Act and applicable amendments, and has further met all requirements of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, including development of and updating the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan through public participation and steering committee establishment, and development of a maintenance program for annual plan review and federal plan review every five (5) years. NOW, THEREFORE, THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF ARCADIA, CALIFORNIA, DOES HEREBY RESOLVE AS FOLLOWS: SECTION 1. Pursuant to the foregoing recitals, the following findings and determinations are hereby made: 1. The City of Arcadia's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is subject to a statutory exemption pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines, Section 15252 because it is a feasibility and planning study; 2. The City Council expresses its full support for, and willingness to devote appropriate resources to, the DMA program and the adoption of a DMA plan for the City; and 3. The City Council supports the active participation of all interested agencies, departments, community groups, and the public with respect to the DMA program. 6710 SECTION 2. The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is consistent with the City's General Plan in that it implements the following Public Safety Element goals, objectives and Policies: 1. Establishment and enforcement of standards and criteria to reduce unacceptable levels of fire and geologic risk; 2. Development of stringent site criteria for construction in areas with fire and /or geologic risks and /or problems and prohibition of construction if these criteria are not met; 3. Encouragement of continued research in the fields of geologic and fire safety: 4. Strengthening of existing codes and ordinances pertaining to fire and geologic hazards; 5. Requirement that all new developments and selected existing developments comply with established fire and geologic safety standards; 6. Improvement of programs and practices for dealing with land subsidence and erosion; 7. Expansion of public education programs pertaining to fire and geologic risks and /or problems; 8. Encouragement of improved fire and geologic hazard insurance programs; 9. Review and improvement of disaster preparedness and emergency response capabilities; 10. Increase in cooperation and coordination between the various jurisdictions and agencies involved in fire protection and the mitigation of geologic problems. 3 6710 SECTION 3. The City Council hereby approves and adopts the City of Arcadia 2010 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. SECTION 4. The City Clerk shall certify the adoption of the Resolution. Passed, approved and adopted this 2nd ATTEST: ity Clerk APPROVED AS TO FORM: J , 'Z�P� Stephen P. Deitsch City Attorney day of March 2010. of the City of Arcadia 4 6710 STATE OF CALIFORNIA ) COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES) SS: CITY OF ARCADIA ) I, JAMES H. BARROWS, City Clerk of the City of Arcadia, hereby certifies that the foregoing Resolution No. 6710 was passed and adopted by the City Council of the City of Arcadia, signed by the Mayor and attested to by the City Clerk at a regular meeting of said Council held on the 2nd day of March, 2010 and that said Resolution was adopted by the following vote, to wit: AYES: Council Member Amundson, Chandler, Harbicht, Kovacic and Wuo NOES: None ABSENT: None 5 City Clerk of the City of Arcadia 6710 U � I...ee...t.d Au�u.a S. If01 STAFF REPORT Fire Department DATE: March 2, 2010 TO: Mayor and City Council FROM: Tony L. Trabbie, Fire Chief By: Barry Spriggs, Battalion Chief SUBJECT: Report and Recommendation to Approve Resolution No. 6710 Supporting the City of Arcadia's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan in Compliance with the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000). Recommendation: Adopt Resolution SUMMARY This report requests City Council approval of the City of Arcadia's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP). This plan was developed as a requirement by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to update and review the city's approved Local Hazard Mitigation Plan adopted by Council in 2004. Staff recommends that the City Council adopt Resolution No. 6710 Approving the City of Arcadia's 2010 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. BACKGROUND The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000). amended the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistant Act (the Act) by repealing the previous mitigation planning section and replacing it with Section 322. The laws established the mitigation planning requirements for local governments and requires that in order to remain eligible to receive federal funding for both pre- disaster and post- disaster mitigation project funding, a local government must have a FEMA approved LHMP written in accordance with Section 322 of the Act. The law requires that local governments review and update their LHMP every five years. Mayor and City Council March 2, 2010 Page 2 DISCUSSION Emergencies and disasters result in significant damage to our communities, businesses, public infrastructure and our environment. Emergencies and disasters can cause death or leave people injured or displaced. In addition, disasters cost tremendous amounts of money in terms of response, recovery expense, and economic loss. Hazard mitigation planning before a disaster can reduce or eliminate losses of life and property. After disasters, repairs and reconstruction are often completed in such a way as to simply restore to pre- disaster conditions. Such efforts expedite a return to normal functioning; however, the replications of pre- disaster conditions result in a cycle of damage, reconstruction and repeated damage. Hazard mitigation planning ensures that such cycles are broken and that post- disaster repairs and reconstruction result in vulnerability reduction. While disasters cannot be prevented, the effects can be reduced or eliminated through a well- organized public education and awareness efforts, preparedness and mitigation. For those hazards that cannot be fully mitigated, the community must be prepared to provide efficient and effective response and recovery. The mission of the 2010 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is to promote sound public policy designed to protect residents, critical facilities, infrastructure, private property, and the environment, from natural and human caused hazards. This mission will be achieved by increasing public awareness, documenting resources for risk reduction and loss- prevention, and identification of activities that will guide the City toward building a safer, more sustainable community. The 2010 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan has been prepared after a coordination of efforts and resources by the Fire Department, Police Department, Administrative Services .Department, Public Works Services Department, Recreation and Community Services Department and Development Services Department. The City of Arcadia held a public workshop, a stake holders meeting and a public education demonstration about the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan within the City to gather public ideas and opinions about mitigation goals and activities. The City of Arcadia also conducted a stakeholders meeting which included emergency service coordinators within the region, representatives from the Arcadia Unified School District, American Red Cross, Santa Anita Race Track, Arcadia Lyons Club and the Arcadia Chamber of Commerce. The local hazard mitigation plan looked into seven possible hazards that could impact the City of Arcadia. These hazards include earthquake, wildfire, debris flow /landslide, flooding, high winds, drought, hazardous materials and terrorism. The plan also looked at the goals set in the previous plan and if those goals were met. The plan itself is over 100 pages in length, excluding appendices and maps. Due to its size, it was not feasible to make copies but it is available for review in the City Manager's office, City Clerk's office and the Library. Mayor and City Council March 2, 2010 Page 3 The resources and information cited in the mitigation plan provide a strong local perspective and help identify strategies and activities to make Arcadia more disaster resilient. Furthermore, adoption of the LHMP by the local jurisdiction's governing body is one of the prime requirements for approval of the plan by FEMA. After resolution 6710 is adopted by City Council, the document will be sent to the California Emergency Management Agency (CALEMA) for review. After CALEMA review, the LHMP is sent to FEMA for final review. Both of these review periods can take up to forty -five days. In the event that CALEMA or FEMA deems a section of the LHMP in need of improvement, the recommended changes will be made and documented without the LHMP coming back before council. FISCAL IMPACT Adoption of Resolution No. 6710 has no fiscal impact to the City. Arcadia will have the opportunity to implement recommended mitigation action items through existing programs and procedures. Failure to adopt a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan will forfeit the City of Arcadia's eligibility of federal funding for disaster assistance. RECOMMENDATION It is recommended that the City Council adopt Resolution No. 6710, approving the City of Arcadia's 201.0 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, and authorize the City Manager to modify the plan should amendments become necessary following review by CALEMA and FEMA. Approved: Don Penman, City Manager RESOLUTION 6841 A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF ARCADIA, CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING A LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN WHEREAS, the City of Arcadia recognizes that on October 30, 2000, the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 ( "DMA ") was signed into law, amending provisions of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief Act of 1988; and WHEREAS, the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (Public Law 106 -390) states that for a community to receive pre- disaster and post- disaster funds and Federal Emergency Management Funds, a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan ( "LHMP ") must be submitted to the California. Emergency Management Agency and the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( "FEMA "), and the failure to submit a plan will disqualify a community from receiving disaster assistance; and WHEREAS, the DMA reinforces the importance of pre- disaster infrastructure mitigation planning to reduce disaster losses nationwide because it focuses on planning and recognizes the significance of hazard mitigation planning at the local level, and the necessity for effective coordination between state and local entities to promote an integrated, comprehensive approach to mitigation planning; and WHEREAS, the DMA requires local agencies like the City of Arcadia to develop and update a mitigation plan that includes a detailed City profile and identification of specific threats and vulnerabilities within the City, and which sets forth specific mitigating measures to address such threats and vulnerabilities; and WHEREAS, the DMA requires detailed documentation of all actions, meetings, studies, and directives undertaken in furtherance of the DMA plan; and WHEREAS, the DMA includes new criteria for local mitigation planning, including the development and submittal of mitigation plans as a condition to receiving Local Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funds; and WHEREAS, the City of Arcadia has met all federal requirements of the Stafford Act and applicable amendments, and has further met all requirements of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, including development of and updating the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan through public participation and steering committee establishment, and development of a maintenance program for annual plan review and federal plan review every five (5) years. NOW, THEREFORE, THE CITY COUNCIL OF. THE CITY OF ARCADIA, CALIFORNIA, DOES HEREBY RESOLVE AS FOLLOWS: SECTION 1. Pursuant to the foregoing recitals, the following findings and determinations are hereby made: 1. The City of Arcadia's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is subject to a statutory exemption pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines, Section 15252, because it is a feasibility and planning study; 2. The City Council expresses its full support for, and willingness to devote appropriate resources to, the DMA program and the adoption of a DMA plan for the City; and 3. The City Council supports the active participation of all interested agencies, departments, community groups, and the public with respect to the DMA program. SECTION 2. The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is consistent with the City's General Plan in that it implements the following Public Safety Element goals, objectives, and policies: 1. Establishment and enforcement of standards and criteria to reduce unacceptable levels of fire and geologic risk; 2. Development of stringent site criteria for construction in areas with fire and /or geologic risks and /or problems and prohibition of construction if these criteria are not met; 3. Encouragement of continued research in the fields of geologic and fire safety; 4. Strengthening of existing codes and ordinances pertaining to fire and geologic hazards; 5. Requirement that all new developments and selected existing developments comply with established fire and geologic safety standards; 6. Improvement of programs and practices for dealing with land subsidence and erosion; 7. Expansion of public education programs pertaining to fire and geologic risks and /or problems; 8. Encouragement of improved fire and geologic hazard insurance programs; 9. Review and improvement of disaster preparedness and emergency response capabilities; 10. Increase in cooperation and coordination between the various jurisdictions and agencies involved in fire protection and the mitigation of geologic problems. J SECTION 3. The City Council hereby approves and adopts the City of Arcadia's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. SECTION 4. City Council Resolution No. 6710 is hereby repealed in its entirety. SECTION 5. The City Clerk shall certify the adoption of the Resolution. Passed, approved and adopted this day of 12012. ATTEST: City Clerk APPROVED AS TO FORM: Stephen P. Deitsch City Attorney 4 Mayor of the City of Arcadia STAFF REPORT Fire Department DATE: September 18, 2012 TO: Honorable Mayor and City Council FROM: Tony L. Trabbie, Fire Chief By: Barry Spriggs, Battalion Chief Yvonne Yeung, Senior Management Analyst SUBJECT: ADOPT RESOLUTION NO. 6841 APPROVING THE CITY OF ARCADIA LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN Recommendation: Adopt SUMMARY Local governments are required to have an approved Local Hazard Mitigation Plan in place to receive pre- disaster and post- disaster mitigation federal funding. It is recommended the City Council adopt Resolution No. 6841 approving the City. of Arcadia's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, prior to its submittal to the Federal Emergency Management Agency for final approval. BACKGROUND The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 was a law enacted by the federal government that places emphasis on mitigation planning for local municipalities. The law requires local governments to develop and adopt the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan with final approval by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. A Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is a document that identifies potential natural and human caused disasters specific to a community and it contains information to assist the City, residents, and other interested parties to plan for local hazards. On March 2, 2010, City Council adopted Resolution No. 6710, approving the City's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. The approved document was forwarded to the California Emergency Management Agency and the Federal Emergency Management Agency for review. Changes to the document were required and completed, and the revised document was resubmitted and approved by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, pending City Council adoption. Local Hazard Mitigation Plan September 18, 2012 Page 2 of 3 DISCUSSION After a disaster strikes, repair and reconstruction efforts are often undertaken in such a manner as to simply restore infrastructure to pre- disaster conditions. Although such efforts expedite a return to normal functioning, the replications of pre- disaster conditions result in a cycle of damage, reconstruction, and repeated damage. Hazard mitigation planning ensures such cycles are broken and that post - disaster repairs and reconstruction result in vulnerability reduction. While disasters may be unpreventable, the devastating effects may be reduced or eliminated through well - organized public education and awareness efforts, preparedness, and mitigation. For those hazards that cannot be fully mitigated, the community must be prepared to provide efficient and effective response and recovery services. The mission of the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is to promote sound public policy designed to protect residents, critical facilities, infrastructure, private property, and the environment from natural and human caused hazards. This mission will be achieved by increasing public awareness, .documenting resources for risk reduction and -loss - prevention, and identifying activities that will guide the City toward building a safer, more sustainable community. The document was prepared through a concerted and collaborative effort of City departments, citizens in the community, and major stakeholders in the region. All City departments met regularly, coordinated resources, and compiled information required for the document. Public workshops were held to gather ideas and opinions on community mitigation goals and activities. In addition, a stakeholder meeting -was conducted, which was attended by emergency service coordinators within the region, representatives from the Arcadia Unified School District, American Red Cross, Santa Anita Race Track, civic groups, and the Arcadia Chamber of Commerce. The end product is a comprehensive City of Arcadia Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. Over 100 pages in length, excluding appendices and maps, the document reviews action items from previous Local Hazard Mitigation Plan and evaluates if those goals are met. It also discusses in detail eight (8) possible natural and human caused hazards that could impact the City of Arcadia. Those hazards include: 1. Earthquake 2. Wildfire 3. Debris flow /landslide 4. Flooding 5.. High winds 6. Drought 7. Hazardous materials 8. Terrorism Local Hazard Mitigation Plan September 18, 2012 Page 3 of 3 The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan includes a description, risk analysis, and mitigation strategies for each hazard. For example, the earthquake section of the document discusses: the definition of an earthquake; earthquake related hazards, such as ground shaking and landslides; the history of earthquakes in Southern California and in Arcadia; earthquake hazard assessment and a list of the nearby fault lines that affect Arcadia; risk analysis of the probability of an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0 or greater occurring in the next five (5), 10, 20, and 50 years; the City's current mitigation of earthquake hazards; and a resource directory pertaining to earthquake preparedness and mitigation. The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is subject to a statutory exemption pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act guidelines because it is a feasibility and planning study. Additionally, the document is consistent with the City's General Plan in implementing certain Public Safety Element goals, objectives, and policies outlined in Resolution No. 6841. The adoption of Resolution No. 6841 by City Council is the final requirement in the plan approval process. The document has already been approved by the California Emergency Management Agency. Additionally, the document has been approved by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, pending formal adoption by City Council. Upon City Council adoption, the document will be available for public review in the City Manager's Office, City Clerk's Office, and the Arcadia Public Library. FISCAL IMPACT Adoption of Resolution No. 6841 has no direct fiscal impact to the City. Arcadia will have the opportunity to implement recommended mitigation action items through existing programs and procedures. Failure to adopt a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan will forfeit the City of Arcadia's eligibility to receive federal funding for both pre- disaster and post- disaster mitigation projects. RECOMMENDATION It is recommended the City Council adopt Resolution No. 6841, approving the City of Arcadia's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. Approved: Dominic Lazzaretto City Manager Attachment: Resolution No. 6841 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Staff report from March 2, 2010 m aCD n �. o� �W T J 3 W' W Z J a Z O H C7 G J J Q L u 5 LL Im Z J CL W 2 Z N O CA 7 U a) r � � N > -z' w cn a) m a) E _o > v) O V O N O U Q Z- cn c d c z co Q E O a a) ��m� o a) moo =� 3M (D ~Nti .:3 a) O Q r NMO a) >JQ U a co a O C Lj s O m N M N a r o ro N °Q oQ a) -cam E - m a� •o > "O N C j > > = On T' � Q) p '� �_ c a) a) m N a m O cn Z c�a io � c�� c 5 �N Q Qm� _ no a--o a) (D Q w a^ m aWpm ; we �'.°' a)a) m� �' 02 m M E�om a m` o ° a, Z >E�� 0- a:sc m —a) m a Imo a)rn c cCL CD �� m U LL m E N 0 E = N is � - o =3 o o ° c _0 � � m a, o a, Q�cL c -m oca�c s m o o O cn o _ O _ .N o a, o -o a J aim a) a) ` c > o a, m n) 0 ro- a) a) N 2 III E ++ O m (n L 'O p E V L. 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E _ ; — ] � k / r o = e = m ° e ] m E _ § ƒ { \ \ 2 f ° E 2) § 7 ) & & \ \ \ 3 / 2 § -j = f / 2 j \ \ 4 \ k 4 3 / \ 7 ( \ ) \ co E ƒ } m \ 2 nk /( /CU /1 2= // cts cu \/ cu7 \z \\ //\ co e/§N k\0\ ±G ¥2 / n 0 3 CD 5 � 0 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 COMMUNITY PROFILE Why Plan for Hazards in City of Arcadia? Hazards can impact citizens, property, environment, and the economy of City of Arcadia Earthquakes, flood, landslides, windstorms, wildfires, drought, hazardous materials, and terrorism have exposed City of Arcadia residents and businesses to the financial and emotional costs of recovering after disasters. The risk associated with hazards increases as more people move to areas affected by those hazards. Even in those communities that are essentially "built -out" i.e., have little or no vacant land remaining for development; population density continues to increase when low - density housing is replaced with medium and high- density development projects. The inevitability of hazards, and the growing population and activity within the City create an urgent need to develop strategies, coordinate resources, and increase public awareness to reduce risk and prevent loss from future hazardous events. Identifying the risks posed by hazards, and developing strategies to reduce the impact of a hazardous event can assist in protecting the life and property of communities. Local residents and businesses can work together with the City to create a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan that addresses the potential impacts of hazard events. Geography and the Environment City of Arcadia has an area of 11.3 square miles and is located in Greater Los Angeles County area. Elevations in the City range from a high of 1,200 feet to a low of 300 feet. The terrain of the city is from the valley floor sweeping to the foothills. Community Profile The 11.3 square mile City of Arcadia is one of the Southland's finest communities. Located in the western San Gabriel Valley south of the San Gabriel Mountains, Arcadia, also known as the "Community of Homes ", is a picturesque, affluent, largely built out community, with an outstanding public school system. The Los Angeles County Arboretum, Westfield Mall at Santa Anita, Santa Anita Race Track, Arcadia County Park, and the Santa Anita Golf Course annually attract a substantial number of visitors into Arcadia from Southern California. With its rich history and quality of development, Arcadia will remain a premier community. The 210 freeway serves the City, and the major arterial highways are Santa Anita Avenue and Baldwin Avenue, which run north to south and Huntington Drive (Route 66), Live Oak Avenue, Duarte Road, Foothill Boulevard and Longden Avenue, which run east to west. Major Rivers The nearest major river is the Los Angeles River (or San Gabriel River). This River does not have any potential impact on the City of Arcadia. Normally this river channel is dry and only carries a significant water flow during a major rainstorm. The river channel is a concrete channel and part of the Los Angeles County Flood Control District. Climate Temperatures in the City of Arcadia range from 40 degrees in the winter months to 100 HN LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 COMMUNITY PROFILE degrees in the summer months. However the temperatures can vary over a wide range, particularly when the Santa Ana winds blow, bringing higher temperatures and very low humidity. Temperatures rarely exceed 110 degrees F in the summer months (June - September), and rarely drop below 30 F in the winter months (November- March). The City of Arcadia over the last seventy years of recorded rainfall has had a low of 5.27 inches of rainfall in 1947 to a high of 41.23 in 1969. Rainfall in the city averages eighteen inches of rain per year. Further more, actual rainfall in Southern California tends to fall in large amounts during sporadic and often heavy storms rather than consistent storms at somewhat regular intervals. In short, rainfall in Southern California might be characterized as feast or famine within a single year. Because the metropolitan basin is largely built out, water originating in higher elevation communities can have a sudden impact on adjoining communities that have a lower elevation. Minerals and Soils The characteristics of the minerals and soils present in City of Arcadia indicate the potential types of hazards that may occur. Rock hardness and soil characteristics can determine whether or not an area will be prone to geologic hazards such as earthquakes, liquefaction and landslides. Arcadia is located at the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains in the Transverse Ranges Geomorphic province of Southern California. The City overlays two groundwater basins: The Raymond Water Basin on the north and the San Gabriel Water Basin on the south. The basins are separated by the northeast trending Raymond Fault, which acts as a hydrological barrier, and defines the boundary between the two. The Raymond Basin is an alluvial valley covering approximately 40 square miles and is bordered by the San Gabriel Mountains on the north, San Rafael Hills on the west, and the Raymond Fault on the south and east. The general east -west trend of the San Gabriel Mountains, the north -south trend of the San Rafael Hills, and northeast trend of the Raymond Fault result in the basin having a triangular form. The limits of the San Gabriel Valley are generally defined on the north by the San Gabriel Mountains and the Raymond Fault, on the west by the Repetto and Merced Hills, on the south by the Puente Hills, and on the east by the San Jose Hills. The total area of the alluvial valley is approximately 167 square miles. Arcadia is located at the extreme northwest portion of the San Gabriel Valley. Bedrock: The bedrock geology of the Raymond Basin and vicinity consists of a complex array of granitic and metagranitic rocks of pre- Cretaceous age. Although outcrops are typically fractured, the granitic bedrock underlying the alluvial sediment at the base of the basin is not considered water bearing. 4 -2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 COMMUNITY PROFILE Older and Younger Alluvium: Total alluvial thickness is as much as 1,100 feet in the Raymond Basin and as much as 1,900 feet in the San Gabriel Basin. The older alluvium is distributed throughout the entire basin and its water transmitting properties vary depending upon the degree to which it has been weathered and /or cemented. Older alluvium consists primarily of sand, gravel and boulders with minor interbedded clay layers. Younger alluvium consists predominantly of sand, gravel and boulders, is less consolidated than the older alluvium and yields water more readily and consistently. Faulting and Ground Water Barriers: Major faults in the vicinity of Arcadia include the Sierra Madre Fault Zone and the Raymond Fault. The Raymond Fault is the most geohydrologically significant fault in Arcadia. The fault acts as a barrier impeding ground water movement from the Raymond Basin into the Main San Gabriel Basin to the south. The barrier effect is reflected by significant differences in ground water level across the fault. In addition, artesian conditions and ponded surface water have been observed north of the fault during periods of high water levels resulting from the "damming" effect of the fault. Concerns: Based on the Raymond Fault creating a ground water barrier the area located to the north of the fault can be prone to the occurrence of liquefaction or has the potential for permanent ground displacement. The steep foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains have a potential of the earthquake- induced landslides or the permanent ground displacement in the north part of Arcadia. Other Significant Geologic Features The City of Arcadia, like most of the Los Angeles Basin, lies over the area of one or more known earthquake faults, and potentially many more unknown faults, particularly so- called lateral or blind thrust faults. The major faults that have the potential to affect the greater Los Angeles Basin, and therefore the City of Arcadia are: San Andreas, Newport Inglewood, Palos Verdes, Whittier, Santa Monica, Raymond, and Sierra Madre. The Los Angeles Basin has a history of powerful and relatively frequent earthquakes, dating back to the powerful 8.0+ San Andreas earthquake of 1857, which did substantial damage to the relatively few buildings that existed at the time. Paleoseismological research indicates that large (8.0 +) earthquakes occur on the San Andreas Fault at intervals between 45 and 332 years with an average interval of 140 years'. Other lesser faults have also caused very damaging earthquakes since 1 857. Notable earthquakes include the Long Beach earthquake of 1933, the San Fernando Earthquake of 1971, the 1987 Whittier Earthquake and the 1994 Northridge earthquake. ' Peacock, Simon M., http: / /aamc. geo. isa. um ich. edu/ eduQuakes/ EQpredLab /EQprediction.peacock. htmi 4 -3 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 COMMUNITY PROFILE In addition, many areas in the Los Angeles Basin have sandy soils that are subject to liquefaction and land movement. Population and Demographics City of Arcadia has a population of about 56,000 in an area of 11.3 square miles. The population of the City of Arcadia has steadily increased from 1900 through 2000, and increased 10% from 1990 to 2000 according to the 2000 Census. The increase of people living in City of Arcadia creates more community exposure, and changes how agencies prepare for and respond to hazards. For example, more people living on the urban fringe increase the risk of wildfire. Wildfire has an increased chance of starting due to human activities in the urban/rural interface, and has the potential to injure more people and cause more property damage. But an Urban/wildland fire is not the only exposure to the city of Arcadia. In the 1987 publication, Fire Following Earthquake issued by the All Industry Research Advisory Council, Charles Scawthorn explains how a post - earthquake urban conflagration would develop. The conflagration would be started by fires resulting from earthquake damage, but made much worse by the loss of pressure in the fire mains, caused by either lack of electricity to power water pumps, and /or loss of water pressure resulting from broken fire mains. Furthermore, increased density can affect risk. For example, narrower streets are more difficult for emergency service vehicles to navigate, the higher ratio of residents to emergency responders affects response times, and homes located closer together increase the chances of fires spreading. Natural hazards do not discriminate, but the impacts in terms of vulnerability and the ability to recover vary greatly among the population. According to Peggy Stahl of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Preparedness, Training, and Exercise Directorate, 80% of the disaster burden falls on the public, and within that number, a disproportionate burden is placed upon special needs groups: women, children, minorities, and the poor.2 According the latest census figures, (2000 Census) the demographic make up of the city is as follows: www,fema.gov i10I'L'Lt -IliJN PY COMPOSITICIN U.S. CQML15 - LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 COMMUNITY PROFILE The ethnic and cultural diversity suggests a need to address multi - cultural needs and services. Vulnerable populations, including seniors, disabled citizens, women, and children, those people may be disproportionately impacted by disasters. Examining the reach of hazard mitigation policies to special needs populations may assist in increasing access to services and programs. FEMA's Office of Equal Rights addresses this need by suggesting that agencies and organizations planning for disasters identify special needs populations, make recovery centers more accessible, and review practices and procedures to remedy any discrimination in relief application or assistance. The cost of hazard recovery can place an unequal financial responsibility on the general population when only a small proportion may benefit from governmental funds used to rebuild private structures. Discussions about hazards that include local citizen groups, insurance companies, and other public and private sector organizations can help ensure that all members of the population are a part of the decision - making processes. Land and Development Development in Southern California from the earliest days was a cycle of "boom and bust ". The Second World War however, dramatically changed that cycle. Military personnel and defense workers came to Southern California to fill the logistical needs created by the war effort The available housing was rapidly exhausted and existing commercial centers proved inadequate for the influx of people. Immediately after the war, construction began on the freeway system, and the face of Southern California was forever changed Home developments and shopping centers sprung up everywhere and within a few decades the central basin of Los Angeles County was virtually built out This pushed new development further and further away from the urban center. The City of Arcadia's General Plan addresses the use and development of private land, including residential, commercial and industrial areas. This plan is one of the City's most important tools in addressing environmental challenges including transportation, air quality, growth management, conservation of natural resources, clean water, and open spaces. The environment of most Los Angeles County cities is nearly identical with that of their immediate neighbors and the transition from one incorporated municipality to another is seamless to most people. Seamless too are the exposures to the hazards that affect all of Southern California. Housing and Community Development In the City of Arcadia, the demand for housing outstrips the available supply, and the recent low interest rates have further fueled a pent up demand. There are more single family homes in the City in comparison to the number of apartments and condominiums. Recently however, the development of condominiums has increased significantly 4 -5 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 COMMUNITY PROFILE There is an increased concentration of resources and capital in City of Arcadia. The best indicator of this fact is the increasing per capita personal income in the region since the 1970's. Per capita income is an estimate of total personal income divided by the total population. This estimate can be used to compare economic areas as a whole, but it does not reflect how the income is distributed among residents of the area being examined. The City's per capita personal income is also increasing relative to California's and the United State's average per capita incomes, resulting in a more affluent community than the average population. Subtle but very measurable changes occur constantly in communities that increase the potential loss that will occur in a major disaster. There are number of factors that contribute to this increasing loss potential. First, populations continue to increase, putting more people at risk within a defined geographic space. Second, inflation constantly increases the worth of real property and permanent improvements. Third, the amount of property owned per capita increases over time. Information from the U.S. Census Bureau shows gains in average housing standards. Amount of Property per person 1975 1998 Increased Size of new homes 1645 sq. ft. 2190 sq. ft. % of homes with 4 + bedrooms 21% 33% % of homes with 2'/ or more baths 20% 52% Source: U.S. Department of Census If we look at the greatest recorded earthquakes in American history, and compare the level of population and development today with that which existed at the time of the event, the scale of potential damage is staggering. 1886 Charleston EQ M7.3 in Charleston, SC Estimated insured damage if happened today $10 Billion 1906 San Francisco EQ M8.3 Significant fire following damage Estimated insured damage if happened today $36 Billion 1811 -12 New Madrid EQ 1811 -12, series of 4 EQs over 7 weeks Estimated insured damage if happened today $88 Billion Source: Risk Management Solutions Employment and Industry Employment and Industry The City of Arcadia has a very broad employment base. There are major retail, industrial, office, and specialty employers throughout the City. In the Redevelopment Project Area alone, the Redevelopment Agency has been able to provide hundreds of jobs through their redevelopment projects. The major employers in 4 -6 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 COMMUNITY PROFILE the City include the Santa Anita Race Track, Arcadia Methodist Hospital, and the Westfield at Santa Anita. The City of Arcadia also lies within a "Sixty Mile Circle" centered on Los Angeles, a dynamic concentration of population, employment, business, industry and finance. Two - thirds of the State's 100 largest corporations are headquartered within the circle. Additionally, several federal and sate highways, two nearby rail lines, and three international airports, as well as the 210 Freeway passing through Arcadia, provide ready access to regional, national and international markets. Mitigation activities are needed at the business level to ensure the safety and welfare of workers and limit damage to industrial infrastructure. Employees are highly mobile, commuting from surrounding areas to industrial and business centers. This creates a greater dependency on roads, communications, accessibility and emergency plans to reunite people with their families. Before a disastrous event occurs large and small businesses can develop strategies to prepare, respond efficiently, and prevent loss of life and property. Transportation and Commuting Patterns The City of Arcadia is located in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Statistical Area ( LAMSA). Over the past decade, the LAMSA experienced rapid growth in employment and population. There has been an increase in vehicle licensing transactions and in vehicle Holes traveled in the City of Arcadia. As daily transit increases, there will be an increased risk that a disaster will disrupt the travel plans of residents across the region, as well as local, regional, and national commercial traffic. The I -210 Foothill Freeway traverses the City of Arcadia, connecting the city to east and north valleys of Los Angeles County, and the I -605 San Gabriel Freeway is located four (4) miles east of Arcadia and runs south to the coast. The City's 150 -mile road system includes 37 miles of arterial highways, 113 miles of local roads, and 37 bridges. Private automobiles are the dominant means of transportation in Southern California and in the City of Arcadia. However, the City of Arcadia meets its public transportation needs utilizing the numerous local public transportation options available in the region. The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LACMTA) and Foothill Transit operate a total of 11 bus routes through the city, and in July 2003, the MTA commenced light rail service from metropolitan downtown Los Angeles to the east Pasadena/Arcadia border. Additionally, the Arcadia Transit offers Arcadia residents convenient, affordable transit within the city limits, and five (5) designated medical facilities located beyond the city limits. The City participates in regional efforts to improve air quality by promoting rideshare alternatives to its employees. 4 -7 D) n co v: cn LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 PLANNING PROCESS The City of Arcadia Local Hazard Mitigation Plan integrates a cross - section of citizen input throughout the planning process. To accomplish this goal, the City of Arcadia Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee developed a public participation process through three components: (1) developing a planning committee; (2) conducting stakeholder interviews to target the specialized knowledge of individuals working with populations or areas at risk from natural hazards; and (3) conducting two public workshops to identify common concerns and ideas regarding hazard mitigation and to discuss specific goals and actions of the mitigation plan Integrating public participation during the development of the City of Arcadia Local Hazards Mitigation Plan has ultimately resulted in increased public awareness. Through citizen involvement, the mitigation plan reflects community issues, concerns, and new ideas and perspectives on mitigation opportunities and plan action items. Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Committee The first step in reviewing and updating the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan was to develop a committee comprised of at least one member of each department within the City. Table B. l lists the committee members and their department. Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Table B.I Barry S ri gs, Project Manager Fire De artment Beth Stogner Fire De artment Brian Ortiz Police De artment Carmen Trujillo Public Works Services Dana Nava Recreation and Community Services Darlene Bradley Library Jan Steese Purchasing Jeff Patterson Fire Department Jim Ka m a Development Services, Planning Larry Goodman Police De artment Linda Garcia City Managers office Marie Nguyen Public Works Services Meetings Members of the Committee had several meetings amongst themselves, with employees with special areas of expertise, and with outside representatives. Though not every meeting was logged the following list gives a brief synopsis of the meetings and their content. January 18, 2010 to February 25, 2010 There were many meetings amongst only two individuals that did not get logged. The meetings were often between the project leader and another committee member to ensure the timely completion of a specific task. They also entailed preparation for upcoming stakeholder. committee, and community meetings. -1 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 PLANNING PROCESS January 18, 2010 The City of Arcadia Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Committee assembled and provided an overview to the committee about the current Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan and the review process that was about to be undertaken. The project Manager introduced the planning committee. Each committee member described the department they represented. The goals from the current NHMP were reviewed and assessed as to their completion. Various tasks were assigned to each member of the committee. The committee agreed on the need to add drought, hazardous materials, and terrorism to the new LHMP. January 22, 2010 Barry Spriggs met with GIS to obtain maps for the new LHMP. February 1, 2010 The project manager discussed the up coming community meeting. The committee reviewed and discussed the FEMA Crosswalk from 2004 NHMP. Each member updated the committee with the progress of what they have been working on. The possibility of sending an employee to FEMA HAWS training was discussed. The "Open for Business" and firefree programs were considered. Additional community and stakeholder meetings were scheduled. The next committee meeting was planned and ideas of things to work on for the next meeting were discussed. February 18, 2010 Kevin Valentine met with representatives from Area D to discuss and share information about each cities plan. February 18, 2010 The LHMP committee met to discuss the general progress of the plan, create new goals, and to discuss the results of both community meetings and the stakeholder meeting. February 23, 2010 The LHMP Committee met to discuss the last rough draft of the plan, make any final changes, and prioritized goals. Community Meetings Community members were invited to meetings to review the current and new.hazards the City is including in the mitigation plans. This was an opportunity for the community to learn what the City is doing and also for members of the community to provide their input on the hazards that they felt necessary to plan for. The committee also provided a questionnaire to the attendees in order to gain further input. All meetings were announced to the public following the Cities regular announcement procedures. The meeting information was published in the newspaper and flyers were posted throughout the City. J -2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 20 i O PLANNING PROCESS Meetings were conducted on: February 3, 2010 at 19001irs in the Council Chambers February 18, 2010 at 1200hrs in the Historical Museum Stakeholders Meeting Stakeholders were invited to a meeting on February 8, 2010 at fire station 106 to review the current and new hazards the City is including in the mitigation plans. This was an opportunity for the organizations to learn what the City is doing and also to provide their input on the hazards that they felt necessary to plan for. The committee also provided a questionnaire to the stakeholders in order to gain further input. The following stakeholders were all contacted about the meeting via phone and or email. Mitigation Plan Stakeholders Arcadia Methodist Hospital Cheryl Osborne American Red Cross Bob Deao Sierra Madre Fire De artment James Carlson Monrovia Fire De artment Ron Pelham Arcadia Unified School District Jamie Morales Chamber Of Commerce Beth Costanza Santa Anita Race Track Pete Siberell Westfield Shopping Towne Matthew Thomas SoCal Edison Terri Salas SoCal Gas Company Ron Kiralla CalTrans Gregory Townsend Office of Civil Defense Disaster Management Brenda Hunemiller AT &T Karen Coffee Table B.3 Review of the 2004 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan An important part of the planning process is to evaluate the plan that was approved by the City Council and FEMA in 2004. During its meetings the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Committee reviewed the sections of the plan. Both the multi hazard goals and the specific hazard goals were reviewed to see if they had been achieved during the five year period or if the goals were still a work in progress. The hazards that were addressed in the 2004 plan were also looked at. The five hazards: Earthquake, Landslide /Debris Flow, Flood, Wildfire and Windstorm were considered to still be hazards to the community. Action Items from the 2004 Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan As mentioned above, there were two types of goals in the previous plan, specific hazards and multi hazard. We will first look at the hazard specific goals. Each goal will be listed and commented on before continuing on to the next goal. J -� LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 PLANNING PROCESS Earthquake Action Items ST-E 1 Integrate new earthquake hazard mapping data for the City of Arcadia and improve technical analysis of earthquake hazards. This was done during this review process when we updated the base map and overlaid the known fault lines onto the map. ST-E 2 Incorporate the Regional Earthquake Transportation Evacuation Routes developed by the Regional Emergency Managers Group into appropriate planning documents. The Los Angeles County issued all of the cities a listing of Disaster Routes within the county. These are routes that are the first to be cleared following a large scale disaster. This information has been incorporated into the windshield surveys completed by crews following a disaster. This information will also be included in the City's Emergency Operations Plan when it is updated. LT E 3 Identify funding sources for structural and nonstructural retrofitting of structures that are identified as seismically vulnerable. This long term goal was not achieved. LT E 4 Encourage reduction of nonstructural and structural earthquake hazards. This has partly been achieved through public education programs such as the City of Arcadia's Action Program. Landslide / Debris flow Action Items ST Ll Improve knowledge of landslide hazards areas and understanding of vulnerability and risk to life and property in hazard -prone areas. This was done during the review process when we updated the base map and overlayed the known landslide and liquefaction areas. ST L2 Identify safe evacuation routes in high -risk debris flow and landslide areas. This goal is still a work in progress. An all risk evacuation plan will be part of the updated City Emergency Operation Plan. Flooding Action Item ST-F11 Analyze the three dam flood inundation areas within the City of Arcadia and identify the potential damage and possible mitigation efforts. In progress. During the update process the inundation maps have been overlaid onto the City of Arcadia base map. -4 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 PLANNING PROCESS Wildfire Action Items ST WF1 Enhance emergency services to increase the efficiency of wildfire response and recovery activities. This was done by updating the Arcadia Fire Department's Wildland pre -attack plan and making it available to companies that respond into the city of Arcadia during a wildland fire. ST WF2 Educate agency personnel on federal cost -share and grant programs, Fire Protection Agreements and other related federal programs so the full array of assistance available to local agencies is understood. This was done in two ways. Annually the fire department meets with the U. S. Forest Service and enters in to an agreement for the year. Also on an annual basis Fire Battalion Chief's attend a training class in which Fire Management Assistance Grant is reviewed. LT WF1 Enhance outreach and education program aimed at mitigating wildfire hazards and reducing or preventing the exposure of citizens, public agencies, private property owners and businesses to natural hazards. The goal is partly achieved through the annual brush clearance requirement mailings, and annual brush inspections. The City of Arcadia Action program also provides information on natural hazard preparedness. LT WF2 Encourage implementation of wildfire mitigation activities in a manner consistent with the goals or promoting sustainable ecological management and community stability. This is being completed on a small scale by enforcing the brush clearance regulations that became more stringent since the previous plan was adopted. Windstorm Action Items ST Wind] Conduct a public awareness campaign to protect life and-property before, during, and after a windstorm. There was not a specific public awareness campaign conducted for windstorms. The Action Program does assist residents in getting prepared for any type of hazard. LT Wind 1 Create local City and utility awareness of tree pruning and Fire Code Sections relevant to wind - resistant utility operations This goal was not achieved Multi Hazard Action Items from 2004 Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 5 -5 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 PLANNING PROCESS Multi Hazard Short Term Action Items ST -1 Integrate the goals and action items from the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan into existing regulatory documents and programs, where appropriate. Some of the information from the 2004 plan was used when researching information for the City of Arcadia's General Plan update. ST -2 Identify and pursue funding opportunities to develop and implement local and city mitigation activities. Many of the individual hazard mitigation activities involved public education. Some funding was obtained for public education but not for other projects. ST -3 Establish a formal plan for the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Committee to develop a sustainable process for implementing, monitoring, and evaluating citywide mitigation activities The only monitoring of this plan that was done took place during the update process. ST -4 Identify, improve, and sustain collaborative programs focusing on the real estate and insurance industries, public and private sector organizations, and individuals to avoid activity that increases risk to natural hazards. The City continued its ACTION program which addresses preparedness for various types of hazards. ST -5 Develop public and private partnerships to foster natural hazard mitigation program coordination and collaboration in City of Arcadia. Through Emergency Operations Center committee meetings and exercises, partnerships between the city and private organizations within the city were developed and maintained. ST -6 Develop inventories of at -risk buildings and infrastructure and prioritize mitigation projects This inventory was developed and has been recently updated. Multi Hazard Lona Term Action Items LT -I Strengthen emergency services preparedness and response by linking emergency services with natural hazard mitigation programs, and enhancing public education on a regional scale. Some of the material in the 2004 plan was utilized in planning EOC exercises. .: LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 PLANNING PROCESS LT -2 Develop, enhance, and implement education programs aimed at mitigating natural hazards, and reducing the risk to citizens, public agencies, private property owners, businesses, and schools. The City continues to promote the ACTION public education program. LT -3 Use technical knowledge of natural ecosystems and events to link natural resource management and land use organizations to mitigation activities and technical assistance. This item has not been completed. J -7 ;c Y� c co o' rD LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 RISK ASSESSMENT What is a Risk Assessment? Conducting a risk assessment can provide information on the location of hazards, the value of existing land and property in hazard locations, and an analysis of the risk to life, property, and the environment that may result from hazardous events. The following steps were taken into consideration during the risk assessment. Hazard Identification This is the description of the geographic extent, potential intensity, and the probability of occurrence of a given hazard. In the plan approved in 2004, the hazards that were identified were: earthquake, landslide, windstorm, wildfire, and flooding. Part of the planning process was to survey residents and stakeholders to see what they felt to be hazards that could impact the City of Arcadia. In addition to the above five hazards, the surveys indicated that three additional hazards could adversely affect the City of Arcadia. These three additional hazards are: Drought, Hazardous Materials Release and Terrorism. Drought was also listed by FEMA in Arcadia's Crosswalk from the 2004 plan as an area to address in our City's local hazard mitigation plan when it came time for revision. There are many possible hazards listed by FEMA in Guide 386 -2, Understanding Your Risks. This Local Hazard Mitigation Plan will only address those hazards listed above. All of the hazards were considered but many were ruled out based on the survey completed by stakeholders and looking back through historical data for this community. Profiling Hazard Events This process describes the causes and characteristics of each hazard, how it has affected the City of Arcadia in the past,. and what part of the City's population, infrastructure, and environment has historically ben vulnerable to each specific hazard. A profile of each hazard is provided in each hazard specific section. For a full description of the history of hazard specific events, please see the appropriate hazard chapter. Vulnerability Assessment/Inventorying Assets This is a combination of hazard identification with an inventory of the existing (or planned) property development(s) and population(s) exposed to a hazard. Critical facilities are of particular concern because these entities provide essential products and services to the general public that are necessary to preserve the welfare and quality of life in the City and fulfill important public safety, emergency response, and /or disaster recovery functions. The critical facilities have been identified, mapped, and are illustrated in the City base map. In addition, this plan includes a community issues summary in each hazard section to identify the most vulnerable and problematic areas in the City, including critical facilities, and other public and private property. Risk Analvsis Estimating potential losses involves assessing the damage, injuries, and financial costs likely to be sustained in a geographic area over a given period of time. Risk Analysis 6 -1 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 RISK ASSESSMENT discusses the possible effect of hazards on parts of the City including but not limited to: bridges, critical infrastructure, dams, businesses, and residential areas. Assessing Vulnerability/ Analyzing Development Trends This step provides a general description of land uses and development trends within the community so that mitigation options can be considered in land use planning and future land use decisions. This plan provides comprehensive description of the character of the City of Arcadia in the Community Profile. This description includes the geography and environment, population and demographics, land use and development, housing and community development, employment and industry, and transportation and commuting patterns. Analyzing these components of City of Arcadia can help in identifying potential problem areas and can serve as a guide for incorporating the goals and ideas contained in this mitigation plan into other community development plans. Maps can be found at the back of each hazard specific section for which the are appropriate. *Infrastructure and critical facilities maps have been withheld due to security concerns post 9 -11. Note: The information on the maps in this plan was derived from City of Arcadia's GIS. Care was taken in the creation of these maps, but is provided "as is" City of Arcadia cannot accept any responsibility for any errors, omissions or positional accuracy, and therefore, there are no warranties that accompany these products (the maps). Although information from land surveys may have been used in the creation of these products, in no way does this product represent or constitute a land survey. Users are cautioned to field verify information on this product before making any decisions. Hazard assessments are subject to the availability of hazard- specific data Gathering data for a hazard assessment requires a commitment of resources on the part of participating organizations and agencies. Each hazard - specific section of the plan includes a section on hazard identification using data and information from City, County or State agency sources. Regardless of the data available for hazard assessments, there are numerous strategies the City can take to reduce risk These strategies are described in the action items detailed in the Mitigation Strategy section of this Plan. Mitigation strategies can further reduce . disruption to critical services, reduce the risk to human life, and alleviate damage to personal and public property and infrastructure. Action items throughout the hazard sections provide recommendations to collect further data to map hazard locations and conduct hazard assessments. Federal Requirements for Risk Assessment Recent federal regulations for hazard mitigation plans outlined in 44 CFR Part 201 include a requirement for risk assessment. This risk assessment requirement is intended 6 -2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 201 O RISK ASSESSMENT to provide information that will help communities to identify and prioritize mitigation activities that will reduce losses from the identified hazards. There are eight hazards profiled in the mitigation plan, including earthquakes, earth movements, flooding, wildfires, windstorms, drought, terrorism, and hazardous materials. The Federal criteria for risk assessment and information on how the City of Arcadia's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan meets those criteria is outlined in Table 3 -2 below. Table 3 -2. Federal Criteria for Risk Assessment Section 322 Plan How is this addressed? Re uirement Identifying Hazards Each hazard section includes an inventory of the best available data sources that identify hazard areas. To the extent GIS data are available, the City developed maps identifying the location of the hazard in the City. The Executive Summary and the Risk Assessment sections of the plan include a list of the hazard maps. Profiling Hazard Events Each hazard section includes documentation of the history, and causes and characteristics of the hazard in the City. Assessing Vulnerability: Where data is available, the vulnerability assessment Identifying Assets for each hazard addressed in the mitigation plan includes an inventory of all publicly owned land within hazardous areas. Each hazard section provides information on vulnerable areas in the City in the Community Issues section_ Each hazard section also identifies potential mitigation strategies. Assessing Vulnerability: The Risk Assessment Section of this mitigation plan Estimating Potential Losses: identifies key critical facilities and lifelines in the City and includes a map of these facilities. Vulnerability assessments have been completed for the hazards addressed in the plan, and quantitative estimates were made for each hazard where data was available. Assessing Vulnerability: The City of Arcadia Profile Section of this plan Analyzing Development provides a description of the development trends in the Trends City, including the geography and environment, population and demographics, land use and development, housing and community development, employment and industry, and transportation and commuting patterns. Critical Facilities and Infrastructure Facilities critical to government response and recovery activities (i.e., life safety and property and environmental protection) include: 911 centers, emergency operations centers, police and fire stations, public works facilities, communications centers, sewer and water facilities, hospitals, bridges and roads, shelters, and facilities that, if damaged, could cause serious secondary impacts may also be considered "critical." A hazardous 6 -3 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 RISK ASSESSMENT material facility is one example of this type of critical facility. Critical and essential facilities are those facilities that are vital to the continued delivery of key government services or that may significantly impact the public's ability to recover from the emergency. These facilities may include: buildings such as the jail, law enforcement center, public services building, community corrections center, the courthouse, and juvenile services building and other public facilities such as schools. The attached charts /maps illustrate the critical facilities, essential facilities, public infrastructure, and emergency transportation routes within the City of Arcadia. Summary Hazard mitigation strategies can reduce the impacts concentrated at large employment and industrial centers, public infrastructure, and critical facilities. Hazard mitigation for industries and employers may include developing relationships with emergency management services and their employees before disaster strikes, and establishing mitigation strategies together. Collaboration among the public and private sector to create mitigation plans and actions can reduce the impacts of disasters. 6 -4 v � _� � c � � T v LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 EARTHQUAKE Definition of an Earthquake A shaking or trembling of the earth that is volcanic or tectonic in origin. Earthquake Related Hazards Ground shaking, landslides, liquefaction, and amplification are the specific hazards associated with earthquakes. The severity of these hazards depends on several factors, including soil and slope conditions, proximity to the fault, earthquake magnitude, and the type of earthquake. Ground Shaking Ground shaking is the motion felt on the earth's surface caused by seismic waves generated by the earthquake. It is the primary cause of earthquake damage. The strength of ground shaking depends on the magnitude of the earthquake, the type of fault, and the distance from the epicenter. Buildings on poorly consolidated and thick soils will typically see more damage than buildings on consolidated soils and bedrock. Earthquake Induced Landslides Earthquake induced landslides are secondary earthquake hazards that occur from ground shaking. Many communities in Southern California have a high likelihood of encountering such risks, especially in areas with steep slopes. Map # 6.a identifies the areas vulnerable to landslides within the city of Arcadia. Liquefaction Liquefaction occurs when ground shaking causes wet granular soils to change from a solid state to a liquid state. This results in the loss of soil strength and the soil's ability to support weight. Buildings and their occupants are at risk when the ground can no longer support these buildings and structures. Many communities in Southern California are built on ancient river bottoms and have sandy soil. In some cases this ground may be subject to liquefaction, depending on the depth of the water table. Map #7.a identifies areas vulnerable to liquefaction within the city of Arcadia. Amplification Soils and soft sedimentary rocks near the earth's surface can modify ground shaking caused by earthquakes. One of these modifications is amplification. Amplification increases the magnitude of the seismic waves generated by the earthquake. The amount of amplification is influenced by the thickness of geologic materials and their physical properties. Buildings and structures built on soft and unconsolidated soils can face greater risk." Amplification can also occur in areas with deep sediment filled basins and on ridge tops. History of Earthquakes in Southern California The most recent significant earthquake event affecting Southern California was the 1994 Northridge Earthquake. On January 17, a very damaging earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7 struck the San Fernando Valley. In the following days and weeks, thousands of aftershocks occurred, causing additional damage to affected structures. 7 -1 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 EARTHQUAKE 57 people were killed and more than 1,500 people seriously injured. For days afterward, thousands of homes and businesses were without electricity, tens of thousands had no gas, and nearly 50,000 had little or no water. Approximately 15,000 structures were moderately to severely damaged, which left thousands of people temporarily homeless. About 66,500 buildings were inspected. Nearly 4,000 were severely damaged and over 11,000 were moderately damaged. Several collapsed bridges and overpasses created commuter havoc on the freeway system. Ground shaking caused extensive damage, but earthquake triggered liquefaction and dozens of fires also caused additional severe damage. This extremely strong ground motion in large portions of Los Angeles County resulted in record economic losses. The earthquake occurred early in the morning on a holiday. This circumstance considerably reduced the potential effects. Many collapsed buildings were unoccupied, and most businesses were not yet open. The direct and indirect economic losses ran into the tens of billions of dollars. Historical and geological records show that California has a long history of seismic events. Southern California is probably best known for the San Andreas Fault, a 400 mile long fault running from the Mexican border to a point offshore, west of San Francisco. "Geologic studies show that over the past 1,400 to 1,500 years large earthquakes have occurred at about 130 year intervals on the southern San Andreas Fault. As the last large earthquake on the southern San Andreas occurred in 1857, that section of the fault is considered a likely location for an earthquake within the next few decades. ""' San Andreas is only one of dozens of known earthquake faults that criss -cross Southern California. Some of the better -known faults include the Newport- Inglewood, Whittier, Chatsworth, Elsinore, Hollywood, Los Alamitos, and Palos Verdes faults. Beyond the known faults, there are a potentially large number of "blind" faults that underlie the surface of Southern California. One'such blind fault was involved in the Whittier Narrows earthquake in October 1987. Although the most famous of the faults, the San Andreas, is capable of producing an earthquake with a magnitude of 8+ on the Richter scale, some of the "lesser" faults have the potential to inflict greater damage on the urban core of the Los Angeles Basin. Seismologists believe that a 6.0 earthquake on the Newport- Inglewood would result in far more death and destruction than a "great" quake on the San Andreas, because the San Andreas is relatively remote from the urban centers of Southern California. Refer to the following table 7.1 of Earthquake Events in the Southern California Region. Table: 7.1 Southern California Earthquakes with a Magnitude 5.0 or Greater since 1960 1971 San Fernando 1992 Landers 2001 Anza 1.973 Point Mugu 1992 Big Bear 2003 Big Bear 1986 North Palm Springs 1994 Northridge 12004 Parkfield 1987 Whittier Narrows 1999 Hector Mine 2008 Chino Hills 7 -2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 201 O EARTHQUAKE History of Earthquakes in the City of Arcadia The most recent large -scale destruction to strike Arcadia was during the 1994 earthquake. Although the City's businesses, residences, and infrastructure suffered only Iight damage it is estimated that the event directly or indirectly affected about 3% of the City's 53,000 residents. The City sought and received a County, State, and Presidential Disaster Declaration to obtain assistance for its recovery effort. Even though the earthquake was not a strong event, it showed that a large disaster would affect the City's ability to respond and repair large -scale damage without the assistance of the county, state, and federal government. Even though a lesser known fault line, the Raymond Fault, is only predicted to have a major rupture about once every 4500 years it still crosses right through the City of Arcadia, and there are even a couple of schools sitting directly on the Fault itself. The last major rupture of the Raymond Fault occurred sometime in the last 2000 years. However the most recent notable seismic activity of the Fault occurred in the southern area of Pasadena with a magnitude of 5.0. Even though there were only a few minor injuries and slight damage reported, the Raymond Fault still has the potential to cause severe damage to the City of Arcadia and its residents. A more well know fault that crosses through the north end of Arcadia is the Sierra Madre Fault Line. Though its last major rupture occurred in the Holocene era and it is predicted to have major seismic activity about once every several thousand years it could still cause great damage to the City of Arcadia and its neighboring communities. Although the Clamshell - Sawpit Canyon Fault does not cross directly through Arcadia it should still be considered a great threat to the community. On June 28, 1991 seismic activity of about a 5.8 magnitude occurred on the Clamshell - Sawpit Canyon Fault, an offshoot of the Sierra Madre fault zone in the San Gabriel Mountains. " Because of its depth and moderate size, it caused no surface rupture, but it did trigger rockslides that blocked some of the local mountain roads. Roughly $40 million in property damage occurred in the San Gabriel Valley; unreinforced masonry buildings were hardest hit, and many brick chimneys collapsed. Two deaths resulted from this earthquake -- one person was killed in Arcadia, and one person in Glendale died from a heart attack. In all, at least 100 others were injured, though the injuries were mostly minor. Earthquake Hazard Assessment The San Gabriel Valley is littered with both surface and blind fault lines. Though the Raymond and Sierra Madre Fault Lines cross directly through the City of Arcadia there a many other faults that pose a great risk to the community including but not limited to the Clamshell - Sawpit, San Gabriel, and San Andreas Faults. Many organizations, in partnership with other state and federal agencies, have undertaken a rigorous program in California to identify seismic hazards and risks including active fault identification, bedrock shaking, tsunami inundation zones, ground motion amplification, liquefaction, and earthquake induced landslides. Seismic hazard maps have been published and are available for many communities in California through the State Division of Mines and Geology. Maps 7.b — 7.d illustrate the known earthquake faults in Southern California, San Gabriel Valley, and Arcadia. 7 -3 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 EARTHQUAKE The City of Arcadia is at risk from many fault lines throughout California. The following table 7.2 shows the distance from Arcadia. Tahle 7 2 Distances and Estimated Earthquake Strengths for Regional Faults Fault Name Approximate Distance from Arcadia Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE) Sierra Madre 0 miles 6.7 MCE Raymond 0 miles 6.5 MCE Clamshell - Sawpit 1 mile 6.5 MCE San Gabriel 4 miles 7.0 MCE Verdugo 8 miles 6.7 MCE Whittier -North Elsinore 10 miles 7.0 MCE Elysian Park 11 miles 6.7 MCE Santa Monica - Hollywood 13 miles 6.6 MCE San Jose 14 miles 6.5 MCE Chino 18 miles 6.7 MCE San Andreas (Mojave section) 21 miles 7.1 MCE Cucamonga 22 miles 7.0 MCE Newport-Inglewood 23 miles 6.9 MCE Oak Ridge 24 miles 6.9 MCE Newport- Inglewood (offshore) 26 miles 6.9 MCE Risk Analysis Risk analysis involves estimating the damage and costs likely to be experienced in a geographic area over a period of time ". Factors included in assessing earthquake risk include population and property distribution in the hazard area, the frequency of earthquake events, landslide susceptibility, buildings, infrastructure, and disaster preparedness of the region. This type of analysis can generate estimates of the damages to the region due to an earthquake event in a specific location. FEMA's software program, HAZUS, uses mathematical formulas and information about building stock, local geology and the location and size of potential earthquakes, economic data, and other information to estimate losses from a potential earthquake. "° The HAZUS software is available from FEMA at no cost. The City of Arcadia has plans to access and utilize HAZUS in April 2012. Maps 47.e — 7.h indicate the probability of an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0 or greater occurring in the next five, ten, twenty, and fifty years. Damages for a large earthquake almost anywhere in Southern California are likely to run into the billions of dollars. Although building codes are some of the most stringent in the world, ten's of thousands of older existing buildings were built under much less rigid codes. California has laws affecting unreinforced masonry buildings (URM's) and although many building owners have retrofitted their buildings, hundreds of pre -1933 buildings still have not been brought up to current standards. All existing uncensored masonry buildings in the City of Arcadia have been seismically retrofitted to comply with the "1 990 Revised Model Ordinance for the Seismic Retrofit of Hazardous unreinforced Masonry Buildings" as developed by the Sate of California Seismic Safety Commission. 7 -4 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 20 10 EARTHQUAKE Economic Impact The City of Arcadia has a total assessed valuation of $10,203,490,662.00. This can be further broken into: Residential properties valued at $8,397,783,499.00 Commercial properties valued at $1,165,398,807.00 Other properties valued at $ 640,302,356.00 Since an earthquake could affect any portion of the city, until further study utilizing HAZUS software is done, only the total assessed valuation for the city is available. Arcadia's Current Mitigation of Earthquake Hazards Earthquake damage occurs because humans have built structures that cannot withstand severe shaking. Buildings, airports, schools, and lifelines (highways and utility lines) suffer damage in earthquakes and can cause death or injury to humans. The welfare of homes, major businesses, and public infrastructure is very important. Addressing the reliability of buildings, critical facilities, and infrastructure, and understanding the potential costs to government, businesses, and individuals as a result of an earthquake, are-challenges faced by the city. Dams There are a total of 103 dams in Los Angeles County, owned by 23 agencies or organizations, ranging from the Federal government to Home Owner Associations. Viii These dams hold billions of gallons of water in reservoirs. Releases of water from the major reservoirs are designed to protect Southern California from floodwaters and to store domestic water. Seismic activity can compromise the dam structures, and the resultant flooding could cause catastrophic flooding. Following the 1971 Sylmar earthquake the Lower Van Norman Darn showed signs of structural compromise, and tens of thousands of persons had to be evacuated until the dam could be drained. The dam has never been refilled. There are portions of the City that are located within the flood hazard areas (or inundation areas) of three (3) dams, including the Eaton Wash Dam in East Pasadena, the Santa Anita Dam, which is located in the Nation Forest above Arcadia, and the Saw-pit Dam, which is located in Monrovia. A portion of the Sierra Madre Dam hazard area is also located within the City limits but the dam was recently modified and no longer poses a potential threat to the City. See map 7.i — 7.j — Fire and Flooding Hazards from the City of Arcadia General Plan. For further information on dams and flood waters please see Section 8 Flooding Hazards. Infrastructure and Communication Residents in the City ofArcadia commute frequently by automobiles and public transportation such as buses and light rail. An earthquake can greatly damage bridges and roads, hampering emergency response efforts and the normal movement of people and goods. Damaged infrastructure strongly affects the economy of the community 7 -5 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 EARTHQUAKE because it disconnects people from work, school, food, and leisure, and separates businesses from their customers and suppliers. Bridge Damage Even modern bridges can sustain damage during earthquakes, leaving them unsafe for use. Some bridges have failed completely due to strong ground motion. Bridges are a vital transportation link - with even minor damages making some areas inaccessible. Because bridges vary in size, materials, location and design, any given earthquake will affect them differently. Bridges built before the mid-1970's have a significantly higher risk of suffering structural damage during a moderate to large earthquake compared with those built after 1980 when design improvements were made. The FHWA requires that bridges on the National Bridge Inventory be inspected every 2 years. CalTrans checks when the bridges are inspected because they administer the Federal funds for bridge projects. Even though the bridges in the City of Arcadia are state, county, or privately owned (including railroad bridges) all of the inspected bridges earned a Satisfactory rating or better, with most of them earning an Excellent rating on the 2009 the biennial bridge inspection conducted by Los Angeles County. Chart 6.k shows the date of all inspections and the rating received, representing that all inspected bridges in Arcadia meet current seismic standards and are without need for further mitigation. Damage to Lifelines Lifelines are the connections between communities and outside services. They include water and gas lines, transportation systems, electricity, and communication networks. Ground shaking and amplification can cause pipes to break open, power lines to fall, roads and railways to crack or move, and radio and telephone communication to cease. Disruption to transportation makes it especially difficult to bring in supplies or services. Lifelines need to be usable after an earthquake to allow for rescue, recovery, and rebuilding efforts and to relay important information to the public. The following projects have been completed following recommendations made in the City of Arcadia and Sierra Madre Water Infrastructure Restoration Special Study, prepared by the Army Corps of Engineers in 1997. The study provided an assessment of the existing system(s) and their expected performance following a design -based earthquake. Based on the results, recommendations were made to improve performance of the system. Three alternatives were proposed for Arcadia to recommend projects with measurable system improvement. Since the completion of the report, Arcadia has been working to address the various recommendations provided in all three alternatives using local funds and federal grants. The priority of focus of projects has been Storage, Supply, and Distribution. As can be seen from the following list, the majority of work has addressed projects related to Storage and Supply. Future projects will focus more heavily on Distribution. 7 -6 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 20'1 O EARTHQUAKE 1997 Army Corps of Engineers — Seismic Reliability Study for Sierra Madre and Arcadia 1998 Canyon Booster Station Upgrade with standby 1999 generation Upper Canyon Reservoir (Replaced existing reservoirs) 2000 Santa Anita Booster Pump Station U d3esu standby generation St. Joseph Well No.2 (addition of a Zone St. Joseph Booster Pump tation U h a p Upgrade with standby generation Seismic Rehabilitation of Santa Anita Reservoir No.3 with addition of seismic sensors Chapman Well No.7 with back -up generation (addition of Zone 2 supply) 12" Interconnect Line with Sierra Madre (mutual aid) 2001 Pressure Reducing Stations between Zones 1 & 2 and Zones 3 & 4 2003 (provides for transfer of water between pressure zones) St. Joseph Reservoir No.3 (replacement of Res. No. l and addition of 1.85 MG storage) 2004 Santa Anita, Res. No.4 (replacement of Reservoirs 1 and 2 and addition of 1.5 MG storage) 2005 Orange Grove Booster Pump Station w/ backup generation 2006 Camino Real Booster bump Station w/ backup generation Disruption of Critical Services Critical facilities include police stations, fire stations, hospitals, shelters, and other facilities that provide important services to the community. These facilities and their services need to be functional after an earthquake event. Many critical facilities are housed in older buildings that are not up to current seismic codes. However, all critical public buildings in Arcadia have been built to code and are considered seismically sound. Individual Preparedness Because the potential for earthquake occurrences and earthquake related property damage is relatively high in the City of Arcadia, increasing individual preparedness is a significant need. Strapping down heavy furniture, water heaters, and expensive personal property, as well as being earthquake insured, and anchoring buildings to foundations are just a few steps individuals can take to prepare for an earthquake. The residents and business owners of Arcadia can visit any fire station to obtain literature on earthquake preparedness and survival. Fire Downed power lines or broken gas mains can trigger fires. Major incidents will demand a larger share of resources, and initially smaller fires and problems will receive little or insufficient resources in the initial hours after a major earthquake event. Loss of electricity may cause a loss of water pressure in some communities, further hampering firefighting ability. In the event of an earthquake the Arcadia Fire Department has an Earthquake Policy. The policy states: when and where off -duty personnel should report, initial tasks of on duty personnel, and provides initial assignments for determining the amount of damage the City and its occupants suffered. The City of Arcadia also has a 7 -7 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 EARTHQUAKE Disaster Recall Policy encompassing all departments which details when and where City Employees are to report and the responsibilities of each person. Debris After damage to a variety of structures, much time is spent cleaning up brick, glass, wood, steel or concrete building elements, office and home contents, and other materials. Developing a strong debris management strategy is essential in post- disaster recovery. Occurrence of a disaster does not exempt the City of Arcadia from compliance with AB 939 regulations. Buildings The built environment is susceptible to damage from earthquakes. Buildings that collapse can trap and bury people. Lives are at risk and the cost to clean up the damages is great. In most California communities, including the city of Arcadia, many buildings were built before 1993 when building codes were not as strict. In addition, retrofitting is not required except under certain conditions and can be expensive. Therefore, the number of buildings at risk remains high. The California Seismic Safety Commission makes annual reports on the progress of the retrofitting of unreinforced masonry buildings. All unreinforced masonry buildings both publicly and privately owned in are Arcadia have been retrofitted to meet current standards. City of Arcadia Codes Implementation of earthquake mitigation policy most often takes place at the local government level. The City of Arcadia Development Services Department enforces building codes pertaining to earthquake hazards. The City of Arcadia has adopted the 2007 California Building Code. Therefore, all earthquake hazard mitigation measures specified in the Code are enforced by the City of Arcadia for new and remodeled buildings and structures. This ensures that all buildings be built and remodeled at the most current seismic standards. Example: The following sections of the CBC address the earthquake hazards: 1605, 1 (Distribution of Horizontal Sheer); 1605.2 (Stability against Overturning); 1626 (Seismic); 1605.3 (Anchorage); and 1632, 1633, 1633.9 deal with specific earthquake hazards. Generally, these codes seek to discourage development in areas that could be prone to flooding, landslide, wildfire and / or seismic hazards; and where development is permitted, that the applicable construction standards are met. Developers in hazard -prone areas may be required to retain a qualified professional engineer to evaluate level of risk on the site and recommend appropriate mitigation measures. The City of Arcadia also requires that site - specific seismic hazard investigations be performed for new essential facilities, major structures, hazardous facilities, and special occupancy structures such as schools, hospitals, and emergency response facilities. 7 -8 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 201 O EARTHQUAKE Businesses /Private Sector Seismic activity can create economic loss that presents a burden to large and small shop owners who may have difficulty recovering from their losses. When a company is forced to stop production for just a day, the economic loss can be tremendous. In fact, of all businesses which close following a disaster, more than forty -three percent never reopen, and an additional twenty -nine percent close for good within the next two years." The Institute of Business and Home Safety has developed "Open for Business ", which is a disaster planning toolkit to help guide businesses in preparing for and dealing with the adverse affects of natural hazards. The kit integrates protection from natural disasters into the company's risk reduction measures to safeguard employees, customers, and the investment itself. The guide helps businesses secure human and physical resources during disasters, and helps to develop strategies to maintain business continuity before, during, and after a disaster occurs. The City of Arcadia has plans to work with the Chamber of Commerce and local business owners to encourage businesses to prepare for disasters by incorporating the "Open for Business" program. Hospitals "The Alfred E. Alquist Hospital Seismic Safety Act ( "Hospital Act ") was enacted in 1973 in response to the moderate Magnitude 6.6 Sylmar Earthquake in 1971 when four major hospital campuses were severely damaged and evacuated. Two hospital buildings collapsed killing forty seven people. Three others were killed in another hospital that nearly collapsed. In approving the Act, the Legislature noted that: Hospitals, that house patients who have less than the capacity of normally healthy persons to protect themselves, and that must be reasonably capable of providing services to the public after a disaster, shall be designed and constructed to resist, insofar as practical, the forces generated by earthquakes, gravity and winds. (Health and Safety Code Section 129680) When the Hospital Act was passed in 1973, the State anticipated that, based on the regular and timely replacement of aging hospital facilities, the majority of hospital buildings would be in compliance with the Act's standards within 25 years. However, hospital buildings were not, and are not, being replaced at that anticipated rate. In fact, the great majority of the State's urgent care facilities are now more than 40 years old. The moderate Magnitude 6.7 Northridge Earthquake in 1994 caused $3 billion in hospital- related damage and evacuations. Twelve hospital buildings constructed before the Act were cited (red tagged) as unsafe for occupancy after the earthquake. Those hospitals that had been built in accordance with the 197' ) Hospital Act were very successful in resisting structural damage. However, nonstructural damage (for example, plumbing and ceiling systems) was still extensive in those post -1973 buildings Senate Bill 1953 ( "SB 193 "), enacted in 1994 after the Nortlu-idGe Earthquake, expanded the scope of the 1973 Hospital Act. Under SB 1953, all hospitals are required, 7 -9 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 EARTHQUAKE as of January 1, 2008, to survive earthquakes without collapsing or posing the threat of significant loss of life. The 1994 Act further mandates that all existing hospitals be seismically evaluated, and retrofitted, if needed, by 2030, so that they are in substantial compliance with the Act (which requires that the hospital buildings be reasonably capable of providing services to the public after disasters). SB 195' ) applies to all urgent care facilities (including those built prior to the 1973 Hospital Act) and affects approximately 2,500 buildings on 475 campuses. The Seismic Safety Commission Evaluation of the State's Hospital Seismic Safety Policies In 2001, recognizing the continuing need to assess the adequacy of policies, and the application of advances in technical knowledge and understanding, the California Seismic Safety Commission created an Ad Hoc Committee to re- examine the compliance with the Alquist Hospital Seismic Safety Act. The formation of the Committee was also prompted by the recent evaluations of hospital buildings reported to OSHPD that revealed that a large percentage (40 %) of California's operating hospitals are in the highest category of collapse risk." California Earthquake Mitigation Legislation California Legislature has passed laws to strengthen the built environment and protect the citizens. Table 7.3 provides a sampling of some of the 200 plus laws in the State's codes. Table: 7.3 Partial List of the Over 200 California Laws on Earthquake Safety Government Code Section Creates Seismic Safety Commission. 8870 - 8870.95 Health and Safety Code The Seismic Safety Commission and State Architect will Section 16100 -16110 develop a state policy on acceptable levels of earthquake risk for new and existing state -owned buildings. Government Code Section Established the California Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act 8871- 8871.5 of 1986. Health and Safety Code Defined earthquake performance standards for hospitals. Section 130000- 130025 Public Resources Code Established the California Earthquake Education Project. Section 2805 -2808 Government Code Section Created the Earthquake Safety and Public Buildings 8878.50- 8878.52 8878.50. Rehabilitation Bond Act of 1990. Education Code Section Established emergency procedure systems in kindergarten 35295 -35297 35295. through grade 12 in all the public or private schools. Health and Safety Code Established standards for seismic retrofitting of unreinforced Section 19160 -19169 masonry buildings. Health and Safety Code Required all child day care facilities to include an Earthquake Section 1596.80 - 1596.879 Preparedness Checklist as an attachment to their disaster plan. Source: http: / /www.leginfo.ca.gov /calaw.html 7 -10 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 201 O EARTHQUAKE Earthquake Resource Directory Local and Regional Resources Los AnLyeles Countv Public Works Department Level: County Hazard: Multi http: / /Iadpw.orc, 900 S. Fremont Ave. Alhambra, CA 91803 Ph: 626 -458 -5100 Fx: Notes: The Los Angeles County Department of Public Works protects property and promotes public safety through Flood Control, Water Conservation, Road Maintenance, Bridges, Buses and Bicycle Trails, Building and Safety, Land Development, Waterworks, Sewers, Engineering, Capital Projects and Airports Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) Level: Regional Hazard: Earthquake 3651 Trousdale Parkway Los Angeles, CA 90089 -0742 www.scec.org Suite 169 Ph: 213-740-5843 . Fx: 2133/740-0011 Notes: The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) gathers new information about earthquakes in Southern California, integrates this information into a comprehensive and predictive understanding of earthquake phenomena, and communicates this understanding to end -users and the general public in order to increase earthquake awareness, reduce economic losses, and save lives. State Resources California Department of Transportation (CalTrans) Level: State Hazard: Multi http: / /www.dot.ca.gov/ 120 S. Spring Street Los Angeles, CA 90012 Ph: 213-897-3656 Fx: Notes: CalTrans is responsible for the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of the California State Highway System, as well as that portion of the Interstate Highway System within the state's boundaries. Alone and in partnership with Amtrak, CalTrans is also involved in the support of intercity passenger rail service in California. California Resources Agency Level: State Hazard: Multi http: / /resources.ca.gov/ 1416 Ninth Street Suite 1311 Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916 - 653 -5656 Fx: Notes: The California Resources Agency restores, protects and manages the state's natural, historical and cultural resources for current and future generations using solutions based on science, collaboration and respect for all the communities and interests involved. 7-11 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 EARTHQUAKE California Division of Mines and Geology (DMG) Level: State Hazard: Multi www.consrv.ca.gov /cgs /index.htm 801 K Street MS 12 -30 Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916- 445 -1825 Fx: 916 - 445 -5718 Notes: The California Geological Survey develops and disseminates technical information and advice on California's geology, geologic hazards, and mineral resources. California Department of Conservation: Southern California Regional Office Level: State Hazard: Multi www.consrv.ca.gov 655 S. Hope Street #700 Los Angeles, CA 90017 -2321 Ph: 213 -239 -0878 Fx: 213 -239 -0984 Notes: The Department of Conservation provides services and information that promote environmental health, economic vitality, informed land -use decisions and sound management of our state's natural resources. California Planning Information Network Level: State Hazard: Multi www.calpin.ca.gov Notes: The Governor's Office of Planning and Research (OPR) publishes basic information on local planning agencies, known as the California Planners' Book of Lists. This local planning information is available on -line with new search capabilities and up- to- the - minute updates. Governor's Office of Emergency Services (OES) Level: State Hazard: Multi www.oes.ca.gov P.O. Box 419047 Rancho Cordova, CA 95741 -9047 Ph: 916 845- 8911 Fx: 916 845- 8910 Notes: The Governor's Office of Emergency Services coordinates overall state agency response to major disasters in support of local government. The office is responsible for assuring the state's readiness to respond to and recover from natural, manmade, and war - caused emergencies, and for assisting local governments in their emergency preparedness, response and recovery efforts. 7 -12 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 201 O EARTHQUAKE Federal and National Resources Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC) Level: National Hazard: Earthquake 1090 Vermont Ave., NW Washington, DC 20005 www.bssconline.org Suite 700 Ph: 202 -289 -7800 Fx: 202 -289 -109 Notes: The Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC) develops and promotes building earthquake risk mitigation regulatory provisions for the nation Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region IX Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.fema.gov 1111 Broadway Suite 1200 Oakland, CA 94607 Ph: 510 -627 -7100 Fx: 510 -627 -7112 Notes: The Federal Emergency Management Agency is tasked with responding to, planning for, recovering from and mitigating against disasters. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Mitigation Division Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www .fema.gov /fima/planhowto.shtm 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202 -566 -1600 Fx: Notes: The Mitigation Division manages the National Flood Insurance Program and oversees FEMA's mitigation programs. It has a number of programs and activities which provide citizens Protection, with flood insurance; Prevention, with mitigation measures and Partnerships, with communities throughout the country United States Geological Survey Level: Federal Hazard: Multi http: / /www.usgs.gov/ 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 Ph: 650- 853 -8300 Fx: Notes: The USGS provides reliable scientific information to describe and understand the Earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources; and enhance and protect our quality of life. Western States Seismic Policy Council (WSSPC) Level: Regional 125 California Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94306 Hazard: Earthquake www.wsspc.org/home.html Suite D201, 41 Ph: 650 -330 -1101 Fx: 650-326-1769 Notes: WSSPC is a regional earthquake consortium funded mainly by FEMA. Its website is a -Teat resource, with information clearly categorized - from policy to engineering to education. 7 -13 LOCAL HAZARD MITIG=ATION PLAN 2010 EARTHQUAKE Institute for Business & Home Safety Level: National Hazard: Multi http: / /www.ibhs.orc,/ 4775 E. Fowler Avenue Tampa, FL 33617 Ph: 813 -286 -3400 Fx: 813 -286 -9960 The Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) is a nonprofit association that engages in communication, education, engineering and research. The Institute works to reduce deaths, injuries, property damage, economic losses and human suffering caused by natural disasters. Works Cited I http: / /www.merriam- webster.com/ " Planning for Natural Hazards: The California Technical Resource Guide, Department of Land Conservation and Development (July 2000) ' llttp: / /pubs.usgs.gov /gip /earthg3 /when.html 'v (Haukson, 1994) V http: / /www. data. scee .org /chrono_index/sierrama.html V' Burby, R. (Ed.) Cooperating with Nature: Confronting Natural Hazards with Land Use Planning for Sustainable Communities (1998), Washington D.C., Joseph Henry Press. V" FEMA HAZUS http://www.fema.cov/hazus/hazus2.11tm (May 2001). Viii Source: Los Angeles County Public Works Department, March 2004 ix. Institute for Business and Home Safety Resources (April 2001), 7 -14 7.a I I I �y0� p0 AIj . f j _ al ELKINS... AV \GRAND VIEW `; P ¢;5IE MADRE HL P O W HIGHLANp OAK52 ' I . q ELEM m .. 0 suno� `GRtlVE y,. Q' 1 j•. 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PRIMARY — _ os HUNTING70t1 DR Scm SLR xu cA � M Q ✓ JSHTF In,AYEN 1< LE ❑ \. \.\ ��• Yi tELEMGO tSERENOIPRY' • 3 - � e 2 ° ..� .. scHaa E x`71 \\\ Y,14 m c uRER cr 1 J� co r,., nuns HUNTINGTON - -.Yc C sERwcas .. n.,. m r T CAMPUS DR " k .t, \\ XX > \ \ \ \ RO • 1 \ tl Z AVENUE RIC VI JRHS rVA �CAMIN(S, \:\ \�\ \� \ \\ i - a M — AMINO. -- _,REAL I.f.15 \NIiFI Fi(.H INI }' -'� - p1( _ Q a• _. :� F� \ \\ \ \ \` "t ELEM LONGDEN AV _ r �.\,.' -\ \\ \ \` \� \ \`. �. -- - i - 1° E° - - L ' . LAS TUNAS DR B� _. TF' IL r� IT'. I { I IT If'l \'I I; [t ELF �I .gyp. •�.� BL LEGEND SANTA ANITA DAM INUNDATION AREA I LL MORRIS S. JONES RESERVOIR INUNDATION AREA SIERRA MADRE DAM INUNDATION AREA J�P no SAWPIT DAM INUNDATION AREA DUARTL - - _ -y Los C 1111 LEGEND: TemPic cry i - _ i .1• ®City of Arcadia Sphere of Influence *. I_ Fire Hazard Boundary IN Extremely High Fire Hazard J ' q High Fire Hazard LnSTU! ^S - e _-- s , —I ® Low Fire Hazard Santa Anita Dam + ''• nm o Temple Inundation Area n y City d . •Car > Moms S. Janes Reservoir n t.yr' J * _ G O r yInundation Area o�M ® Sierra Madre Dam <� nz Inundation Area Sat—it Dam Inundation Area PUBLIC FACILITIES: Angclar National Forst rr• Public Facility C Library O Police Station cs Los Mgeles County Q Fire Station +1 Middle School 0 Hospital ns -.......... .. ..... ...... City of �® City Hall ET Park- Sierra Madre rF - rt Community Center SANTO A O ►{+ CANYON A c ® 1 v ( � ®� � �Rtsm � LctrdnAcltr `' • F7nad Conrrol L � , u _ ELI:INS GRANDVIEW AVE. 'r 1 z ! I ! I City of c VI MADRE BL , j c/ Monrovia I Clty"n "> M° �y Pasadcna�< city ,f = °Sierra > Z� ORANGE Mad¢ GR OVE AVE. • ' j FOOrF fI L - - -- 21U FOOTI l '• L BLVD. �:'_: — -- - rt COLD�DO I rt I- -... - i I Ar�¢ei i � � � ` .`" 7 COLORADO BLVD. jLos es C. • M, — i \ HUNTINGTON DR. PL, CALIFORNIA BLVD. fl Arralm �� i—_ Sawa P�'a'o Fwk- `p'' -_� r� .. -' - Part :' •r >r , Saran Inca '_ } -.Y4] ., `'•. -- CAMPUS DR •Q I I 1 rn< .'•;_ _ J I , DUARTL - - _ -y Los C 1111 LEGEND: TemPic cry i - _ i .1• ®City of Arcadia Sphere of Influence *. I_ Fire Hazard Boundary IN Extremely High Fire Hazard J ' q High Fire Hazard LnSTU! ^S - e _-- s , —I ® Low Fire Hazard Santa Anita Dam + ''• nm o Temple Inundation Area n y City d . •Car > Moms S. Janes Reservoir n t.yr' J * _ G O r yInundation Area o�M ® Sierra Madre Dam <� nz Inundation Area Sat—it Dam Source: ENVICOM, April, 1975. 4 0 u H v Clrtyy of � El Ivlante o LSD e i Fire and Flooding Hazards 0' 1200' 2400' City of Irwindale DUARTE ILD. CAMINO REAL AVE. EN AVE, AVE. <t' v V L D�?IL�p �4C 1.vs" .s 9/3/9G(CTA502 ) Figure 5 -2 Tj Inundation Area PUBLIC FACILITIES: rr• Public Facility C Library O Police Station cs Elementary School Q Fire Station +1 Middle School 0 Hospital ns High School City Hall ET Park- Community Center Source: ENVICOM, April, 1975. 4 0 u H v Clrtyy of � El Ivlante o LSD e i Fire and Flooding Hazards 0' 1200' 2400' City of Irwindale DUARTE ILD. CAMINO REAL AVE. EN AVE, AVE. <t' v V L D�?IL�p �4C 1.vs" .s 9/3/9G(CTA502 ) Figure 5 -2 Tj 7.k City of Arcadia Summay of Bridge Sufficiancy Ratings Per County of Los Angeles biennial Inspection Inspection date of August 10 2009 Thomas County State Guide Sufficicy Rating Bridge No. Bridge No. Location Page Rating Description 1270 53C0088 Peck Rd / 5awpit Wash 597G3 .21Ve' G0 d 2560 53C0305 Second Ave / Santa Anita Wash 567D4 :7 6.2 Excellent 2504 53C0306 Colorado BI J/ Santa Anita Wash 567D4 1566H4 94.6 Excellent I 2417 53C0312 Baldwin Ave / AT Santa Fe R/R Br. 567134 n.a. 2099 53C0315 Michilinda Ave / Santa Fe R/R Br. n.a. 2575 53C0396 Foothill BI / Santa Anita Wash 567D3 83.4 VeryGood 1064 53C0437 Las Tunas Dr / Arcadia Wash 597C3 94.4 Excellent 1232 53C0438 Live Oak Ave] Santa Anita Wash 597E2 94.9 Excellent 1076 53C0499 Duarte Rd / Arcadia Wash 567C7 88.8 VeryGood 2572 53C0527 Santa Avita Ave / Sierra Madre Wash 567D3 96 Excellent 694 53C0595 Sierra Mader BI / Sierra Madre Wash 567C2 85.5 VeryGood 716 53C0596 Colorado BI / SCRRA Railroad Br 567C4 n.a. 1074 53C0603 El Monte Ave / Arcadia Wash 567C7 96.5 Excellent 1077 53C0631 Campus Dr / Arcadia Wash 567C6 95.2 Excellent 1068 53C0633 Londgen Ave / Arcadia Wash 597C2 92.6 Excellent 1063 53C0635 Live Oak Ave / Arcadia Wash 597C3 94.5 Excellent 1073 53C0636 Camino Real / Arcadia Wash 597C1 94.4 Excellent 1128 53C0650 Huntington Dr j/ Arcadia Wash 567C6 94.8 Excellent 1129 53C0651 Huntington Dr / Arcadia Wash 567C6 95.7 Excellent 1212 53CO655 Camino Real / Santa Anita Wash 567F7 95.7 Excellent 1233 53CO683 Longden Ave / Santa Anita Wash 597F2 94 Excellent 1065153C1424 Sandra Ave / Arcadia Wash 597C2 88.3 VeryGood 1066153C1425 Woodruff Ave / Arcadia Wash 597C2 96.9 Excellent 1067153C1426 Palm Dr / Arcadia Wash 597C2 94.1 Excellent 1069153C1427 Las Flores Ave / Arcadia Wash 597C1 96.9 Excellent 1070153C1428 Wistaria Ave / Arcadia Wash 597C1 96.6 Excellent 1071 53C1429 Lemon Ave / Arcadia Wash 597C1 96.4 Excellent 1072153C1430 Norman Ave / Arcadia Wash 597C1 96.9 Excellent 1075153C1431 Le Roy Ave / Arcadia Wash 567C7 96.8 Excellent 2503153C1566 Santa Clara St / Equestrian Tn 567E5 96.5 Excellent 2574 53C1571 Sycamore Ave / Santa Anita Wash 567D3 94.8 Excellent 2438153C 18 14 Huntington Dr l/ Santa Anita Wash 567E7 69.2 Satisfactory 2577153C 1909 Huntington Dr l/ SCRRA Railroad Br 567D7 n.a. 3712 53C1910 PO Methodist Hosp / Huntington Dr Wb 56766 n.a. 11 57 53C1911 Colorado F:111/ Arcadia WH EB 567C5 95.1 Excellent 2501153C1912 Colorado 131 1/ Arcadia WH 028C4 95.4 Excellent 2419153C1 913 Colorado BI J/ Baldwin Ave 567134 90.4 Excellent �� _� o = o c' n. LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 FLOOD Definition of Flooding A rising and overflowing of a body of water especially onto normally dry land.' Flood Related Hazards Flooding occurs when climate, geology, and hydrology combine to create conditions where water flows outside of its usual course. While the City of Arcadia has some of these conditions, it has been fortunate enough to have never experienced flooding in the City. Winter Rainfall Over the last 125 years, the average annual rainfall in Los Angeles has been 14.9 inches. But the term "average" means very little as the annual rainfall during this time period has ranged from only 4.35 inches in 2001 -2002 to 38.2 inches in 1883 -1884. In fact, in only fifteen of the past 125 years, has the annual rainfall been within plus or minus 10% of the 14.9 inch average. And in only 38 years has the annual rainfall been within plus or minus 20% of the 14.9 inch average. This makes the Los Angeles basin a land of extremes in terms of annual precipitation. The City of Arcadia is centrally located in the San Gabriel Valley. It is up against the San Gabriel Mountains or hills, which could increase the collection of rainwater. Monsoons Another relatively regular source for heavy rainfall, particularly in the mountains and adjoining cities is from summer tropical storms. Riverine Flooding Riverine flooding is the overbank flooding of rivers and streams. The natural processes of riverine flooding add sediment and nutrients to fertile floodplain areas. Flooding in large river systems typically results from large -scale weather systems that generate prolonged rainfall over a wide geographic area, causing flooding in hundreds of smaller streams, which then drain into the major rivers. Shallow Area Flooding Shallow area flooding is a special type of riverine flooding. FEMA defines shallow flood hazards as areas that are inundated by the 100 -year flood with flood depths of only one to three feet. These areas are generally flooded by low velocity sheet flows of water. 100 -Year Flood The 100 -year flooding event is the flood having a one percent chance of being equaled or exceeded inmagnitude in any given year. Contrary to popular belief, it is not a flood occurring once every 100 years. The 100 -year floodplain is the area adjoining a river, stream, or watercourse covered by water in the event of a 100 -year flood. Urban Flooding As land is converted from fields or woodlands to roads and parking lots, it loses its ability to absorb rainfall. Urbanization of a watershed changes the hydrologic systems of the basin. Heavy rainfall collects and flows faster on impervious concrete and asphalt surfaces. The water moves from the clouds, to the ground, and into streams at a much faster rate in urban areas. Adding these elements to the hydrological systems can result in flood waters that rise very LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 201 O FLOOD rapidly and peak with violent force. Dam Failure Flooding Loss of life and damage to structures, roads, and utilities may result from a dam failure. Economic losses can also result from a lowered tax base and lack of utility profits. These effects could certainly accompany the failure of one of the major dams surrounding the City of Arcadia. There are no dams within the City's boundaries. However, there are portions of the City that are located within the flood hazard areas (or inundation areas) of three (3) dams, including the Eaton Wash Dam in East Pasadena, the Santa Anita Dam, which is located in the Nation Forest above Arcadia, and the Sawpit Dam, which is located in Monrovia. A portion of the Sierra Madre Dam hazard area is also located within the City limits but the dam was recently modified and no longer poses a potential threat to the City. History of Flooding in Southern California There are a number of rivers in the Southern California region, but the river with the best recorded history is the Los Angeles River. The flood history of the Los Angeles River is generally indicative of the flood history of much of Southern California. Records show that since 1811, the Los Angeles River has flooded 30 times, on average once every 6.1 years. But averages are deceiving, for the Los Angeles basin goes through periods of drought and then periods of above average rainfall. Between 1889 and 1891 the river flooded every year, and from 1941 to 1945, the river flooded 5 times. Conversely, from 1896 to 1914, a period of 18 years, and again from 1944 to 1969, a period of 25 years, the river did not have serious floods." 8 -2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 FLOOD Sources: http:/ /www.laic.kl2.ca.us /taraet/units /river /tour/hist.htmi and ( http://w ww. losangelesaim- ac.com/topics /Historv/hiOl i.htm) While the City of Arcadia is 15 miles east of Los Angeles, it is not so far away as to not be affected by the heavy rains that brought flooding to Los Angeles. In addition, the towering mountains that give the Los Angeles region its spectacular views also bring a great deal of rain out of the storm clouds that pass through. Because the mountains are so steep, the rainwater moves rapidly down the slopes and across the coastal plains on its way to the ocean. "The Santa Monica, Santa Susana, and Verdugo mountains, which surround three sides of the valley, seldom reach heights above three thousand feet. The western San Gabriel Mountains, in contrast, have elevations of more than seven thousand feet. These higher ridges often trap eastern- moving winter storms. Although downtown Los Angeles averages just fifteen inches of rain a year, some mountain peaks in the San Gabriels receive more than forty inches of precipitation annually " "' Naturally, this rainfall moves rapidly down stream, often with severe consequences for anything in its path. In extreme cases, flood - generated debris flows will roar down a canyon at speeds near. 40 miles per hour with a wall of mud, debris and water tens of feet high. In Southern California, stories of floods, debris flows, persons buried alive under tons of mud and rock and persons swept away to their death in a river flowing at thirty -five miles an hour are without end. No catalog of chaos could contain all the losses suffered by man and his possessions from the Regions Rivers and streams. Tropical storms have produced significant rainfall in the past century. They have caused damage or total loss to many lives and property. These tropical storms usually coincide with El Nino years. Table 8.2 depicts information about some of the storms that have hit Southern California in recent history. 8 -3 Tropical cyclones that have affected Southern California in recent history Table 8.2 Sept. 1946 30`1 - Oct I,, Southern Mountains up to 4" Aug. 1951 27th - 29th Southern Mountains & Deserts 2" to 5" Sept. 1963 17th - 19th Central & Southern Mountains up to 7" Sept. 1976 l Oth & I 1 th Central & Southern Mountains. Ocotillo, CA was Destroyed 3 Fatalities 6" to 12" Aug. 1977 n/a Los Angeles 2" Mountains up to 8" Sept. 1982 24th - 26th Mountains up to 4" Sept. 1983 20th & 21st Southern Mountains & Deserts up to 3" http: / /www.fema.eov /nwz97 /eln scal.shtm Dam Failure Flooding Dam failure flooding has also caused great loss of life and damage to structures, roads, and utilities. Economic losses can also result from a lowered tax base and lack of utility profits. There have been a total of 45 dam failures in California, since the 19th century. The significant dam failures in Southern California are listed in table 8.3 below. Dam Failures in Southern California Table 8.3 Sheffield Santa Barbara 1925 Earthquake slide Puddingstone Pomona 1926 Overtopping during construction Lake Hemet Palm Springs 1927 Overtopping Saint Francis San Francisquito Canyon 1928 Sudden failure at full capacity through foundation, about 450 deaths Cogswell Monrovia 1934 Breaching of concrete cover Baldwin Hills Los Angeles 1963 Leak through embankment turned into washout, 5 deaths http : / /cee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lund /dams/DaTn History_Page/Failures.htm History of Flooding in Arcadia While the City is not in a designated special flood hazard area, it was most recently affected by a debris flow in winter 2000. This incident was a result of a fire that occurred in December 1999 in the Angeles National Forest north of the City of Arcadia. The U.S. Forestry Service classified the fire as medium intensity that burned off vegetation at the surface level. However, it left the root structures intact. Initial estimates stated that the natural recovery process would take between four to ten years for full restoration of the vegetation and chaparral. Due to the fire, the soil was composed of loose gravel and dirt forming a water repellant coating. At the City's next annual rainfall, debris began to flow down from the burned areas causing damage to local homes. It was estimated that this debris flow could have caused damage to 41 homes totaling approximately $17.7 million in private property damage. The City spent 8 -4 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 FLOOD LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 FLOOD approximately $540,000 to help minimize the damage to private property The City has also experienced Urban Flooding. This occurred during the heavy rains in the mid 90's when the City's sewer system could not handle the amount of water being generated from the storm. The water overflowed onto the City streets but caused little to no damage to any public or private property. Once the rainfall lessened, the sewer system was able once again channel the water through and away from the City. Flooding Hazard Assessment Based upon findings from the Federal Emergency Management Agency as stated in a letter to the then Mayor of the City of Arcadia (dated September 7, 1984), the City of Arcadia has no Special Flood Hazard Areas that exist within the corporate limits of the community. This finding is in compliance with Part 67, Chapter I, title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations. The most current FEMA map confirms that the City of Arcadia is rated area X, areas to be outside the .2% annual chance floodplain and in area D, areas in which flood hazards are undetermined but possible. Due to the fact Arcadia does not have areas considered to be flood prone the City does not have recurring loss properties. However, there are portions of the City that are located within the flood hazard areas (or inundation areas) of three (3) dams, including the Morris S. Jones Reservoir in East Pasadena, the Santa Anita Dam, which is located in the Nation Forest above Arcadia, and the Sawpit Dam, which is located in Monrovia. A portion of the Sierra Madre Darn hazard area is also located within the City limits but the dam was recently modified and no longer poses a potential threat to the City. See Maps 8.a — 8.e for flood inundation areas. Risk Analysis Risk analysis is the third and most advanced phase of a hazard assessment. It builds upon the hazard identification and vulnerability assessment. A flood risk analysis for the City of Arcadia should include two components: (1) the life and value of property that may incur losses from a flood event (defined through the vulnerability assessment); and (2) the number and type of flood events expected to occur over time. Within the broad components of a risk analysis, it is possible to predict the severity of damage from a range of events. Flow velocity models can assist in predicting the amount of damage expected from different magnitudes of flood events. The data used to develop these models is based on hydrological analysis of landscape features. Changes in the landscape, often associated with human development, can alter the flow velocity and the severity of damage that can be expected from a flood event. Using GIS technology and flow velocity models, it is possible to map the damage that can be expected from flood events over time. It is also possible to pinpoint the effects of certain flood events on individual properties. Economic Impact There are four dam inundation zones that impact the City of Arcadia. As mentioned in this section, the zones are Morris S. Jones Reservoir hlundation Area, Santa Anita Dam Inundation Area, Sierra Madre Dam Inundation Area, and Sawpit Dam Inundation. For this analysis, the Sierra Madre and Sawpit Dam areas are looked at together and labeled as the Flood Zone North. The Sawpit Dam area is labeled as Flood Zone South. 8 -5 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 FLOOD The assessed valuation for the three areas are as follows; Flood Zone South $217,488,397 Flood Zone North $549,060,735 Morris Jones Reservoir $213,780,843 Community Flood Issues What is Susceptible to Damage during a Flood Event? The largest impact on communities from flood events is the loss of life and property. During certain years, property losses resulting from flood damage are extensive. Property loss from floods strikes both private and public property. Because the City of Arcadia does not lie in a flood plain, the damage to property in the City has been minimal since incorporation. Property Loss Resulting from Flooding Events The type of property damage caused by flood events depends on the depth and velocity of the flood waters. Faster moving flood waters can wash buildings off their foundations and sweep cars downstream. Pipelines, bridges, and other infrastructure can be damaged when high waters combine with flood debris. Extensive damage can be caused by basement flooding and landslide damage related to soil saturation from flood events. Most flood damage is caused by water saturating materials susceptible to loss (i.e., wood, insulation, wallboard, fabric, furnishings, floor coverings, and appliances). In many cases, flood damage to homes renders them unlivable. Business /Industry Flood events impact businesses by damaging property and by interrupting business. Flood events can cut off customer access to a business as well as close a business for repairs. A quick response to the needs of businesses affected by flood events can help a community maintain economic vitality in the face of flood damage. Responses to business damages can include finding to assist owners in elevating or relocating flood -prone business structures. Public Infrastructure Publicly owned facilities are a key component of daily life for all citizens of the county. Damage to public water and sewer systems, transportation networks, flood control facilities, emergency facilities, and offices can hinder the ability of the government to deliver services. Government can take action to reduce risk to public infrastructure from flood events, as well as craft public policy that reduces risk to private property from flood events. Roads During natural hazard events, or any type of emergency or disaster, dependable road connections are critical for providing emergency services. Roads systems in the City of Arcadia are maintained by the Pubic Works Services Department. Federal, state, county, and city governments all have a stake in protecting roads from flood damage. Road networks often :. LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 FLOOD traverse floodplain and floodway areas. Transportation agencies responsible for road maintenance are typically aware of roads at risk from flooding. Bridees Bridges are key points of concern during flood events because they are important links in road networks and can inhibit the flow of water during flood events. The bridges in the City of Arcadia are state, county, city, or privately owned. A state - designated inspector must inspect all state, county, and city bridges every two years; but private bridges are not inspected, and can be very dangerous. The inspections are rigorous, looking at everything from seismic capability to erosion and scour. There are a variety of types of bridges that can be found within the City's boundaries. Two major bridges that cross over major streets (the bridges at Huntington and Second and Colorado between Santa Anita and Colorado Place) have been earmarked for seismic retrofitting. The 210 Freeway bridges have all been seismically retrofitted. However, there are also bridges within the City boundaries that cross over the Santa Anita Wash and have all not been retrofitted. Storm Water Systems Local drainage problems are common throughout the City of Arcadia. While the City does not have a drainage master plan, Public Works staff is aware of local drainage threats. The problems are often present where storm water runoff enters culverts or goes underground into storm sewers. Inadequate maintenance can also contribute to the flood hazard in urban areas. Water /Wastewater Treatment Facilities There is one sanitary district that services the City of Arcadia (Los Angeles County Sanitation). There are also four (4) water service companies and or districts in the City of Arcadia. This number includes the water service provided to the residents by the City of Arcadia. Wastewater Management Arcadia's sewer system is a series of privately owned lateral connections from individual businesses and residences, which connect to larger City -owned main lines - then to subsequently larger trunk lines, which then take Arcadia's sanitary and industrial wastes to treatment plants operated by the LA County Sanitation District. These wastes are treated to varying degrees and. either used for specific industrial purposes such as freeway irrigation or power (plant) generation, or discharged in to water bodies of the State, where they flow to the Pacific Ocean. Water Districts All of the water districts in the City as well as the City Public Works Services Department are in the process of replacing old cast iron pipes with more ductile iron pipes, which will be more resilient in disaster situations. During a disaster, water districts in the region work together to provide water for the city of Arcadia residents. Water Qualitv The City of Arcadia is committed to making sure that water from the water supply as well as stormwater which make its way into the water conveyance system are safe and reliable by 8 -7 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 20 10 FLOOD complying with all Federal and State water standards. The City of Arcadia water supply is always tested to make sure there are no harmful constituents. Existing Flood Mitigation Activities The City of Arcadia does not have specific Flood mitigation activities because according to FEMA, the City is not in a flood hazard area and there are no repetitive loss properties. Works Cited h,qp://www.merriam-webster.com/ ii. http:// www.lalc.kl2.ca.us /target/units /river /tour/hist.html iii. Gumprecht, Blake, 1999, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD HAMPTON'RD z `,uf iLl -r,S IJ,�fll r.�. \1- I�1II ?Itil �`t :� f �y& p I ?• "`� o fog' :a, BL NS . I > .G' C'll` "I KIIINN""I" • • .i 1. Arcadia Adult Health Care Center 2. Arcadia Gardens 3. Arcadia Guest Home 4. Arcadia Health Center 5. Arcadia Retirement 6. California Home of the Aged Deaf 7. Country Villa 8. Golden Years Adult Care Center 9. Heritage Park 10. Magnolia Court 11. Naomi Gardens 12. Oak Garden 13. Arcadia Royale 14. Vista Cove 0 0 RESERVOIRS CRITICAL BUILDINGS IF FGGHIL,P O o.E.� Q _ fSSk JRHS p. z _o FOOTHILL BLm _e Dwrtr - 4 N p ¢ COLORADO ST ,. 10�`'s<; I > 4' w Z Z 12 30 COLORAD�BL - .. a a �Cl�LF'4 eOQ r Pn �ST JOSFPH"'I;� kph p• .', ... .Im Rr HUGO RE10 CF: SANTA AR,1 ST \\ F u•i[_ PRIMARY re NTING7 T \� • HU0N DR: "'�cOs.HDJ -. \, HIIGD REIO ¢ " .Tr, ��rF Q'i' \ \�. "�\ Op ELEM. .9yN C Q i ^TAWWI \\ \ ONzfj SCHOOL ro U,!4.. �g� roM aERCe VA _ ' HUNTINGTON - - pR CAMPUS DR W - �ARCAOIA Hs. zc IC ¢ 13 DUARTE p - -: uI Ruxr ¢ N O ■ HOLLY IGI : : \ \\\ \\ \\ U' AVENUE R . S Z 11 ELEM RICHARD D;,4 - CAMINtl \ 3. ■ M' .� JRHS z .. ROVE �\\ \\ " Q REAL - z \ \.. L.(1$:�NftEiFSC'ULIHTI:_ ` .•'.. ■ C -- AV .. - ¢ MIN, �REAL - -_ ... `- ELEM. `L \ < _ . \ \ \ In \ LONGDEN AV ?`\V�\ 2. o X\ - \• f gREM 6 - DAY,. r/ ■ LAS TUNAS DR 9� 1}LfJE_ ■8 �� •*A� F \ \�,.. TI -`.I I'LF ilTl- L'IT) I1!' IR iI'I \f) LLB r �/ W .. ✓ of LEGEND _- SANTA ANITA DAM INUNDATION AREA MORRIS S. JONES RESERVOIR INUNDATION AREA SIERRA MADRE DAM INUNDATION AREA SAWPIT DAM INUNDATION AREA . i± ptiJ�P MRD C] p Z S r � f] 10 ¢ 'I 3 a - GRAND.' ¢ (IT', tlh l�A,C '.LIFG �. � 0� -� 44 E SIERRA MADRE BLVD D: Zf - R LR�P M1IA w > ie l �. y z I �ji z( ui •�� <� = ¢ ORANGE �GROVE��ro HAMPTON'RD z `,uf iLl -r,S IJ,�fll r.�. \1- I�1II ?Itil �`t :� f �y& p I ?• "`� o fog' :a, BL NS . I > .G' C'll` "I KIIINN""I" • • .i 1. Arcadia Adult Health Care Center 2. Arcadia Gardens 3. Arcadia Guest Home 4. Arcadia Health Center 5. Arcadia Retirement 6. California Home of the Aged Deaf 7. Country Villa 8. Golden Years Adult Care Center 9. Heritage Park 10. Magnolia Court 11. Naomi Gardens 12. Oak Garden 13. Arcadia Royale 14. Vista Cove 0 0 RESERVOIRS CRITICAL BUILDINGS IF FGGHIL,P O o.E.� Q _ fSSk JRHS p. z _o FOOTHILL BLm _e Dwrtr - 4 N p ¢ COLORADO ST ,. 10�`'s<; I > 4' w Z Z 12 30 COLORAD�BL - .. a a �Cl�LF'4 eOQ r Pn �ST JOSFPH"'I;� kph p• .', ... .Im Rr HUGO RE10 CF: SANTA AR,1 ST \\ F u•i[_ PRIMARY re NTING7 T \� • HU0N DR: "'�cOs.HDJ -. \, HIIGD REIO ¢ " .Tr, ��rF Q'i' \ \�. "�\ Op ELEM. .9yN C Q i ^TAWWI \\ \ ONzfj SCHOOL ro U,!4.. �g� roM aERCe VA _ ' HUNTINGTON - - pR CAMPUS DR W - �ARCAOIA Hs. zc IC ¢ 13 DUARTE p - -: uI Ruxr ¢ N O ■ HOLLY IGI : : \ \\\ \\ \\ U' AVENUE R . S Z 11 ELEM RICHARD D;,4 - CAMINtl \ 3. ■ M' .� JRHS z .. ROVE �\\ \\ " Q REAL - z \ \.. L.(1$:�NftEiFSC'ULIHTI:_ ` .•'.. ■ C -- AV .. - ¢ MIN, �REAL - -_ ... `- ELEM. `L \ < _ . \ \ \ In \ LONGDEN AV ?`\V�\ 2. o X\ - \• f gREM 6 - DAY,. r/ ■ LAS TUNAS DR 9� 1}LfJE_ ■8 �� •*A� F \ \�,.. TI -`.I I'LF ilTl- L'IT) I1!' IR iI'I \f) LLB r �/ W .. ✓ of LEGEND _- SANTA ANITA DAM INUNDATION AREA MORRIS S. JONES RESERVOIR INUNDATION AREA SIERRA MADRE DAM INUNDATION AREA SAWPIT DAM INUNDATION AREA . i± ptiJ�P MRD WT 4 W-mz r -4. 8.b v WT WN, U.h"' Bii.h JYDY -CORMATE t 2' WT N 0, Li wc L w.t., H *f 'T" - * -I .'Attl G—d city, 7. CL QUADS: AZUSA 7 BALDWIN PARK EL MONTE MT. WILSON 8.b v WT WN, U.h"' Bii.h JYDY -CORMATE t 2' WT N 0, Li wc L w.t., H *f 'T" - * -I .'Attl G—d city, 7. CL IT i min I. AlZ 14 d, .1 C-t,r ic �b 11 I La '7 FE FLOOD C014-FiOL 3Ar' N e Iminc W-i ------ ----- This map was prepared solely to comply with Sect 8599.5 of the California Government Gods Section ' which requires that the owners of certain dams j designated by the Office of Emergency Services prepare and file with sold office maps delineating the areas of potential flooding in the event of a sudden or Intel failure of the dams. Most dams in P Los Angeles County under the regulation of the California Department of Water Resources Division S of Safety of D., have been so designated. Very conservative assumptions were made as to the extent and rapidity of failure and as to the probable routes that the flow mud follow. The Inundation boundary shown on this map encompasses all T probable roubas that a flood flow might follow after it 5w, - . !1: leaves the canyon mouth. The flow would not BPI stations necessarily cover the entire area within the designated boundary. This map is considered to be strictly a contingency V PITS -.r measure and does not imply in any way that the VR dam is unsafe. ai�Y 'AJ THE USE OF THIS MAP FOR PURPOSES OTHER THAN THAT FOR WHICH IT IS INTENDED IS 6- 41 m NOT RECOMMENDED. . . '4k�s C) NOTE: This is a reproduction of the original ' inundated area boundary determined by the Los Angeles County Flood Control District y! r 70 end dated August 1973. L 7Z • -------- L- LEGEND 7 Flooded Area Boundary Reservoir 42- ARGADIA/ Time Between Dam Failure ' and Arrival of First Water Arcadia Boundary 2000 0 2000 Feet INUNDATED AREA SAW PIT DAM I" = 2000' 7 62.3 amwr .115 4 -11 co &T 1A -T. ri 7� 171 AT 5 31 I7 Q1 J r ON A-A - r?Fy. - ............ !01 k!!C IT i min I. AlZ 14 d, .1 C-t,r ic �b 11 I La '7 FE FLOOD C014-FiOL 3Ar' N e Iminc W-i ------ ----- This map was prepared solely to comply with Sect 8599.5 of the California Government Gods Section ' which requires that the owners of certain dams j designated by the Office of Emergency Services prepare and file with sold office maps delineating the areas of potential flooding in the event of a sudden or Intel failure of the dams. Most dams in P Los Angeles County under the regulation of the California Department of Water Resources Division S of Safety of D., have been so designated. Very conservative assumptions were made as to the extent and rapidity of failure and as to the probable routes that the flow mud follow. The Inundation boundary shown on this map encompasses all T probable roubas that a flood flow might follow after it 5w, - . !1: leaves the canyon mouth. The flow would not BPI stations necessarily cover the entire area within the designated boundary. This map is considered to be strictly a contingency V PITS -.r measure and does not imply in any way that the VR dam is unsafe. ai�Y 'AJ THE USE OF THIS MAP FOR PURPOSES OTHER THAN THAT FOR WHICH IT IS INTENDED IS 6- 41 m NOT RECOMMENDED. . . '4k�s C) NOTE: This is a reproduction of the original ' inundated area boundary determined by the Los Angeles County Flood Control District y! r 70 end dated August 1973. L 7Z • -------- L- LEGEND 7 Flooded Area Boundary Reservoir 42- ARGADIA/ Time Between Dam Failure ' and Arrival of First Water Arcadia Boundary 2000 0 2000 Feet INUNDATED AREA SAW PIT DAM I" = 2000' C y \ [� it / ; l .. y4�u '`';x.� C- ■ 1 • 1l �.�tl }! p = -' h }� I� /n p�, {i /r IIIt - y" _ r. , I r } 1•„•+.11 i li —�Iy itl+ dI III �� _t1 utf tI 1'IiII Ii{ L� fl� a Il 11 s' 6!k — ) d' s •Q� r��. Ul�: t� rl: / +j� �11r n I "Ir 1 1 a- r i� 11 •._// { t . 7a X i+1k i ii I j' i I I• � i U J �P. 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I�� -� ta'0 —= T=- ---7 -- '•T ®! ' - ' M 1 9pb r 1 • '' 1 a�} C ! 1' e,� /l/^ + .J� .:.. L I = i 7 !. '�±^�" % �- � . >C• Ir,'��.1� l � `c-'• N I J� f 1JPF°j I � 1t+ r 1 r ��-J1 I`r(11{ 1� p�" � — 814 \ `1,�V� L 1 8, i `' MM�uR`'" ✓r J I�� t ). I Fk�(I 11' J)�r 1 i J I I J,(nl �ti l F '�`� BCh i' i 4 ./'' 8M ? I � d � : `i ' . � �� „3ut 1 , :,l)� "'}/:• r �- ^- fr -�-.) �1 • 1 R��tl�r•1.(}pLl.� ((. -'-y UUU i�1 i�~�� n axx Ajo This map was prepared solely to comply with _ '_� _ e y i )fxh �� , Section 8589.5 of the California Government Code Y ivE - Y I{ } 1� _ } ✓ �— eta 1,1 ri' which requires that the owners of certain dams designated by the Office of Emergency.Services a eta , f u� j) i I_ �° i/ gr U prepare and file with said office maps delineating the areas of potential flooding in the event of a D _ I ,�'.._ i,�i ,I / sudden or total failure of the dams. Most dams in ,= b" 11� a Q ,fty r `'' { {' Los Angeles County under the regulation of the I' 1'I California Department of Water Resources, Division X/ of Safety of Dams, have been so designated. ? I�z s a« 31 I ) l;: Very conservative assumptions were made as to the i rl o i extent and rapidity of failure and as to the probable a z f I, routes that the flow could follow. The inundation r r R ��h �rL`��'`, � boundary shown on this map encompasses all � ; ,Y 4 I I LitaN{ i {� � �, h' V probable routes that a flood flow might follow after it �� \rte H� +F� leaves the canyon mouth. The flow would not �L_ ; _Jis necessarily cover the entire area within the R- ..�1 A� I -- - I designated boundary. G Jk l i h Shop' This map is considered to be strictly a contingency Lei _ a•i measure and does not imply in any way that the dam is unsafe. S_ R THE USE OF THIS MAP FOR PURPOSES OTHER vine .. THAN THAT FOR WHICH IT IS INTENDED IS NOT RECOMMENDED. .I /.'� 111 HARVA,R4�j 3 I�.'fL_.. __'l -- -. { •SW . +i_ COLOR�p�m,," .'�5� I NOTE: This is a reproduction of the original J .. inundated area boundary determined by the c °, � I �' S"� i_ M rq� Los Angeles County Flood Control District and dated August 1973. PO 5. J i; LEGEND MUNTI MIN- ,_ _ F s■ ►a Flooded Area Boundary JIB ^i. �1 r r- - -- C Reservoir cit SANTA ANITn� �'� °° , . . :, CAL7fOR +A 5J; ". —_ Time Between Dam Failure PARK Jr j;r■c A - and Arrival of First Water 3�IIHi h h .�.�- saR,;o�� fi 2000 0 2000 _ Arcadia Boundary s Methodist F'J. srafioo d N ; Feet INUNDATED AREA 4 mien• iur wn enu��" «/ (ZIMODe hAenoC: nenA • .I_� s 1 +•tom` ;61rsx•r + .�. ------ _ ------ ___ ..._ _ -_----------- _.I. I rry :Y °� J j14 t •. � r4 1 _ - _. - 4. -. - I'•�. 1f tl l.`b` tt 1 r �� .r � 7 I.l _f�yi4 _ ql s �. x'.� ` art tl �•�,Ww tC I.. a 114 3, Oli s, - I �..'.1 r 1 jf i lea � a � „� } � �^t lV- '�t�•.i 1 a�oxm , �' -#'M�t _ _ _ __ —. £ _. I _ '.•� tit'C'."y'��.�tl �w'14"11” Ajdltl Y.11t'Y t r'v `fi(J y. . y cif i ",< c�av`p •c,.:+:o vam•• t J §, /�11N 5 rw I. _f�- �. • �' ,4wwyn i Sr 4r Lr i I d ��.. 1 i � .Fr.iw.nlu 7'.l •ev , - .•_ _ c.nyen �f j rr"F Gc 3 2 s �• r at t gl w. s+, f r N yc� �1r',v�� f �� Sb- . y�6 t 115 � , fd �.'^� � � as ] 1 � e � •.f • I } `` - vt�F'A M"y� 1' A I 'tsy,r`yltA�' .I� °y"r�!(• � �, $r yy x ;' �, i f// a -.�. 1x} �" i *�- :err"�ICOEfi� ; +>',«"• yt ^1•� � •i. 5 A, •. r p .... I , 5pe - . - •c !`;� -"$ r 1 Ik- � -+'p 1 � .�' }r IS f w 1 coworw•ia" it! �x `dl ^q" t t t ,l �1r J��risW^x'� sh ".� -t o is � •r' _ . 15t��ti A-1� ^5�"�[�riyp� Umu`4 g fir' y! fF � - -p r�tl sl M�k Icy l 'ly Y`� -., e �� r'" .��•5.��,,, r; �•. �a ; y�• . ,wr �,-• �/ �1 L ,,AA {t t r � � �� p � �j �r� f t+ � s iy � y►� l , ra• .:; •" Kra 3•.•• .\ ��8 - A �P _._}.,•: �1 P rx .. VIN.. ONRDNIA,"TT r k f 1 04°: - 46°�'•"^C`�"_ L z, ""�i__- ate:, -.S ....Air... rm.q-.tw` rra- v,�l u„ i�x"ss�..p`i ' (�y" - •cro �,,. t.,,tii' I _ _ r _ t { •t^...:..'r `r 17 { .; , ..it i H'rndtwtr t� .:..' v� 1 -y � - ..�.� =• —�Fr wy i. - � ( 1 l• i�•i ^� � y t i_ --F'- MM `^--Y� 11 °'xg'°n'"` ' dra lf�� ro. I::' f \!: �•^- � a :.y F, *� �:�" natle. ! a�mm+- --i. 7arl ftE �.� - •:.Nw ! u w«x 1 A. cl <i,' �I. .c .� uNnlvaroN , 1 lliJ RTE vo tr i ft .5� �� 4 " Q¢ 4 ,�,,.. { � t J � F i c :� -- -y-••. A 1 ` � e�� I .. o ,� .. 'SANTA ANnA 'J r ;:: y �.. • _ IY�� ,. r. i. �I ip b o •. - ...:,,rte a�i '`„ 'ono u rl- j` ri !'.4 T ' ry s. s -a _' f '.s'11f �` t .• ^� MM ,m t . •' \yr .r...�•'• '�Il^� TTNASeN 1h.. F . 'YOI•�fKA R Or A r r 6! ry 1 r A1Z tL'U" ML_ �f r`o I.I•LJ.% gxlx mlM •,_ - , a f .A - .••�� e This map was prepared solely to comply Section 8588.5 of the California Government Code �A*�V•- .. F, Jbtl p ; t, - f ...f• zgrf ., which requires that the owners of certain dams j Kµ•; �� ...� m !L i E , i + designated by the Office of Emergency Services s --•-• ,� 7, '�•`� - k a �,,:4 'E, ,' prepare and file with said office maps delineating - _ �, _ _ . 1 n ij v y, the areas of potential flooding in the event of a ��L.��_ ,�.. A,7 -4 b. y) °'• sudden or total failure of the dams. Most dams in -' - -- •�"-•d �i%': T-"" -� � '��1,. x r'.•'�`" Los Angeles County under the regulation of the ,"•.__•,_, � ��I �•-• -• � r�..�"t " =rr f -V L ` � � - � �;, , r �' Caldomie Departrnent of Water Resources, Division c r t �'� ; dam,,' . ir•�" �- of Safety of Dams, have been so designated. r Very conservative assumptions were made as to the t 21' ^jF - -- •-- -•r }-' e �`�' "` i • I f'"`� ®cent and rapidity of failure and as to the probable roues that the flow could folIcAN. The inundation ? 'F-•i•-- - i - boundary shown on this map encompasses all ILL .- r 1 - _ _p " v ; 'e L'� .� • uts , probable roues that a flood flow might follow after it t r 1 r` e i g,r, 4., a•- leaves the canyon mouth. The flow would not •�• -.}' -- �" F j necessarily cover the entire area within the a 7I sly, • 7 ..aismt G i , T'�` . 11 r . u designated boundary. 4 .t'Yim�p�ly �. -' "� i a'f 3 r•;ss1, -4 S t 'SF s t sv This map is considered to be strictly a contingency r . 1 _ r'" <.vt s F S,, • .m }n _,L. measure and does not imply in any way that the G dam is unsafe. s•. a 'J 1 s oa.S }, 'X THE USE OF THIS MAP FOR PURPOSES OTHER ..5• =1 r F� r�+fxdRl '^ns,�� -f• F _s fry _,• .M �� ? o .� v,F tom. v -. ` THAN THAT FOR WHICH IT IS INTENDED IS •lf;??. t£si �' n I' ^A f i r r 'r•� Mr�� L ; s„I NOT RECOMMENDED. ,. it �� NOTE: This is a reproduction of the original inundated area boundary determined by the �"" y,rr§u .s"'3 r' `i _ $.+ �. ^rf,,� �. pry r•w A- - i Los Angeles County Flood Control District f- p t ^• 4 and dated August 1973. NN ` LEGEND ? + S • { ^a Al TONHI a t 6 �,•,'. 3 ARGAiIfa _ r .Nt r" Flooded Area Boundary ' o n FsIFtMw�Y i 7'� - �iq„•,f.y�t t 8 5,. Reservoir s a C d "� •�. p-_,K al[ f. ;err•,p, 1 ��% •' R111 Time Between Dam Failure and Arrival of First Water Arcadia Bounda QUADS: AZUSA 2500 D 2500 ry BALDWIN PARK E ^ N "rY1l f nfi _._ ' ra ,` EL MONTE r f p" Feet INUNDATED AREA MT. WILSON r'°9p "- , r 7 2500' SANTA ANITA DAM .••`•� ,,,�� 1 ` .5 " = e' ; �� J III 'lll�I�,( ��,� - 8. e m , - L rr#. i..,,:. 1111 14TT�"f}JiA7s. , 1 i \ } •, t� ^'� SIS liplr _ 09 r C} '.. lr,, �j' \ i n t I I • = , 1 '�4 - /'�` 1-' `'"� r" il� - � � IIL.URY.'4►1lILI)A;' J. 1 J .f '-�- t 1 �'� �• � ,141 ,I1\ _� l� ,,•, -' JI ' r� ` :-r ! //i C✓ i S• �' i/ ��v? YY ,nl�7 n'�`;��'' 14 y ti!�TL I ,.rL.�:� s- l.'. 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'm�I � ,ue, � — ry a_{ (._. < ,-T•t r -- H aF 01- �,TD i!u�i N�a ,r R0 y'i , �/ I I •Q � all }�'� � � -I {'J � '" M�1' =+-�_ I �� -.� � ��Itt -1 � / - " ' I ! 4 `�f1 w r 1 l � ' •� �Ac em �� L � I�,�- .��Loewlop- ;�{ R '—J " ,'= Bch i ryc 7m' y Tr"i'I'$"� �1 ^—I; Ave — as2 Eacoryl�• I (f 1� a ft azo~ }� If: T1� - =y—t, --_.' 11 Canyoh{ - -.¢_ 1 rN( ?� .I �-•1_�- .li... __Jj , t1 � Park , .. , ._- �� -r 'K i $f IIYt� ., •--fJ � S/ R �� I '— $ferrd ra" �� - MADR£ CO. t IMas w ( !� ,BLVD• i;Ctiory 1 ify ,n. 6Mp,853 _,,, - ark,., adFa we 7") -1 ,L7 PP /� BFI Fch ! '~ Llbrary(I ly. - �� tra Madre 51-' RD-- _- - ' _ rgON •� •' Park .. • .. ` ''� ii , 4'44 = This map was prepared solely to comply with z_� �- Section 8589.5 of the California Government Code 1f 6 _ '' '9! which requires that the owners of certain dams qi A}� 8rI ...:Rb c sM W Y l o designated by the Office of Emergency Services Pis prepare and file with said office maps elineating vrciA Sr c P i' « - �L• ' ,� °`—' { - °9 !, �.�,r �'�� —� _ —fl ii the areas of potential flooding in the event of a di i- I:' �qpl N era J. {'� Ik. P_y _ sudden or total failure of the dams. Most dams in Los Angeles County under the regulation of the h r Z Jt �f�l California Department of Water Resources, Division of Safety of Dams, have been so designated. �� ,{ I,R6� aeiui ' nbl�uihonrl J1 —V ,.tY yr N1LL it3M ' 7 ' 1 � 8Ti1 714 i ! • „ . { a Very conservative assumptions were made as to the M ! - extent and rapidity of failure and as to the probable u I routes that the flow could follow. The inundation �� L° II °• - _tip ma _b� . boundary shown on this map encompasses all P �� 'o i. I ; 're I' g -II l y probable routes that a flood flow might follow after it leaves the canyon mouth. The flow would not oSt P &f { "` { ._ necessarily cove the entire area within the Q designated boundary. .. Q I' -tea r f I .. i ¢ w - r ; , r' This map is considered to be strictly a contingency .. r!t' -�'� _ 1i stun ; c r Ir measure and does not imply in any way that the '� , I ~ �:• s EnClna" I V -' W AVE dam is unsafe. �i_i 4l 1'i —• (I ;l, Writ- i ll4l�r mor e � _..� -6M. .. a}iEBto an "he t ; ! P - lrbr8ry THE USE OF THIS MAP FOR PURPOSES OTHER ' I erPCf - i= ._ -it"- THAN THAT FOR WHICH IT IS INTENDED IS eidh NOT RECOMMENDED. Park i / NOTE: This is a reproduction of the original at VD L, , ank ?+I,�;f- inundated area boundary determined by the Los Angeles County Flood Control District .p and dated August 1973. I , � r � �-� � Gaging% 1��; ��;. 9 _ iolr ®snnv� rro �r I Std` ron j i 6M 5! a �f,.. O f , 1 a• 3 'a X18° t1 �' LEGEND y MMMM h111in� �Pr` 5U Flooded Area Boundary esj=s , x� r{ .s7 a kes mil'^ L Reservoir Fire L Time Between Dam Failure 7ie5 Clau'�C'on I �� n1 •+`�ch and Arrival of First Water �Ii` ' Ma 2000 0 2000 Ada- Arcadia Boundary m Feet INUNDATED AREA �� n. 0. �. �_ O 4 (,' -' z a � LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN LANDSLIDE Definition of a Landslide The rapid downward movement of a mass of rock, earth, or artificial fill on a slope. Landslide Hazards Landslides are a type of "mass wasting" which denotes any down slope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity. The term "landslide" encompasses events such as rock falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows. Landslides can be initiated by rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic activity, changes in groundwater, disturbance and change of a slope by man-made construction activities, or any combination of these factors. Landslides can also occur underwater, causing tidal waves and damage to coastal areas. These landslides are called submarine landslides. ,2 The size of a landslide usually depends on the geology and the initial cause of the landslide. Landslides vary greatly in their volume of rock and soil, the length, width, and depth of the area affected, frequency of occurrence, and speed of movement. Some characteristics that determine the type of landslide are slope of the hillside, moisture content, and the nature of the underlying materials. Landslides are given different names, depending on the type of failure and their composition and characteristics. Slides move in contact with the underlying surface. These movements include rotational slides, where sliding material moves along a curved surface, and translational slides, where movement occurs along a flat surface. These slides are generally slow moving and can be deep. Slumps are small rotational slides that are generally shallow. Slow- moving landslides can occur on relatively gentle slopes and can cause significant property damage, but they are far less likely to result in serious injuries than rapidly moving landslides.3 p y "Failure of a slope occurs when the force that is pulling the slope downward (gravity) exceeds the strength of the earth materials that compose the slope. They can move slowly (millimeters per year), or they can move quickly and disastrously, as is the case with debris -flows. Debris -flows can travel down a hillside of speeds up to 200 miles per hour (more commonly, 30 — 50 miles per hour), depending on the slope angle, water content, and type of earth and debris in the flow. These flows are initiated by heavy, usually sustained, periods of rainfall, but sometimes can happen as a result of short bursts of concentrated rainfall in susceptible areas. Burned areas charred by wildfires are particularly susceptible to debris flows, given certain soil characteristics and slope conditions. ,4 A debris or mudflow is a river of rock, earth and other materials, including vegetation that is saturated with water. This high percentage of water gives the debris flow a very rapid rate of movement down a slope. Debris flows often with speeds greater than 20 mile per hour, and can often move much faster.' This high rate of speed makes debris flows extremely dangerous to people and property in its path. 9 -1 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN LANDSLIDE History of Landslides in Southern California Landslides are a serious geologic hazard in almost every state in America. Nationally, landslides cause 25 to 50 deaths each year.6 The best estimate of direct and indirect costs of landslide damage in the United States range between $1 and $2 billion annually. As a seismically active region, California has had significant number of locations impacted by landslides. Some landslides result in private property damage; other landslides impact transportation corridors, fuel and energy conduits, and communication facilities. They can also pose a serious threat to human life. Below is a list of some of the major landslides and their results in recent Southern Californian history. 1928 St. Francis Dam failure Los Angeles County, California. The dam gave way on March 12, 1928, and its waters swept through the Santa Clara River Valley toward the Pacific Ocean. Sixty -five miles of valley was devastated, and about 450 people were killed. Damages were estimated at $672.1 million (year 2000 dollars).$ 1956 Portuguese Bend, California California Highway 14, Palos Verdes Hills. Damage cost was estimated at $14.6 million (2000 dollars). Land use on the Palos Verdes Peninsula consists mostly of single - family homes built on large lots, many of which have panoramic ocean views. All of the houses were constructed with individual septic systems, generally consisting of septic tanks and seepage pits. Landslides have been active here for thousands of years, but recent landslide activity has been attributed in part to human activity. The Portuguese Bend landslide began its modern movement in August 1956, when displacement was noticed at its northeast margin. Movement gradually extended down slope so that the entire eastern edge of the slide mass was moving within 6 weeks. By the summer of 1957, the entire slide mass was sliding towards the sea.9 1963 Baldwin Hills Dam Failure. On December 14, the 650 -foot long by 155 -foot high earth fill dam gave way and sent 360 million gallons of water in a fifty -foot high wall cascading onto the community below, killing five persons, and damaging 50 million (1963 dollars) dollars in property. 1971 Upper and Lower Van Norman Dams, San Fernando, California Earthquake- induced landslides. Cost estimate $302.4 million (2000 dollars). Damage due to the February 9, 1971, magnitude 7.5 San Fernando, California, earthquake. The earthquake of February 9 severely damaged the Upper and Lower Van Norman Dams. 10 1971 Juvenile Hall, San Fernando, California Landslides caused by the February 9, 1971, San Fernando, California, earthquake Cost, $266.6 million (2000 dollars). In addition to damaging the San Fernando Juvenile Hall, this 1.2 km -long slide damaged trunk lines of the Southern Pacific Railroad, San Fernando Boulevard. Interstate Highway 5, an electrical converter station, and several pipelines and canals. I 9 -2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN LANDSLIDE 1978 Bluebird Cannon Orange County California October 2, 1978. Cost estimate $52.7 million (2000 dollars). Sixty houses destroyed or damaged. Unusually heavy rains in March of 1978 may have contributed to initiation of the landslide. Although the 1978 slide area was approximately 3.5 acres, it is suspected to be a portion of a larger, ancient landslide. 12 1978 -1979, 1 980 San Diego County California Experienced major damage from storms in 1978, 1979, and 1979 -80, as did neighboring areas of Los Angeles and Orange County, California. One hundred and twenty landslides were reported to have occurred in San Diego County during those two years. Rainfall for the rainy seasons of 1978 -79 and 1979 -80 was 14.82 and 15.61 inches (37.6 and 39.6 cm) respectively, compared to a 125 -year average (1850 -1975) of 9.71 inches (24.7 cm). Significant landslides occurred in the Friars Formation, a unit that was noted as slide - prone in the Seismic Safety Study for the City of San Diego. Of the nine landslides that caused damage in excess of $1 million, seven occurred in the Friars Formation, and two in the Santiago Formation in the northern part of San Diego County. 13 1994 Northridge California earthquake landslides As a result of the magnitude 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake, more than 11,000 landslides occurred over an area of 10,000 km2. Most were in the Santa Susana Mountains and in mountains north of the Santa Clara River Valley. Destroyed dozens of homes, blocked roads, and damaged oil -field infrastructure. Caused deaths from Coccidioidomycosis (valley fever), the spore of which was released from the soil and blown toward the coastal populated areas. The spore was released from the soil by the landslide activity. 14 March 1995 Los Angeles and Ventura Counties Southern California Above normal rainfall triggered damaging debris flows, deep- seated landslides, and flooding. Several deep- seated landslides were triggered by the storms, the most notable was the La Conchita landslide, which in combination with a local debris flow, destroyed or badly damaged 11 to 12 homes in the small town of La Conchita, about 20 km west of Ventura. There also was widespread debris -flow and flood damage to homes, commercial buildings, and roads and highways in areas along the Malibu coast that had been devastated by wildfire two years before. 15 June 2005 Bluebird Canyon Laguna Beach California In the early morning of June 1, 2005, a landslide began moving in the Bluebird Canyon area of Laguna Beach, California. No rainfall or earthquake activity occurred during or immediately before the landslide movement. This movement is almost certainly related to the extremely heavy winter rains that occurred from December through February. Rainfall from the winter season has been slowly percolating downward through the soil and is gradually raising ground -water levels. As ground water rises, slopes can become unstable and begin to move, even if no rain is presently occurring. 16 9 -3 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN LANDSLIDE January 2005 La Conchita, California On January 10, 2005, a landslide struck the community of La Conchita in Ventura County, California, destroying or seriously damaging 36 houses and killing 10 people. Although rainfall intensities were not extreme, moderate- to high- intensity rainfall persisted for more than two weeks, and the landslide occurred at the culmination of this 15 -day high - rainfall period. 17 January — February 2010 La Canada Flintridge, California Heavy winter storms hit the hills of La Canada Flintridge in the early months of the year. The area had already been devastated in the summer of 2009 with one of the largest wildfires in modern history. The loss of so much vegetation combined with the downpour of rains caused significant mudslides to the area. Over 500 homes evacuated, about fifty homes were damaged, and another twenty were red tagged. Initial estimates of damage are speculated to be in excess of $20 million (2010 dollars). 18 History of Landslides in Arcadia January — February In the wake of the December 27, 2000, Santa Anita. Wildfire heavy rains brought mudslides to the north end of Arcadia. The Arcadia City Council appropriated $334,000 to purchase K -rail, fill sandbags, clear debris basins, among numerous other costs in order to shelter the homes and properties from major damage. Due to the City's proactive response, minimal damage occurred to private properties. 1920 January 2005 Heavy rainstorms triggered as many as 18 mudslides in Santa Anita Canyon, two of which were enormous events that buried the road way under mounds of debris. The first major slide deposited about 6,000 cubic yards of debris on the road. A Forest Service Fire Station had to be shut down due to lack of access and a pack station owner said that the road closures had devastated her business financially. 21 Landslide Hazard Assessment Locations at risk from landslides or debris flows include areas with one or more of the following conditions: 1. On or close to steep hills. 2. Steep road -cuts or excavations. 3. Existing landslides or places of known historic landslides (such sites often have tilted power lines, trees tilted in various directions, cracks in the ground, and irregular- surfaced ground). 4. Steep areas where surface runoff is channeled, such as below culverts, V- shaped valleys, canyon bottoms, and steep stream channels. 5. Fan- shaped areas of sediment and boulder accumulation at the outlets of canyons. 6. Canyon areas below hillsides and mountains that have recently (within 1 -6 years) been subjected to a wildland fire. On December 27, 1999, a fire occurred in the Angeles National Forest north of the City of Arcadia that resulted in the burning of over 500 acres of chaparral. The U.S. Forestry ., LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN LANDSLIDE Service classified this as a medium intensity fire that burned off vegetation at the surface level, however left the root structures intact. Initial estimates are that the natural recovery process will take between four to ten years for full restoration of the vegetation and chaparral. In the interim, the burn area is barren of vegetation. The soil is composed of loose gravel and dirt and due to burn, which creates a coating, having a water repelling effect. This means that the normal absorption and stability of the soil is diminished. With the lack of vegetation and water repellency of the soil, geologists and hydrologists surveying the area forecast the likelihood of natural soil erosion and runoff with or without rainfall. The City of Arcadia anticipated that with rainfall, flooding and mudslides were likely. The degree of flooding or mudslides depended upon the amount and intensity of rainfall; however, experts believe that one -half inch of rain falling over a short period of time could be sufficient to create a problem. Several residences were identified as being threatened to varying degrees by mudslides and flooding due to their proximity to the mountainside and the watersheds where water and debris naturally flowed. Furthermore, several streets possessed the potential of being impacted by flooding, mud and debris flow. The Public Works Services Department created an action plan to coincide with the overall city emergency operations plan in preparation for the anticipated flood, mud and debris programs. In May 2008, over 500 acres of mountain side north of Arcadia burned again in the Santa Anita fire. Maps 9.a shows the area that was burned and maps 9.b — 9.d show the areas for potential landslides to occur and the paths the debris are expected travel. The projected slides are a result of the vegetation being burned away. Risk Analysis Vulnerability assessment for landslides will assist in predicting how different types of property and population groups will be affected by a hazard.2' Data that includes specific landslide -prone and debris flow locations in the city can be used to assess the population and total value of property at risk from future landslide occurrences. The City of Arcadia's Development Services Department uses percent slope as an indicator of hill slope stability. The City uses a 20% or greater threshold to identify potentially unstable hill slopes. The Mt. Wilson and El Monte seismic hazard maps, which are published by the California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines, show that the extreme northeast section of the City is the only portion of the City with the potential for landslides. Although the acreage has not been calculated, it accounts for a very small part of the City. While a quantitative vulnerability assessment (an assessment that describes number of lives or amount of property exposed to the hazard) has not yet been conducted for City of 9 -5 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN LANDSLIDE Arcadia landslide events, there are many qualitative factors that point to potential vulnerability. Landslides can impact major transportation arteries, blocking residents from essential services and businesses. Past landslide events have caused property damage or significantly impacted City residents, and continuing to map City landslide and debris flow areas will help in preventing future loss. Factors included in assessing landslide risk include population and property distribution in the hazard area, the frequency of landslide or debris flow occurrences, slope steepness, soil characteristics, and precipitation intensity. This type of analysis could generate estimates of the damages to the City due to a specific landslide or debris flow event. At the time of publication of this plan, data was insufficient to conduct a risk analysis and the software needed to conduct this type of analysis was not available. To view potential areas for landslides, see the Landslide and Debris Flow maps 9.b - 9.e. Economic Impact The City of Arcadia has a total assessed valuation of $10,203,490,662.00. This can be further broken into: Residential properties valued at $8,397,783,499.00 Commercial properties valued at $1,165,398,807.00 Other properties valued at $ 640,302,356.00 A landslide or debris flow could only affect a small portion of the City of Arcadia. Until further studies are run, no more specific information is available. Arcadia's Current Mitigation of Landslide Hazards Landslides can affect utility services, transportation systems, and critical lifelines. Communities may suffer immediate damages and loss of service. Disruption of infrastructure, roads, and critical facilities may also have a long -term effect on the economy. Utilities, including potable water, wastewater, telecommunications, natural gas, and electric power, are all essential to service community needs. Loss of electricity has the most widespread impact on other utilities and on the whole community. Natural gas pipes as small as an inch or two may also be at risk of breaking during landslide movements. Roads and Bridges Losses incurred from landslide hazards in the City of Arcadia have been associated with roads. The City of Arcadia Public Works Services Department is responsible for responding to slides that inhibit the flow of traffic or are damaging a road /bridge. Lifelines and Critical Facilities Lifelines and critical facilities should remain accessible, if possible, during a hazardous event. The impact of closed transportation arteries may be increased if the closed road or 9 -6 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN LANDSLIDE bridge is critical for hospitals and other emergency facilities. Therefore, inspection and repair of critical transportation facilities and routes is essential and should receive high priority. Losses of power and phone service are also potential consequences of landslide events. Due to heavy rains, soil erosion in hillside areas can be accelerated, resulting in loss of soil support beneath high voltage transmission towers in hillsides and remote areas. Flood events can also cause landslides, which can have serious impacts on gas lines that are located in vulnerable soils. Landslide Building /Zoning Codes The City of Arcadia's Municipal Code addresses development on steep slopes in its building and zoning codes. The codes outline standards for development within the hillside area of the City. Generally, the ordinance requires geotechnical and engineering geologic studies for developments proposed on slopes of 20 percent or greater. More detailed surface and subsurface investigations shall be warranted if indicated by the geotechnical and geologic studies. This may include soils, vegetation, geologic formations, and drainage patterns. Site evaluations may also occur where stability might be lessened by proposed grading /filling or land clearing. Residential Areas Even minor amounts of rain and mud flow have the potential to cause extensive damage to homes and properties. In order to assist the residents of Arcadia, the City provides free sand bags to help in their mitigation activities. 9 -7 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN LANDSLIDE Local and Regional Resources Los Angeles County Public Works Department Level: County Hazard: Multi http: / /ladpw.org 900 S. Fremont Ave. Alhambra, CA 91803 Ph: 626-458-5100 Fx: Notes: The Los Angeles County Department of Public Works protects property and promotes public safety through Flood Control, Water Conservation, Road Maintenance, Bridges, Buses and Bicycle Trails, Building and Safety, Land Development, Waterworks, Sewers, Engineering, Capital Projects and Airports State Resources California Department of Transportation (CalTrans) Level: State Hazard: Multi http: / /www.dot.ca.gov/ 120 S. Spring Street Los Angeles, CA 90012 Ph: 213-897-3656 Fx: Notes: CalTrans is responsible for the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of the California State Highway System, as well as that portion of the Interstate Highway System within the state's boundaries. Alone and in partnership with Amtrak, CalTrans is also involved in the support of intercity passenger rail service in California. California Resources Agency Level: State Hazard: Multi http: / /resources.ca.gov/ 1416 Ninth Street Suite 1311 Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916 -653 -5656 Fx: Notes: The California Resources Agency restores, protects and manages the state's natural, historical and cultural resources for current and future generations using solutions based on science, collaboration and respect for all the communities and interests involved. California Division of Mines and Geology (DMG) Level: State 801 K Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Hazard: Multi www.consrv.ca.gov /cgs /index.htm MS 12 -30 Ph: 916-445-1825 Fx: 916-445-5718 Notes: The California Geological Survey develops and disseminates technical information and advice on California's geology, geologic hazards, and mineral resources. California Department of Conservation: Southern California Regional Office Level: State Hazard: Multi wwv<,.consrv.ca.gov is LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN LANDSLIDE 655 S. Hope Street Los Angeles, CA 90017 -2321 #700 Ph: 213 -239 -0878 Fx: 213-23 9-0984 Notes: The Department of Conservation provides services and information that promote environmental health, economic vitality, informed land -use decisions and sound management of our state's natural resources. California Planning Information Network Level: State Hazard: Multi www.calpin.ca.gov Notes: The Governor's Office of Planning and Research (OPR) publishes basic information on local planning agencies, known as the California Planners' Book of Lists. This local planning information is available on -line with new search capabilities and up -to- the - minute updates. Governor's Office of Emergency Services (OES) Level: State Hazard: Multi www.oes.ca.gov P.O. Box 419047 Rancho Cordova, CA 95741 -9047 Ph: 916 845- 8911 Fx: 916 845- 8910 Notes: The Governor's Office of Emergency Services coordinates overall state agency response to major disasters in support of local government. The office is responsible for assuring the state's readiness to respond to and recover from natural, manmade, and war- caused emergencies, and for assisting local governments in their emergency preparedness, response and recovery efforts. Federal and National Resources Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region IX Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.fema.gov 1111 Broadway Oakland, CA 94607 Suite 1200 Ph: 510 -627 -7100 Fx: 510-627-7112 Notes: The Federal Emergency Management Agency is tasked with responding to, planning for, recovering from and mitigating against disasters. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Mitigation Division Level: Federal Hazard: Multi 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 www.fema.gov/fima/plaffliomo.shtm Ph: 202-566-1600 Fx: 9 -9 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN LANDSLIDE Notes: The Mitigation Division manages the National Flood Insurance Program and oversees FEMA's mitigation programs. It has a number of programs and activities which provide citizens Protection, with flood insurance; Prevention, with mitigation measures and Partnerships, with communities throw United States Geological Survey Level: Federal Hazard: Multi 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 the co http: / /www.usgs.gov/ Ph: 650-853-8300 Fx: Notes: The USGS provides reliable scientific information to describe and understand the Earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources; and enhance and protect our quality of life. Institute for Business & Home Safety Level: National Hazard: Multi http: / /www.ibhs.org/ 4775 E. Fowler Avenue Tampa, FL 33617 Ph: 813 - 286 -3400 Fx: 813- 286 -9960 The Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) is a nonprofit association that engages in communication, education, engineering and research. The Institute works to reduce deaths, injuries, property damage, economic losses and human suffering caused by natural disasters. Works Cited http: / /www.merriam- webster.com/ 2. Landslide Hazards, U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 0071 -00, Version 1.0, U.S. Department of the Interior - U.S. Geological Survey, http: / /pubs.usgs.gov /fs /fs- 0071 -00/ 3. Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team, State Hazard Mitigation Plan (2000) Oregon Emergency Management SK9101 5. Barrows, Alan and Smith, Ted, DMG Note 13, http: / /www.consrv.ca.gov/ cgs / information /publications /cgs notes /note_3 3/ 6. Mileti, Dennis, Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States (1999) Joseph Henry Press, Washington D.C. 7. Brabb, E.E., and B.L Harrod. (Eds) Landslides: Extent and Economic Significance. Proceedings of the 28th International Geological Congress Symposium on Landslides. (1989) Washington D.C., Rotterdam: Balkema. 8. Highland, L.M., and Schuster, R.L., Significant Landslide Events in the United States. 9 -10 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN LANDSLIDE (No Date) USGS, Washington D.C., http : / /Iandslides.uso, gov.html_ files /pubs /report1/Landslides—pass_SO8.pdf 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid. 16. http://www.usjzs.aov/homepage/landslide lacuna asp 17. http: / /pubs.usgs.gov /of/2005 /1067 /pdf /OF2005 1067 pdf 18. htt2://www.iaist.co 19. The Arcadia Weekly, Feb 24, 2000 20. Pasadena Star News, Feb 24, 2000 21. Pasadena Star News, Jan 29, 2005 Pg. A 1 and A4 22. Burby, R. (Ed.) 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Arcadia Gardens z Arcadia Guest Home Arcadia Health Center LONGDEN AV Arcadia Retirement I;f- ; U f+ L W 6 -A .4 M 4 a vilu U e ge ea AL Y Country Villa Golden Years Adult Care Center LM TUNAS Da 91� Heritage Park Magnolia Court Naomi Gardens Oak Garden Arcadia Royale Vista Cove RESERVOIRS CRITICAL BUILDINGS woo, Liquefaction Earthquake-induced Landslides 9.e 7C J, 7 On It.,"EMNS AV t F=5 VIEW 7: o 3L X I& EL t 1'GR;VE < J H FOOTHILL BL � COLORADO ST C�ORAIDN —A "IST JOSEt� r,�, ST SA*�A,CLAkA Sf\\�� M IC PRWRY A1 HLfkTIrjbTCW DR R11 0 rx ip " ,BT AVENUE 54ERENDIP- ELE. jJ3 A I �! sc�M A,' p A to A �J2 BANTA —A Ell z COURSE OEPMtTYFM b` HUNTI !4GTON, > - - --------- CAMkg �Dk T 11 V H- > L111 < -0 > m w 13 TE z M ),JAR w 0 NU ' ELE. RIGHAn H DMA c�,No J-5 0 K+RO > < > E�E.. TAMINO ............ REAL 4 J < z —.17 Arcadia Adult Health Care Center E�. Arcadia Gardens z Arcadia Guest Home Arcadia Health Center LONGDEN AV Arcadia Retirement I;f- ; U f+ L W 6 -A .4 M 4 a vilu U e ge ea AL Y Country Villa Golden Years Adult Care Center LM TUNAS Da 91� Heritage Park Magnolia Court Naomi Gardens Oak Garden Arcadia Royale Vista Cove RESERVOIRS CRITICAL BUILDINGS woo, Liquefaction Earthquake-induced Landslides �� .� _ � a. o' o_ � ,, o LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 WINDSTORMS Definition of a Windstorm A storm marked by high wind with little or no precipitation Windstorm Related Hazards Santa Ana Winds Santa Ana winds are generally defined as warm, dry winds that blow from the east or northeast (offshore). These winds occur below the passes and canyons of the coastal ranges of Southern California and in the Los Angeles basin. Santa Ana winds often blow with exceptional speed in the Santa Ana Canyon (the canyon from which it derives its name). Forecasters at the National Weather Service offices in Oxnard and San Diego usually place speed minimums on these winds and reserve the use of "Santa Ana" for winds greater than 25 knots. 1 These winds accelerate to speeds of 35 knots as they move through canyons and passes, with gusts to 50 or even 60 knots. The complex topography of Southern California combined with various atmospheric conditions creates numerous scenarios that may cause widespread or isolated Santa Ana events. Commonly, Santa Ana winds develop when a region of high pressure builds over.the Great Basin (the high plateau east of the Sierra mountains and west of the Rocky mountains including most of Nevada and Utah). Clockwise circulation around the center of this high - pressure area forces air down slope from the high plateau. The air warms as it descends toward the California coast at the rate of 5 degrees F per 1000 feet due to compressional heating. Thus, compressional heating provides the primary source of warming. The air is dry since it originated in the desert, and it dries out even more as it is heated.2 These regional winds typically occur from October to March, and, according to most accounts, are named either for the Santa Ana River Valley where they originate or for the Santa Ana Canyon, southeast of Los Angeles, where they pick up speed. Tornados Tornadoes are spawned when there is warm, moist air near the ground, cool air aloft, and winds that speed up and change direction. An obstruction, such as a house, in the path of the wind causes it to change direction. This change increases pressure on parts of the house, and the combination of increased pressures and fluctuating wind speeds creates stresses that frequently cause structural failures. In order to measure the intensity and wind strength of a tornado, Dr. T. Theodore Fujita developed the Fujita Tornado Damage Scale. This scale compares the estimated wind velocity with the corresponding amount of suspected damage. The scale measures six classifications of tornadoes with increasing magnitude from an "FO" tornado to a "F6 +" tornado. 10 -1 The chart below depicts the Fujita Tornado Damage Scale: Wind Scale Estimate Typical Damage (mph) FO < 73 ]breaks Light damage. Some damage to chimneys and TV antennas; twigs off trees; pushes over shallow- rooted trees. Moderate damage. Peels surface off roofs; windows broken; light F1 73 -112 trailer houses pushed or overturned; some trees uprooted or snapped; moving automobiles pushed off the road. 74 mph is the beginning of hurricane wind speed. Considerable damage. Roofs torn off frame houses leaving strong upright walls; weak buildings in rural areas demolished; trailer F2 113 -157 houses destroyed; large trees snapped or uprooted; railroad boxcars pushed over; light object missiles generated; cars blown off highway. Severe damage. Roofs and some walls torn off frame houses; F3 158 -206 some rural buildings completely demolished; trains overturned; steel- framed hangar- warehouse -type structures torn; cars lifted off the ground; most trees in a forest uprooted snapped, or leveled. Devastating damage. Whole frame houses leveled, leaving piles F4 207 -260 of debris; steel structures badly damaged; trees debarked by small flying debris; cars and trains thrown some distances or rolled considerable distances; large missiles generated. Incredible damage. Whole frame houses tossed off foundations; F5 261 -318 steel- reinforced concrete structures badly damaged; automobile - sized missiles generated; trees debarked; incredible phenomena can occur. Inconceivable damage. Should a tornado with the maximum wind F6- 319 to speed in excess of F5 occur, the extent and types of damage may F12 sonic not be conceived. A number of missiles such as iceboxes, water heaters, storage tanks, automobiles, etc. will create serious secondary damage on structures. Source: hftp://weather.latimes.com/tornadoFAQ.as Microbursts Unlike tornados, microbursts are strong, damaging winds, which strike the ground and often give the impression a tornado has struck. They frequently occur during intense thunderstorms. The origin of a microburst is downward moving air from a thunderstorm's core. But unlike a tornado, 10 -2 they affect only a rather small area. University of Chicago storm researcher Dr. Ted Fujita first coined the term " downburst" to describe strong, downdraft winds flowing out of a thunderstorm cell that he believed were responsible for the crash of Eastern Airlines Flight 66 in June of 1975.3 A downburst is a straight- direction surface wind in excess of 39 mph caused by a small- scale, strong downdraft from the base of convective thundershowers and thunderstorms. In later investigations into the phenomena he defined two sub - categories of downbursts: the larger macrobursts and small microbursts.4 Macrobursts are downbursts with winds up to 117 mph, which spread across a path greater than 2.5 miles wide at the surface and which last from 5 to 30 minutes. The microburst, on the other hand, is confined to an even smaller area, less than 2.5 miles in diameter from the initial point of downdraft impact. An intense microburst can result in damaging winds near 270 km/hr (170 mph) and often last for less than five minutes.5 " Downbursts of all sizes descend from the upper regions of severe thunderstorms when the air accelerates downward through either exceptionally strong evaporative cooling or by very heavy rain which drags dry air down with it. When the rapidly descending air strikes the ground, it spreads outward in all directions, like a fast - running faucet stream hitting the sink bottom. When the microburst wind hits an object on the ground such as a house, garage or tree, it can flatten the buildings and strip limbs and branches from the tree. After striking the ground, the powerful outward running gust can wreak further havoc along its path. Damage associated with a microburst is often mistaken for the work of a tornado, particularly directly under the microburst. However, damage patterns away from the impact area are characteristic of straight -line winds rather than the twisted pattern of tornado damage. ,6 Tornados, like those that occur every year in the Midwest and Southeast parts of the United States, are a rare phenomenon in most of California, with most tornado -like activity coming from microbursts. History of Windstorms in Southern California While the effects of Santa Ana Winds are often overlooked, it should be noted that in 2003, two deaths in Southern California were directly related to the fierce condition. A falling tree struck one woman in San Diego.7 The second death occurred when a flying pickup truck cover launched by the Santa Ana Winds hit a passenger in a vehicle.8 10 -3 The following Santa Ana wind events were featured in news resources during 2003: January 6, "One of the strongest Santa Ana windstorms in a decade toppled 26 2003 power poles in Orange early today, blew over a mobile derrick in r Register Placentia, crushing two vehicles, and delayed Metrolink rail service." This windstorm also knocked out power to thousands of people in northeastern Orange County. January 8, "Santa Ana's roared into Southern California late Sunday, blowing 2003 over trees, trucks and power poles. Thousands of people lost CBSNEWS.com power." Fire Officials Brace for Santa Ana Winds - - "The forest is now so dry March 16, and so many trees have died that fires, during relatively calm 2003 conditions, are running as fast and as far as they might during Santa Dailybulletin.com Ana Winds. Now the Santa Ana season is here. Combine the literally tinder dry conditions with humidity in the single digits and 60- 80 mph winds, and fire officials shudder." The following is a glimpse of major tornado -like events to hit the surrounding areas: Example of Some of the Major Tornado -like Events Between 1977 -2001: Date Location and Damage March 16, 1977 Tornado skipped from Fullerton to Brea and damage to 80 homes and injured four people February 9, 1978 Tornado: Irvine. Property damage and 6 injured January 31, 1979 Tornado Santa Ana Numerous power outages November 9, 1982 Tornadoes in Garden Grove and Mission Viejo. Property damage January 18, 1988 Tornadoes: Mission Viejo and San Clemente. Property damage December 7, 1992 Tornadoes: Anaheim and Westminster Property damage February 7, 1994 Tornado from Newport Beach to Tustin. Roof and window damage. Trees were also knocked down December 13, 1994 Two waterspouts about 0.5 mile off Newport Beach 10 -4 Windstorms in Arcadia December 1988 - Windstorm Fifty- to sixty -mile per hour winds blew through Arcadia. Over forty trees were uprooted, power lines were knocked down, structures were damaged, and there was even a 150- gallon diesel fuel spill when a semi trucks fuel line was ripped apart by a fallen street sign. Some residents were left without power for days and about 200 lost telephone services. City officials said it would take about a week to 10 days to clean up all the debris. 9 January 2003 — Windstorm Eighty - to one hundred -mile an hour winds swept through Arcadia causing major damage to the south end of the City. Twenty -nine Edison power poles were knocked down and another six suffered severe damage; all needing to be replaced by metal poles. More then 250,000 people were without power. Businesses suffered damage, lost customers, and product spoiled. One business owner said he lost over $500 in spoiled food that required refrigeration and at least twenty -five regular customers. to October 2009 - Windstorm High winds with gusts up to eighty miles per hour blew through Southern California. Although Arcadia received less damage then some other southland cities, power lines were damaged and caused 16,000 Edison customers in and around Arcadia to be without electricity. 11 10 -5 Windstorm Hazard Assessment A windstorm event in the region can range from short term microburst activity lasting only minutes to a long duration Santa Ana wind condition that can last for several days as in the case of the January 2003 Santa Ana wind event. Windstorms in the City of Arcadia area can cause extensive damage including heavy tree stands, exposed coastal properties, road and highway infrastructure, and critical utility facilities. The map shows clearly the direction of the Santa Ana winds as they travel from the stable, high- pressure weather system called the Great Basin High through the canyons and towards the low- pressure system off the Pacific. Clearly the area of the City of Arcadia is in the direct path of the ocean- bound Santa Ana winds. Risk Analysis With an analysis of the high wind and tornado events depicted in the "Local History" section, we can deduce the common windstorm impact areas including impacts on life, property, utilities, infrastructure, and transportation. Additionally, if a windstorm disrupts power to local residential communities, the American Red Cross and City resources might be called 1 Map from NASA's "Observatorium" upon for care and shelter duties. Displacing residents and utilizing City resources for shelter staffing and disaster cleanup can cause an economic hardship on the community. Life and Propert y Based on the history of the region, windstorm events can be expected, perhaps annually, across widespread areas of the region, which can be adversely impacted during a windstorm event. This can result in the involvement of City of Arcadia's emergency response personnel during a wide - ranging windstorm or microburst tomadic activity. Both residential and commercial structures with weak reinforcement are susceptible to damage. Wind pressure can create a direct and frontal assault on a structure, pushing walls, doors, and windows inward. Conversely, passing currents can create lift suction forces that pull building components and surfaces outward. With extreme wind forces, the roof or entire building can fail causing considerable damage. Such damage occurred to property on December 2002 when severe windstorm knocked down power lines, disrupted traffic and electrical service. Debris carried along by extreme winds can directly contribute to loss of life and indirectly to the 10 -6 failure of protective building envelopes, siding, or walls. When severe windstorms strike a community, downed trees, power lines, and damaged property can be major hindrances to emergency response and disaster recovery. The Beaufort scale below, coined and developed by Sir Francis Beaufort in 1805, illustrates the effect that varying wind speed can have on sea swells and structures: Beaufort Speed Wind Description - State of Sea - Effects on Land Force (mph) 0 Less l Calm - Mirror -like - Smoke rises vertically 1 1 -3 Light - Air Ripples look like scales; No crests of foam - Smoke drift shows direction of wind, but wind vanes do not 2 4-7 Light Breeze - Small but pronounced wavelets; Crests do not break - Wind vanes move; Leaves rustle; You can feel wind on the face 3 8 -12 Gentle Breeze - Large Wavelets; Crests break; Glassy foam; A few whitecaps - Leaves and small twigs move constantly; Small, light flags are extended 4 13 -18 Moderate Breeze - Longer waves; Whitecaps - Wind lifts dust and loose paper; Small branches move 5 19 -24 Fresh Breeze - Moderate, long waves; Many whitecaps; Some spray - Small trees with leaves begin to move 6 25 -31 Strong Breeze - Some large waves; Crests of white foam; Spray - Large branches move; Telegraph wires whistle; Hard to hold umbrellas 7 32 -38 Near Gale - White foam from breaking waves blows in streaks with the wind - Whole trees move; Resistance felt walking into wind 8 39 -46 Gale - Waves high and moderately long; Crests break into spin drift, blowing foam in well marked streaks - Twigs and small branches break off trees; Difficult to walk 9 47 -54 Strong Gale - High waves with wave crests that tumble; Dense streaks of foam in wind; Poor visibility from spray - Slight structural damage 10 55 -63 Storm - Very high waves with long, curling crests; Sea surface appears white from blowing foam; Heavy tumbling of sea; Poor visibility - Trees broken or uprooted; Considerable structural damage Violent Storm - Waves high enough to hide small and medium sized ships; Sea covered with 1 1 64 -73 patches of white foam; Edges of wave crests blown into froth; Poor visibility -Seldom experienced inland; Considerable structural damage 12 >74 Hurricane - Sea white with spray. Foam and spray render visibility almost non- existent - Widespread damage. Very rarely experienced on land. Source: http: / /wwA,.conipuweather.com /decoder- cliarLs.him] 10 -7 Utilities Historically, falling trees have been the major cause of power outages in the region. Windstorms such as strong microbursts and Santa Ana Wind conditions can cause flying debris and downed utility lines. For example, tree limbs breaking in winds of only 45 mph can be thrown over 75 feet. As such, overhead power lines can be damaged even in relatively minor windstorm events. Falling trees can bring electric power lines down to the pavement, creating the possibility of lethal electric shock. Rising population growth and new infrastructure in the region creates a higher probability for damage to occur from windstorms as more life and property are exposed to risk. Infrastructure Windstorms can damage buildings, power lines, and other property and infrastructure due to falling trees and branches. During wet winters, saturated soils cause trees to become less stable and more vulnerable to uprooting from high winds. Windstorms can result in collapsed or damaged buildings or blocked roads and bridges, damaged traffic signals, streetlights, and parks, among others. Roads blocked by fallen trees during a windstorm may have severe consequences to people who need access to emergency services. Emergency response operations can be complicated when roads are blocked or when power supplies are interrupted. Industry and commerce can suffer losses from interruptions in electric services and from extended road closures. They can also sustain direct losses to buildings, personnel, and other vital equipment. There are direct consequences to the local economy resulting from windstorms related to both physical damages and interrupted services. Increased Fire Threat Perhaps the greatest danger from windstorm activity in Southern California comes from the combination of the Santa Ana winds with the major fires that occur every few years in the urban/wildland interface. With the Santa Ana winds driving the flames, the speed and reach of the flames is even greater than in times of calm wind conditions. The higher fire hazard raised by a Santa Ana wind condition requires that even more care and attention be paid to proper brush clearances on property in the wildland/urban interface areas. Transportation Windstorm activity can have an impact on local transportation in addition to the problems caused by downed trees and electrical wires blocking streets and highways. During periods of extremely strong Santa Ana winds, major highways can be temporarily closed to truck and recreational vehicle traffic. However, typically these disruptions are not long lasting, nor do they carry a severe long -term economic impact on the region. Existing Windstorm Mitigation in Arcadia As stated, one of the most common problems associated with windstorms is power outage. High winds commonly occur during winter storms, and can cause trees to bend, sag, or fail (tree limbs or entire trees), coming into contact with nearby distribution power lines. Fallen trees can cause 10 -8 short- circuiting and conductor overloading. Wind- induced damage to the power system causes power outages to customers, incurs cost to make repairs, and in some cases can lead to ignitions that start wild land fires. One of the strongest and most widespread existing mitigation strategies pertains to tree clearance. Currently, California State Law requires utility companies to maintain specific clearances (depending on the type of voltage running through the line) between electric power lines and all vegetation. Enforcement of the following California Public Resource Code Sections provides guidance on tree pruning regulations: 12 4293: Power Line Clearance Required 4292: Power Line Hazard Reduction 4291: Reduction of Fire Hazards Around Buildings 4171: Public Nuisances 2http://www.treesaregood.com/tree care /avoiding_conflicts.asp The following pertain to tree pruning regulations and are taken from the California Code of Regulations: Title 14: Minimum Clearance Provisions Sections 1250 -1258 General Industry Safety Orders Title 8: Group 3: Articles 12, 13, 36, 37, 38 California Penal Code Section 385 Finally, the following California Public Utilities Commission section has additional guidance: California Public Utilities Commission General Order 95: Rule 35 Homeowner Liability Failure to allow a utility company to comply with the law can result in liability to the homeowner for damages or injuries resulting from .a vegetation hazard. Many insurance companies do not cover these types of damages if the policy owner has refused to allow the hazard to be eliminated. The power companies, in compliance with the above regulations, collect data about tree failures and their impact on power lines. This mitigation strategy assists the power company in preventing future tree failure. From the collection of this data, the power company can advise residents as to the most appropriate vegetative planting and pruning procedures. 10 -9 Economic Impact The City of Arcadia has a total assessed valuation of $10,203,490,662.00. This can be further broken into: Residential properties valued at $8,397,783,499.00 Commercial properties valued at $1,165,398,807.00 Other properties valued at $ 640,302,356.00 • windstorm would only impact a specific portion of the city and each event would be unique. • more detailed projected economic impact cannot be obtained. The impact of a wind driven wildfire will be discussed under the section devoted to a wildfire hazard. Windstorm Resource Directory State Resources California Division of Forestry & Fire Protection 1416 9th Street PO Box 944246 Sacramento California 94244 -2460 916 - 653 -5123 http://www.fire.ca.gov/php/index.php Federal Resources and Programs National Weather Service Los Angeles /Oxnard Weather Forecast Office 520 North Elevar Street Oxnard, CA 93030 Forecast and weather info: 805- 988 -6610 Administrative issues: 805 -988 -6615 E -mail: Webmaster.LOX@noaa.gov http: / /weather.noaa. gov/ Additional Resources International Society of Arboriculture. P.O. Box 3129 Champaign, IL 61826 -3129 Phone: 217.355.9411 Fax: 217.355.9516 Web: www.isa- arbor.com E -mail: isa(a-),isa- arbor.com 10 -10 Publications WINDSTORMS: Protect Your Family and Pro e from the Hazards of Violent Windstonns http://emd.wa.gov/5-prep/tmg/Pubed/Windstrm.pdf Preparina Your Home for Severe Windstorms is available from http: / /www. chubb. com/personantmnelpful_tips_home _ windstonn.html Works Cited: lhttp://nimbo-wrh.noaa.gov/Sandiego/snawind.htm] 2Ibid 3Keith C. Heidorn at http://www.suiteI01-com/article.cfin/13646/100918, June 1, 2003 4Ibid SIbid 6Ibid 7www.cbsnews.com, January 8, 2003 8www.cbsnews.com/stories /2003/01 /06 /national/ 9Arcadia Tribune 12/11/1988 Pg Al -A2 I OPasadena Star News 01 /08/2003 Pg A 1 -A4 11 www.nbelosangeles.com/ news /loacl- beat / Fierce - Wind - Storm - Rips - Through- Southern 12www.cpuc.ca.gov/js.asp 10 -11 F7 c' LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 WILDFIRES Definition of a Wildfire A sweeping and destructive conflagration especially in a wilderness or a rural area.' Wildfire Related Hazards There are three categories of interface fire:" The classic wildland /urban interface exists where well - defined urban and suburban development presses up against open expanses of wildland areas. The mixed wildland /urban interface is characterized by isolated homes, subdivisions, and small communities situated predominantly in wildland settings. The occluded wildland /urban interface exists where islands of wildland vegetation occur inside a largely urbanized area. Certain conditions must be present for significant interface fires to occur. The most common conditions include: hot, dry and windy weather; the inability of fire protection forces to contain or suppress the fire; the occurrence of multiple fires that overwhelm committed resources; and a large fuel load (dense vegetation). Once a fire has started, several conditions influence its behavior, including: fuel topography, weather, drought and development. Southern California has two distinct areas of risk for wildland fire. The foothills and lower mountain areas are most often covered with scrub brush or chaparral. The higher elevations of mountains also have heavily forested terrain. The lower elevations covered with chaparral create one type of exposure. The Interface One challenge Southern California faces regarding the wildfire hazard is from the increasing number of houses being built on the urban/wildland interface. Every year the growing population has expanded further and further into the hills and mountains, including forestlands. The increased "interface" between urban/suburban areas and the open spaces created by this expansion has produced a significant increase in threats to life and property from fires and has pushed existing fire protection systems beyond original or current design and capability. Property owners in the interface are not aware of the problems and threats they face. Therefore, many owners have done very little to manage or offset fire hazards or risks on their own property. Furthermore, human activities increase the incidence of fire ignition and potential damage. Fuel Fuel is the material that feeds a fire and is a key factor in wildfire behavior. Fuel is classified by volume and by type. Volume is described in terms of "fuel loading," or the amount of available vegetative fuel. The type of fuel also influences wildfire. Chaparral is a primary fuel of Southern California wildfires. Chaparral communities experience long dry summers and receive most of their annual precipitation from winter rains. Although chaparral is often considered as a single species, there are two distinct types: hard chaparral and soft chaparral. Within these two types are dozens of different plants, each with its own particular characteristics. Topography Topography influences the movement of air, thereby directing a fire course. For example, if the percentage of uphill slope doubles, the rate of spread in wildfire will 11 -1 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 WILDFIRES likely double. Gulches and canyons can funnel air and act as chimneys, which intensify fire behavior and cause the fire to spread faster. Solar heating of dry, south - facing slopes produces up slope drafts that can complicate fire behavior. Unfortunately, hillsides with hazardous topographic characteristics are also desirable residential areas in many communities. This underscores the need for wildfire hazard mitigation and increased education and outreach to homeowners living in interface areas. Weather Weather patterns combined with certain geographic locations can create a favorable climate for wildfire activity. Areas where annual precipitation is less than 30 inches per year are extremely fire susceptible. "' High -risk areas in Southern California share a hot, dry season in late summer and early fall when high temperatures and low humidity favor fire activity. The so- called "Santa Ana" winds, which are heated by compression as they flow down to Southern California from Utah, create a particularly high risk, as they can rapidly spread what might otherwise be a small fire. Drought Recent concerns about the effects of climate change, particularly drought, are contributing to concerns about wildfire vulnerability. The term drought is applied to a period in which an unusual scarcity of rain causes a serious hydrological imbalance. Unusually dry winters, or significantly less rainfall than normal, can lead to relatively drier conditions and leave reservoirs and water tables lower. Drought leads to problems with irrigation and may contribute to additional fires, or additional difficulties in fighting fires. Development Growth and development in scrubland and forested areas is increasing the number of human-made structures in Southern California interface areas. Wildfire has an effect on development, yet development can also influence wildfire. Owners often prefer homes that are private, have scenic views, are nestled in vegetation and use natural materials. A private setting may be far from public roads, or hidden behind a narrow, curving driveway. These conditions, however, make evacuation and fire fighting difficult. The scenic views found along mountain ridges can also mean areas of dangerous topography. Natural vegetation contributes to scenic beauty, but it may also provide a ready trail of fuel leading a fire directly to the combustible fuels of the home itself. History of Wildfires in Southern California Large fires have been part of the Southern California landscape for millennia. "Written documents reveal that during the 19th century human settlement of southern California altered the fire regime of coastal California by increasing the fire frequency. This was an era of very limited fire suppression, and yet like today, large crown fires covering tens of thousands of acres were not uncommon. One of the largest fires in Los Angeles County (60,000 acres) occurred in 1878, and the largest fire in Orange County's history, in 1889, was over half a million acres. 11 -2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 WILDFIRES 10 Largest California Wildfires Table 11.1 (Structures Destroyed) (SoCal fires shown in bold) Fire Name Date County Acres Structures Deaths 1 Tunnel Oct. 199] Alameda 1,600 2,900 25 2 Cedar Oct. 2003 San Diego 273,246 2,820 15 3 Witch Oct.2007 San Diego 197,990 1,650 2 4 Old Oct. 2003 San Bernardino 91,281 1,003 6 5 Jones Oct. 1999 Shasta 26,200 954 1 6 Paint June 1990 Santa Barbara 4,900 641 1 7 Fountain Aug. 1992 Shasta 63,960 636 0 8 Sayre Nov. 2008 Los Angeles 11,262 604 0 9 City of Berkeley Sept. 1923 Alameda 130 584 0 10 Harris Oct. 2007 San Diego 190,440 548 g http: / /www. fire. ca .gov /communications /downloads /fact_sheets /20LS TRUCTURES.pdf "Structures" is meant to include all loss - homes and outbuildings, etc. The 2003 Southern California Fires For thousands of years, fires have been a natural part of the ecosystem in Southern California. However, wildfires present a substantial hazard to life and property in communities built within or adjacent to hillsides and mountainous areas. There is a huge potential for losses due to wildland/urban interface fires in Southern California. According to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE), there were over seven thousand reportable fires in California in 2003, with over one million acres burned.' According to CDF statistics, in the October 2003 firestorms, over 4,800 homes were destroyed and 22 lives were lost." The fall of 2003 marked the most destructive wildfire season in California history. In a ten -day period, 12 separate fires raged across Southern California in Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, and Ventura counties. The massive "Cedar" fire in San Diego County alone consumed 2,800 homes and burned over a quarter of a million acres. October 2003 Firestorm Statistics Table - 11.2 CouFire Acres Homes Homes Lives Name Date Began Burned Lost Damaged Lost R 10/21/03 2.397 3 7 0 Los Angeles I Padua I 10/21/03 1 10,4461 59 1 0 0 11 -3 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 WILDFIRES San Bernardino Grand Prix 10/21/03 69,894 136 1 71 0 San Diego Roblar 2 10/21/03 8,592 0 0 0 Ventura Piru 10/23/03 63,991 8 0 0 Los Angeles Verdale 10/24/03 8,650 1 0 0 Ventura Simi 10/25/03 108,204 300 11 0 San Diego Cedar 10/25/03 273,246 2,820 63 14 San Bernardino Old 10/25/03 91,281 1,003 7 6 San Diego Otay / Mine 10/26/03 46,000 6 11 0 Riverside Mountain 10/26/03 10,000 61 0 0 San Diego Paradise 10/26/03 56,700 415 15 2 Total Losses - - 749,401 4,812 185 22 Source: http: / /www. fire. ca. gov /php /fire_er_ content /downloads /2003LargeFires.pdf History of Wildfires in and near Arcadia Santa Anita Fire Over the last 100 years there have been at least as many as four Santa Anita Fires in the hills above Arcadia. However, the most recent was in late April 2008. No homes were lost and there were only four minor injuries but over 400 people had to be evacuated as the fire raged dangerously close to homes. The fire consumed almost 600 acres and was contained in about a week. Station Fire In late August 2009, an arsonist started a fire in the hills above La Canada Flintridge, California. The flames raged for over two months and experts stated that the embers wouldn't be completely extinguished until a big winter storm. The fire claimed 160,577 acres (251 sq mi), 209 structures destroyed, including 89 homes, and the lives of two LA County Firefighters while attempting to escape the flames when their fire truck plunged off a cliff.. The blaze threatened 12,000 structures in the National Forest and the nearby communities of La Canada Flintridge, Glendale, Acton, La Crescenta, Littlerock and Altadena, as well as the Sunland and Tujunga neighborhoods of the City of Los Angeles. Dozer lines were carved out in the hills above Arcadia, Monrovia, and Sierra Madre to prevent the fire from spreading to those communities. Many of these areas faced mandatory evacuations as the flames drew near. The Station Fire burned on the slopes of Mount Wilson, threatening numerous television, radio and cellular telephone antennas on the summit, as well as the Mount Wilson Observatory, which includes several historically significant telescopes and multi - million - dollar astronomical facilities. A 40 -mile stretch of the Angeles Crest Highway was closed indefinitely due to guardrail and sign damage, although the pavement remained largely intact. A homicide investigation has been initiated as investigators discovered a substance at the fire's point of origin which they believe may have accelerated the flames. As of 15 September, 11 -4 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 WILDFIRES $93.8 million had been spent fighting the fire at 91 % contained with full containment by 19 September. It was contained on October 16, 2009, due to moderate rainfall. Property owners and concerned citizens have demanded a formal Congressional investigation as to why the U.S. Forest Service did not contain the fire within the first 48 hours when it was manageable. At 160,557 acres, the Station Fire is the 10th largest in modern California history and the largest wildfire in the modern history of Los Angeles County. Wildfire Hazard Assessment Wildfire hazard areas are commonly identified in regions of the wildland /urban interface. Ranges of the wildfire hazard are further determined by the ease of fire ignition due to natural or human conditions and the difficulty of fire suppression. The wildfire hazard is also magnified by several factors related to fire suppression/control such as the surrounding fuel load, weather, topography, and property characteristics. Generally, hazard identification rating systems are based on weighted factors of fuels, weather and topography. Table 11.3 illustrates a rating system to identify wildfire hazard risk (with a score of 3 equaling the most danger and a score of 1 equaling the least danger.) Sample Hazard Identification Rating System Table TahIP I I z In order to determine the "base hazard factor" of specific wildfire hazard sites and interface regions, several factors must be taken into account. Categories used to assess the base hazard factor include: topographic location, characteristics, and fuels; site/building construction and design; site /region fuel profile (landscaping); defensible space; accessibility; fire protection response; and water availability. 11 -5 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 WILDFIRES The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology in recent years has been a great asset to fire hazard assessment, allowing further integration of fuels, weather, and topography data for such ends as fire behavior prediction, watershed evaluation, mitigation strategies, and hazard mapping. The Threat of Urban Conflagration Although communities without an urban /wildland interface are much less likely to experience a catastrophic fire, in Southern California there is a scenario where any community might be exposed to an urban conflagration similar to the fires that occurred following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. "Large fires following an earthquake in an urban region are relatively rare phenomena, but have occasionally been of catastrophic proportions. The two largest peacetime urban fires in history, 1906 San Francisco and 1923 Tokyo, were both caused by earthquakes. The fact that fire following earthquake has been little researched or considered in the United States is particularly surprising when one realizes that the conflagration in San. Francisco after the 1906 earthquake was the single largest urban fire, and the single largest earthquake loss, in U.S. history. The loss over three days of more than 28,000 buildings within an area of 12 km2 was staggering: $250 million in 1906 dollars or about six billion dollars at today's prices. The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, the 1991 Oakland hills fire, and Japan's recent Hokkaido Nansei -oki Earthquake all demonstrate the current, real possibility of a large fire, such as a fire following an earthquake, developing into a conflagration. In the United States, all the elements that would hamper fire - fighting capabilities are present: density of wooden structures, limited personnel and equipment to address multiple fires, debris blocking the access of fire - fighting equipment, and a limited water supply. ""' In Southern California, this scenario highlights the need for fire mitigation activity in all sectors of the region, urban/wildland interface or not. Risk Analysis Southern California residents are served by a variety of local fire departments as well as county, state and federal fire resources.. Data that includes the location of interface areas in the county can be used to assess the population and total value of property at risk from wildfire and direct these fire agencies in fire prevention and response. Key factors included in assessing wildfire risk include ignition sources, building materials and design, community design, structural density, slope, vegetative fuel, fire occurrence and weather, as well as occurrences of drought. Refer to map I La to see the wildfire hazard ratings in the City of Arcadia. The National Wildland/Urban Fire Protection Program has developed the Wildland/Urban Fire Hazard Assessment Methodology tool for communities to assess their risk to wildfire. For more information on wildfire hazard assessment refer to http://www.Firewise.org. 11 -6 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 WILDFIRES Growth and Development in the Interface The hills and mountainous areas of Southern California are considered to be interface areas. The development of homes and other structures is encroaching onto the wildland and is expanding the wildland /urban interface. The interface neighborhoods are characterized by a diverse mixture of varying housing structures, development patterns, ornamental and natural vegetation and natural fuels. In the event of a wildfire, vegetation, structures and other flammables can merge into unwieldy and unpredictable events. Factors important to the fighting of such fires include access, firebreaks, proximity of water sources, distance from a fire station and available firefighting personnel and equipment. Reviewing past wildland /urban interface fires shows that many structures are destroyed or damaged for one or more of the following reasons: Combustible roofing material; Wood construction; Structures with no defensible space; Fire department with poor access to structures; Subdivisions located in heavy natural fuel types; Structures located on steep slopes covered with flammable vegetation; Limited water supply; and Winds over 30 miles per hour. Economic Impact The assess valuation of the Wildland Interface Area is $653,977,937.00. This is for all of the properties located in the Interface area as depicted on Map 11-1. A fire impacting the area on a small scale would obviously result in less of an economic impact. Current Mitigation in Arcadia Buildings Often times the reason structures are lost or damaged in wildland urban interface fires is due to wood shake roof coverings. The City of Arcadia Municipal Code 8130.18 has been implemented to reduce the risk of fire to structures in the City. Arcadia Municipal Code 8130.18 The roof covering on any structure regulated by this code shall have a minimum class A rating in the Wildland Interface Fire Area Boundaries and a class A or B rating in all other areas outside the Wildland Interface Fire Area Boundaries of the City. Pressure treated or untreated wood shakes and wood shingles shall not be installed on any building or structure located in the Wildland Interface Fire Area Boundaries. The City of Arcadia implements Title 19 California Health and Safety Code and the City of Arcadia Municipal Codes to ensure the fire safety in building construction and materials. Equipment The Arcadia Fire Department has outfitted all of their stations with new engines capable of producing Compressed Air Foam systems (CAFs). CAFs enable firefighters to pre- treat homes with retardant foam in the event of a fire near by. It also enables firefighters 11 -7 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 WILDFIRES to extinguish fires using less water, thus putting less demand on an already inundated water system. Operations On Red Flag Warning days the Arcadia Fire Department often staffs extra personnel and makes patrols in areas with high probability of wildfire ignition. In the event a wildland fire does occur in or around the City of Arcadia the Fire Department has created a Brush and Structure Pre -Fire Plan. The plan includes maps of the City with vital information required for operations on a wildland fire. Information includes but is not limited to: location of hydrants, potential staging areas, potential command posts, safe refuge zones, schools, and other critical information for use in the event of a wildland urban interface fire in or near the City of Arcadia. Road Access Road access is a major issue for all emergency service providers. As development encroaches into the rural areas of the county, the number of houses without adequate turn- around space is increasing. In many areas, there is not adequate space for emergency vehicle turnarounds in single - family residential neighborhoods, causing emergency workers to have difficulty doing their jobs because they cannot access houses. As fire trucks are large, firefighters are challenged by narrow roads and limited access, when there is inadequate turn around space, the fire fighters can only work to remove the occupants, but cannot safely remain to save the threatened structures. However, pre- planning, evacuation notices, and road closures help to assist firefighters with mobility in the event of a fire. Water Supply Firefighters in remote and rural areas are faced by limited water supply and lack of hydrant taps. Rural areas are characteristically outfitted with small diameter pipe water systems, inadequate for providing sustained fire fighting flows. In the City of Arcadia all new water main lines are eight inch and fire hydrant laterals are six inch. However, older pipes that were installed years ago do not meet the size standards and may be only four inches. Older pipes are upgraded as funds become available or as an opportunity arises and are addressed in sections of our Water Master Plan. They are also addressed completely in Section 7 (Domestic Water System) in City Water Standards. Replacement of older pipes is ongoing. Fire hydrants in Arcadia are spaced at 300 feet in both commercial and residential areas. Though there are some areas where spacing is greater, Public Works adds hydrants and adjusts spacing as lines are replaced. Most hydrants in the City are supplied at about one hundred psi. However, the City has a minimum pressure of twenty psi that each hydrant is to be supplied at all times. The water system is gravity fed and will supply water to hydrants for at least two hours in the event the City is without power. 11 -8 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 WILDFIRES Interface Fire Education Programs and Enforcement The biggest concern during a wildland urban interface fire is loss of life and property. Mitigation of loss to life and property begins with the residents and their pre -plans. To assist the residents in planning for a wildland urban interface fire the Arcadia Fire Department implemented an Annual Brush Clearance Program. The program begins by mailing a pamphlet detailing fire hazard reduction and safety guidelines. The pamphlet includes information about maintaining a defensible space, use of fire resistive building materials, planning escape routes, and preparations in the event of a fire near their home. The program is continued by Fire Department inspections of homes. Every May, firefighters asses the defensible space and specific hazards in order to further mitigate loss of life and property. The inspections also help to familiarize firefighters with the area to further assist them in the event of a fire. The Arcadia Fire Department Prevention Bureau has also produced various public safety announcements about smoke alarms, wildfire safety, holiday safety, and the use of fire extinguishers. The videos are played on the Arcadia City channel and are designed to help educate the public on fire safety. Federal Programs The role of the federal land managing. agencies in the wildland /urban interface is reducing fuel hazards on the lands they administer; cooperating in prevention and education programs; providing technical and financial assistance; and developing agreements, partnerships and relationships with property owners, local protection agencies, states and other stakeholders in wildland /urban interface areas. These relationships focus on activities before a fire occurs, which render structures and communities safer and better able to survive a fire occurrence. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Programs, FEMA is directly responsible for providing fire suppression assistance grants and, in certain cases, major disaster assistance and hazard mitigation grants in response to fires. The role of FEMA in the wildland /urban interface is to encourage comprehensive disaster preparedness plans and programs, increase the capability of state and local governments and provide for a greater understanding of FEMA programs at the federal, state and local levels. "' U.S. Forest Service The U. S. Forest Service (USFS) is involved in a fuel - loading program implemented to assess fuels and reduce hazardous buildup on forestlands. The USFS is a cooperating agency and, while it has little to no jurisdiction in the lower valleys, it has an interest in preventing fires in the interface, as fires often burn up the hills and into the higher elevation US forest lands. Other Mitigation Programs and Activities Some areas of the country are facing wildland /urban issues collaboratively. These are model programs that include local solutions. Summit County, Colorado, has developed a hazard and risk assessment process that mitigates hazards through zoning requirements. In California, the Los Angeles County Fire Department has retrofitted more than 100 fire 11 -9 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 WILDFIRES engines with fire retardant foam capability and Orange County is evaluating a pilot insurance grading and rating schedule specific to the wildland /urban interface. All are examples successful programs that demonstrate the value of pre- suppression and prevention efforts when combined with property owner support to mitigate hazards within the wildland /urban interface. Works Cited http://www.merriam-webster.com/ " Planning for Natural Hazards: The Oregon Technical Resource Guide, (July 2000) Department of Land Conservation and Development Planning for Natural Hazards: The Oregon Technical Resource Guide, (July 2000), Department of Land Conservation and Development 'V http: / /www.usgs.gov/ public / ptess/ public_ affairs /press_releases /prl805m.html http://www.fire.ca.gov/php/2003fireseasonstats—v2.asp V' http: / /www.fire.ca.gov/ php /fire_er_ content /downloads /2003LargeFires.pdf V" http: / /www.ege.com/ publications /revf93 /firefoll.htm Viii Source: National Interagency Fire Center, Boise ID and California Division of Forestry, Riverside Fire Lab. 11 -10 � 3�.�,w nr3�•IW�� W = ,' �' ..nrv�mnrii.0 nv v.sw vi lr n� O .T�`• Z W _ LL i C u f � mr,n wwivw I � i �.a i i i � I � nr c• Z � "? 4�I�I;IjiI i& �� II �I `�`'�L'• / / /,,,I/ lizm, �orcecrx L �.0 :J I ( J ��-- ''� <-'•'I L._' '!J L.f_I y� J1 xtg' N3wvxYYDCi _ - - -� I Fi, - - -�_ \ t7-I °a IDtl�riAVS �) !' /, p •� �- I ai w� uhyw _ IlSb3 _r < ;3rvowo �y � "� i°a lWUA rn �riWVa; I a ij s _ o P w I ¢ 3 0 4 �� Nun x3i50•M WQID .- -__ AIM � .'I l , '.. i t i t c 4 1�,INUtl p_ uurw3i I ° 0 r � ;, mmr3xasluM I o� d = c c' tro � � ._ N LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 DROUGHT Definition of Drought There are four different ways that drought can be defined: Meteorological — a measure of departure of precipitation from normal. Due to climatic differences what is considered a drought in one location may not be a drought in another location. Agricultural — refers to a situation when the amount of moisture in the soil no longer meets the needs of a particular corp. Hydrological — occurs when surface and subsurface water supplies are below normal. Socioeconomic — refers to the situation that occurs when physical water shortage begins to affect people. Concept of Drought Drought is an insidious hazard of nature. Although it has different definitions, it originates from a deficiency of precipitation over an extended period of time, usually a season or more. This deficiency results in a water shortage for some activity, group, or environmental sector. Drought should be considered relative to some long -term average condition of balance between precipitation and evapo- transpiration (i.e., evaporation + transpiration) in a particular area, a condition often perceived as "normal ". It is also related to the timing (i.e., principal season of occurrence, delays in the start of the rainy season, occurrence of rains in relation to principal crop growth stages) and the effectiveness of the rains (i.e., rainfall intensity, number of rainfall events). Other climatic factors such as thigh temperature, high wind, and low relative humidity are often associated with it in many regions of the world and can significantly aggravate its severity. Drought should not be viewed as merely a physical phenomenon or natural event. Its impacts on society result from the interplay between a natural event (less precipitation than expected resulting from natural climatic variability) and the demand people place on water supply. Human beings often exacerbate the impact of drought. Recent droughts in both developing and developed countries and the resulting economic and environmental impacts and personal hardships have underscored the vulnerability of all societies to this "natural hazard." A five -year drought has parched soils, lowered reservoirs and weakened forests. If the past is any guide, the dry spell could go on for decades. One dry year does not normally constitute a drought in California, but serves as a reminder of the need to plan for droughts. California's extensive system of water supply infrastructure — its reservoirs, groundwater basins, and inter - regional conveyance facilities — mitigates the effect of short-term dry periods for most water users. Hydrologic conditions constituting a drought for water users in one location may not constitute a drought for water users elsewhere, or for water users having a different water supply. Individual water suppliers may use criteria such as rainfall /runoff, amount of water in storage, or expected supply from a water wholesaler to define their water supply conditions. 12 -1 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 DROUGHT Drought is a gradual phenomenon. Although droughts are sometimes characterized as emergencies, they differ from typical emergency events. Most natural disasters, such as floods or forest fires, occur relatively rapidly and afford little time for preparing for disaster response. Droughts occur slowly, over a multiyear period. There is no universal definition of when a drought begins or ends. Impacts of drought are typically felt first by those most reliant on annual rainfall — ranchers engaged in dry land grazing, rural residents relying on wells in low -yield rock formations, or small water systems lacking a reliable source. Criteria used to identify statewide drought conditions do not address these localized impacts. Drought impacts increase with the length of a drought, as carry -over supplies in reservoirs are depleted and water levels in groundwater basins decline. Past California Droughts Droughts exceeding three years are relatively rare in Northern California, the source of much of the State's developed water supply. The 1929 -34 drought established the criteria commonly used in designing storage capacity and yield of large Northern California reservoirs. One approach to supplementing California's limited period of measured data is to statistically reconstruct data through the study of tree rings (called dendrochronology). Information on the thickness of annual growth rings can be used to infer the wetness of the season. Site - specific approaches to supplementing the historical record can include age - dating dry land plant remains now submerged in place by rising water levels, or sediment and pollen studies. For example, a 1994 study of relict tree stumps rooted in present -day lakes, rivers, and marshes suggested that California sustained two epic drought periods, extending over more than three centuries. The first epic drought lasted more than two centuries before the year 1112; the second drought lasted more than 140 years before 1350. In this study, the researcher used drowned tree stumps rooted in Mono Lake, Tenaya Lake, West Walker River, and Osgood Swamp in the central Sierra Nevada. These investigations indicate that California has been subject to droughts more severe and more prolonged than those witnessed in the brief historical record. Impacts of Drought Drought produces a complex web of impacts that spans many sectors of the economy and reaches well beyond the area experiencing physical drought. This complexity exists because water is integral to our ability to produce goods and provide services. Impacts are commonly referred to as direct or indirect. Reduced crop, rangeland, and forest productivity; increased fire hazard; reduced water levels; increased livestock and wildlife mortality rates; and damage to wildlife and fish habitat are a few examples of direct impacts. The consequences of these impacts illustrate indirect impacts. For example, a reduction in crop, rangeland, and forest productivity may result in reduced income for farmers and agribusiness, increased prices for food and timber, unemployment, reduced tax revenues because of reduced expenditures, increased crime, foreclosures on bank loans to fanners and businesses, migration, and disaster relief programs. Direct or primary impacts are usually biophysical. Conceptually speaking, the more removed the impact from the cause, the more complex the link to the cause. In fact, the web of impacts becomes so diffuse that it is very difficult to come up with financial estimates of damages. The impacts of drought can be categorized as economic, environmental, or social. 12 -2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 DROUGHT Many economic impacts occur in agriculture and related sectors, including forestry and fisheries, because of the reliance of these sectors on surface and subsurface water supplies. In addition to obvious losses in yields in both crop and livestock production, drought is associated with increases in insect infestations, plant disease, and wind erosion. Droughts also bring increased problems with insects and diseases to forests and reduce growth. The incidence of forest and range fires increases substantially during extended droughts, which in turn places both human and wildlife populations at higher levels of risk. Income loss is another indicator used in assessing the impacts of drought because so many sectors are affected. Reduced income for farmers has a ripple effect. Retailers and others who provide goods and services to farmers face reduced business. This leads to unemployment, increased credit risk for financial institutions, capital shortfalls, and loss of tax revenue for local, state, and federal government. Less discretionary income affects the recreation and tourism industries. Prices for food, energy, and other products increase as supplies are reduced. In some cases, local shortages of certain goods result in the need to import these goods from outside the stricken region. Reduced water supply impairs the navigability of rivers and results in increased transportation costs because products must be transported by rail or truck. Hydropower production may also be curtailed significantly. Environmental losses are the result of damages to plant and animal species, wildlife habitat, and air and water quality; forest and range fires; degradation of landscape quality; loss of biodiversity; and soil erosion. Some of the effects are short-term and conditions quickly return to normal following the end of the drought. Other environmental effects linger for some time or may even become permanent. Wildlife habitat, for example, may be degraded through the loss of wetlands, lakes, and vegetation. However, many species will eventually recover from this temporary aberration. The degradation of landscape quality, including increased soil erosion, may lead to a more permanent loss of biological productivity of the landscape. Although environmental losses are difficult to quantify, growing public awareness and concern for environmental quality has forced public officials to focus greater attention and resources on these effects. Social impacts mainly involve public safety, health, conflicts between water users, reduced quality of life, and inequities in the distribution of impacts and disaster relief. Many of the impacts specified as economic and environmental have social components as well. Population out - migration is a significant problem, often stimulated by greater availability of food and water elsewhere. Migration is usually to urban areas within the stressed area or to regions outside the drought area; migration may even be to adjacent countries, creating refugee problems. However, when the drought has abated, these persons seldom return home, depriving rural areas of valuable human resources necessary for economic development. For the urban area to which they have immigrated, they place ever - increasing pressure on the social infrastructure, possibly leading to greater poverty and social unrest. Arcadia's Source of Water The City's water supply sources include groundwater rights in the Main San Gabriel Basin, Raymond Basin and direct delivery of treated imported water from Metropolitan Water District. 12 -3 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 DROUGHT The reliability of the water supply for the City is primarily dependent upon the management of the Main San Gabriel Basin and Raymond Basin. The management of both basins is based on their adjudication. The City pumps groundwater from both basins and can rely on the water supply sources of both basins in an average water year, a single -dry water year and during multiple -dry water years. California Drought Legislation The State of California delegates drought planning to local authorities. However, in light of the current drought conditions for the past three (3) years, the California Legislature passed Senate Bill 7x -7 of 2009, and the Governor signed it into law in November 2009. This comprehensive water package was a plan crafted to meet California's growing water challenges. It was a major step towards ensuring a reliable water supply for future generations, as well as restoring the Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta and other ecologically sensitive areas. More importantly, the law is directed at water conservation and includes the requirement that the State reduce urban per capita water use by twenty (20) percent by the year 2020. Arcadia's Current Mitigation of Drought Mitigating drought — taking actions in advance of drought to reduce its long -term risk—can involve a wide range of tools. These tools include policies, activities, plans, and programs. The California Urban Water Management Planning Act, which became effective on January 1, 1985, requires every Urban Water Supplier to prepare and adopt an Urban Water Management Plan and to periodically review its Management Plan every five (5) years and make any amendments or changes which are indicated by review. The primary objective of the Act is to direct urban water suppliers to evaluate their existing water conservation efforts and, to the extent practicable, to review and implement alternative and supplemental water conservation measures. As such, the City has adopted and implemented the Urban Water Management Plan and continues to update it on a regular basis as required by law. This Management Plan details demand management measures implemented by the City to increase and encourage water conservation in the community. Many demand management measures are in cooperation with the Upper San Gabriel Valley Municipal Water District in addition to the City's own efforts. In the event of a water shortage or water emergency, the City has also established a Water Conservation Plan (Plan) in the Arcadia Municipal Code: ARTICLE VII. - PUBLIC WORKS, CHAPTER 5. - WATER RATES, SERVICE CHARGES AND REGULATIONS PART 5. - REGULATIONS DIVISION 3. - WATER CONSERVATION PLAN The Plan is intended for the conservation of available water supply to minimize the adverse impacts of a drought or water supply emergency conditions. Specifically, the Plan implements water rationing in eight (8) phases, reducing water usage by a certain percentage in each phase. 12 -4 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 DROUGHT To further mitigate the impacts of drought, the City is also exploring conservation pricing in order to encourage and enhance water conservation efforts. 12 -5 T � w_ o v w LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RELEASE The section will deal with an unintentional hazardous material release. Intentional releases will be addresses under the Terrorism section of this plan. Definition of a Hazardous Material Release Any amount of a substance which poses a threat to life, health, or property that is unintentionally released into the environment. Identify Hazards The City of Arcadia will look at three broad sources of Hazardous Material Releases; fixed facilities, transportation, and illegal dumping. Fixed Facilities The City of Arcadia utilizes the Los Angeles County Fire Department as its Certified Unified Program Agency (CUPA). The CUPA manages the storage and use of Hazardous Materials in commercial businesses. Businesses that maintain an inventory over a specific amount are required to provide and update a Hazardous Materials Business Plan with the CUPA. These facilities are also required to obtain a permit from the City of Arcadia Fire Prevention Bureau. The business plan includes material safety data sheets for each chemical, a plot plan of where the material is stored, and the amount that is stored. Currently the City of Arcadia has approximately 125 facilities that have a plan on file with the CUPA. Transportation There are several major transportation arteries that transect the City of Arcadia. The transportation arteries include but are not limited to the following: 210 Freeway, Foothill Blvd., Huntington Drive, Duarte Road, Live Oak Avenue, Baldwin Avenue, and Santa Anita Avenue. All vehicles that transport hazardous materials over a specific amount must meet Federal Department of Transportation requirements. Illegal Disposal It is considered a criminal act to illegally dispose of toxic materials and hazardous waste products on public or private property. As cost restrictions increase for legitimate hazardous waste disposal sites, it can be anticipated that illegal dumping of hazardous materials will increase. Profile Hazard Event From FEMA Guide 386 -7 "Integrating Manmade Hazards into Mitigation Planning" there are four factors to address for a Hazardous Materials Release. They are: application mode; hazard duration; extent of effects; and mitigating and exacerbating conditions. Each factor can vary greatly due to the material involved. Application mode involves the state the chemicals are in when released. State refers to being solid, Iiquid, or gaseous. Hazard Duration can range from hours to days. The extent of effect addresses if the situation is static or dynamic in nature. An event that is dynamic in nature has a greater chance to impact a larger area. Mitigating and 13-1 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RELEASE exacerbating conditions involve weather, building construction, topography, and if the hazardous materials was being used and /or stored properly prior to the release. With the wide variety of chemicals in fixed facilities within the City of Arcadia and transported through the City the size and extent of a release if one occurs is difficult to predict. Inventory Assets Through the City of Arcadia's CUPA, the City is provided an updated list of hazardous material facilities and a copy of each facilities business plan. There are 125 fixed facilities with a plan on file. This list is kept on emergency response vehicles and in the City of Arcadia's Emergency Operations Plan. Estimate Losses Loss estimates for a hazardous material release can be varied. The cost to restore the business and surrounding area to the condition it was in prior to the release depends on many factors including the type of chemical, the amount released, the location, and the time of day. The City of Arcadia has a total assessed valuation of $10,203,490,662.00. This can be further broken into: Residential properties valued at $8,397,783,499.00 Commercial properties valued at $1,165,398,807.00 Other properties valued at $ 640,302,356.00 The size of the release will dictate the impact on the assessed valuation of the community. 13 -2 CA 00 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 TERRORISM Definition Terrorism can be defined as: "... the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance ofpolitical or social objectives. " (28 C.F.R. Section 0.85) ID Hazard The catastrophic attacks on the World Trade Center, Pentagon, and Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City shocked the nation into a reality that there are no domestic safe havens from acts of terrorism. These events have punctuated our nation's vulnerability, and highlighted California's risk of similar attack against its public officials, private and multi - national corporations, public infrastructure, and government faculties. Historically, California has had a long experience combating terrorist groups, both domestic and international. Domestic terrorist groups in the state have been largely issue - oriented, while the few known internationally based incident have mostly targeted the state's immigrant communities and been related to foreign disputes. Today, however, both groups are more likely to be aligned nationally and/or internationally through electronic networking. The issues and politics of these groups remain essentially unchanged but now include increasing expressions of hatred for existing forms of government. The World Trade Center and Pentagon incidents demonstrate that international terrorist groups have the potential to operate with deadly effectiveness in this country. Such groups may offer no allegiance to any particular country but seek political or personal objectives that transcend national /state boundaries. There is appropriate concern that such attacks as witnessed in Tokyo, New York City, Oklahoma City and in our Capital could occur in California. A terrorist acting alone or in concert with any of the known national or international groups could readily commit acts of terrorism in California. The open availability of basic shelf type chemicals and mail order biological research materials, coupled with an access to even the crudest laboratory facilities, could enable the individual extremist or an organized terrorist faction to manufacture proven highly lethal substances or to fashion less sophisticated weapons of mass destruction. The use of such weapons could result in mass casualties, long -term contamination and wreak havoc to both the state and national economies. The freedom of movement and virtually unrestricted access to government officials, building, and critical infrastructure afforded to California's citizens and foreign visitors, presents the terrorist with the opportunity and conditions of anonymity to deliver such devastation and its tragic consequences with only the crudest devises of nuclear, chemical, or biological content. Situation The complexity, scope, and potential consequences of a terrorist threat or incident require that there be a rapid and decisive capability to resolve the situation. The resolution to an act of terrorism demands an extraordinary level of coordination of crisis and consequence management function and technical expertise across all levels of govermment. No single Federal, State, or local government agency has the capability or requisite authority to respond independently and mitigate the consequences of such a threat to national security. The incident may affect a single location or multiple locations, each of which may be a disaster scene, hazardous scene and /or a crime scene simultaneously. 14 -1 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 TERRORISM As in all incidents, WMD incidents may involve mass casualties and damaged buildings or other types of property. However, there are several factors surrounding WMD incidents that are unlike any other type of incidents that must be taken into consideration when planning a response. First responders' ability to identify aspects of the incident (e.g., signs and symptoms exhibited by victims) and report them accurately will be key to maximizing the use of critical local resources and for triggering a State/Federal response. The situation may not be recognizable until there are multiple casualties. Most chemical and biological agents are not detected by methods used for explosives and firearms. Most agents can be carried in containers that look like ordinary items. There may be multiple events (e.g., one event in an attempt to influence another event's outcome). Responders are placed at a higher risk of becoming causalities. Because agents are not readily identifiable, responders may become contaminated before recognizing the agent involved. First responders may be targets for secondary releases or explosions. The location of the incident will be treated as a crime scene. As such, preservation and collection of evidence is critical. Therefore, it is important to ensure that actions on -scene are coordinated between response organizations to minimize any conflicts between law enforcement authorities, who view the incident as a crime scene, and other responders, who view it as a hazardous materials or disasters scene. Contamination of critical facilities and large geographic areas may result. Victims may carry an agent unknowingly to public transportation facilities, businesses, residences, doctor's offices, walk -in medical clinics, or emergency rooms because they don't realize that they are contaminated. First responders may carry the agent to fire stations, hospitals, or to the locations of subsequent calls. The scope of the incident may expand geometrically and may affect mutual aid jurisdictions. Airborne agents flow with the air current and may disseminate via ventilation systems, carrying the agents far from the initial source. There will be a stronger reaction from the public than with other types of incidents. The thought of exposure to a chemical or biological agent or radiation evokes terror in most people. The fear of the unknown also makes the public's response more severe. Time is working against responding elements. The incident can expand geometrically and very quickly. In addition, the effects of some chemicals and biological agents worsen over time. Support facilities, such as utility stations and 9 -1 -1 centers, along with critical infrastructures, are at risk as targets. Specialized local and State response capabilities may be overwhelmed. The City of Arcadia has sites within its boundaries that could be potential terrorist targets. Terrorist incidents create a unique environment in which to manage emergency 14 -2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 TERRORISM response. Local responders are typically the first on scene during an actual incident and local government has primary responsibility for protecting public health and safety. Profile Hazard Event FEMA's Guide to Integrating Manmade Hazards into Mitigation Planning states that there are three modes that manmade hazards can be harmful to the built environment. The modes are: Contamination (as in the case of chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear hazards. Energy (explosives, arson and electromagnetic waves) Failure or Denial of Service (sabotage, infrastructure breakdown, and transportation service disruption) Inventory In addition to fixed facilities that contain hazardous materials there are other locations within the community that could be possible targets for terrorist activity. This list is not included with this document for security reasons. Estimate Losses To estimate the potential losses for a terrorism event many factors are considered. The two more prominent items when estimating losses are the cost the restore the area to its previous condition and the long -term fiscal impact on the local economy. Both of those factors may vary greatly due to the type of terrorist event. The City of Arcadia has a total assessed valuation of $10,203,490,662.00. This can be further broken into: Residential properties valued at $8,397,783,499.00 Commercial properties valued at $1,165,398,807.00 Other properties valued at $ 640,302,356.00 The size of the release will dictate the impact on the assessed valuation of the community. 14 -3 7G - `G C - LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 ACTION ITEMS The following action items have been placed into three categories based on the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Committees recommendations. The LHMP Committee considered ease, cost, and importance of completion. The following three categories rank the achievability of each action item; category one action items being the action items to be completed first, and respectively category three being the last. Category One Flood A Enhance the City of Arcadias dam failure preparedness. Ideas for Implementation• • Incorporate dam inundation maps into the EOP Coordinating Organization: Funding Source: Timeline: Constraints: Fire Department Fire Department Within the next six months Limited staff time Wildfire A Enhance emergency services to increase the efficiency of wildfire response. Ideas for Implementation• • Continue to update the City of Arcadia Brush Plan Develop, approve, and promote fire protection agreements and partnerships. Coordinating_ Organization: Fire Department Funding'Source: Fire Department Timeline: Ongoing Constraints: none Wildfire B Continue to educate the public on wildfire safety. Ideas for Implementation Continue to utilize the Arcadia Fire Department Brush Clearance Inspection Program. Continue to utilize the Arcadia Fire Prevention Bureau public service announcements. Coordinating Organization: Fire Department Funding Source: Fire Department Timeline: Ongoing Constraints: Funding 15 -1 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 ACTION ITEMS Multi Hazard A & B Multi Hazard A Continue to develop and implement programs that encourage Arcadia residents and business owners to prepare for an emergency or disaster situation. Multi Hazard B Create and maintain communication vehicles through which the City can communicate with the public on both an outgoing and incoming basis. Implementation Ideas: • As necessary, update the City's ACTION Emergency Preparedness Handbook. • Work with City departments to develop and distribute informational pamphlets concerning specific areas of emergency and disaster preparedness. • Work with City departments and the School District to provide age- appropriate emergency preparedness information to students. • Promote emergency /disaster preparedness to the local business community by reaching out to local merchants and to the Chamber of Commerce. • As appropriate, work with the Fire and Police Departments to update the preparedness information contained on the City website. In the event of a significant local disaster use the website to inform the public on a timely basis of the status of the emergency, evacuation plans and any other information that is pertinent to their well- being. On an ongoing basis advise the public that the website will be used to relay important information in the event of an emergency. • Look into the possibility of purchasing a "Reverse 911 System" that would be used to relay information to residents and businesses by way of telephone in the event of a significant disaster. • Be prepared to implement in a timely fashion, a telephone hotline that residents can call for information and a distribution system that can be used in coordination with other methods to relay critical information. • Keep City employees informed about the need to be prepared for an emergency both at home and at work, and advise employees annually of the City's disaster recall policy. Coordinating Organization: City Managers Office Funding,: General Fund/City Operating Budget /City Manager's Office, Fire Department, Police Department, Public Works Services Department Timeline: Ongoing Constraints: Staff time Multi Hazard C Develop an evacuation plan for future disastrous events. 15 -2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 ACTION ITEMS Ideas for implementation: • Establish procedures for notifying residents in the event that a mandatory evacuation is necessary. • Determine primary and alternate routes for the safe evacuation of residents. Integrate the evacuation routes data into the City of Arcadia's Emergency Operations Plan. • Develop a plan to coordinate the restriction of inbound traffic into the hazard area. Coordinating Organization: Fundin,. Source: Timeline: Constraints: Category Two City of Arcadia Development Services, Fire and Police Departments General Fund Within the next one year Limited staff time, cost Landslide A Improve the capabilities of managing debris from landslide events by developing a debris management strategy for the City of Arcadia. Ideas for implementation: • Determine the necessary equipment and personnel needed to develop a coordinated response to managing debris. • Identify local debris removal sites and routes to expedite the process of debris removal. Coordinating Organization: Funding Source: Timeline: Constraints: City of Arcadia Public Works Services Public Works Within the next three years Limited staff time, lack of equipment needed to manage debris, cost associated with purchasing equipment. Windstorm A Identify and implement projects to reduce the damage caused by trees during a windstorm. Ideas for Implementation• • Continue regular tree trimming procedures: o Continue four -year tree trimming grid for optimum effectiveness to maintain healthy trees. 15 -3 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 ACTION ITEMS o Ensure trees in the public right -of -way are trimmed to maintain a clearance from all electric power lines as specified in the California Code of Regulations and the California Public Utilities Commission o Continue to remove trees that are dead, diseased, or dying. o Continue the Crown Restoration Program to preserve the health of large aging trees • Ensure proper tree trimming techniques as approved by the Professional Arborist Association • Provide public education materials to residents to make them aware of the need to regularly maintain and trim their own trees • Update Urban Forest Master Plan to include type of trees to plant, when to plan, where easement trees will be placed, and how and when they will be maintained. • Create and include a coordination plan with Southern California Edison to determine power line maintenance program and emergency procedures for fallen power lines. • Create an emergency contact list for mutual aid or other responsible agencies to be added to the EOP. Coordinating Organization: Public Works Services Department Funding Source: General Fund and Gas Tax Timeline: Ongoing Constraints: Limited staff time and capital resources to fund Tree Trimming Contractors Hazardous Materials A Enhance the City's preparedness for a hazardous materials event. Ideas for Implementation: • Update the City's Haz -Mat policy and incorporate it into the EOP. • Update known hazardous material storage locations. Coordinating Organization: Funding Source: Timeline: Constraints: Fire Department Fire Department Annually Staff time for updating policies Terrorism A Create a Standing Operating Guideline for City personnel responding to a terrorist incident. Implementation Ideas: • Meet with representation from the appropriate City departments to develop a SOG that will outline the guidelines for the safest and most efficient way to respond and operate during a terrorist incident. 15-4 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 ACTION ITEMS Coordinating Organization: Police Department Funding Source: General Fund, Police, Fire, and Public Works budgets Timeline: One year Cons— Limited staff time Cateaory Three Multi Hazard D Integrate new earthquake, wildfire, landslide, and flood hazard mapping data for the City of Arcadia and improve technical analysis of earthquake hazards. Ideas for Implementation• • Develop the City of Arcadia earthquake HAZUS data using more localized data including the building inventory to improve accuracy of the vulnerability assessment for the City Arcadia. • Conduct risk analysis incorporating HAZUS data and hazard maps using GIS technology to identify risk sites and further assist in prioritizing mitigation activities and assessing the adequacy of current land use requirements. Coordinating Organization: Development Services Funding: Unfunded; possibly EOC Timeline: Within the next three years Constraints: Funding for a HAZUS computer; staff time Drought— Identify and implement projects to reduce the impact of drought Ideas for Implementation• • Conserve water resources by: • Improving leak detection capability of the Public Works Services Staff • Continuing to provide water audits for indoor /outdoor uses • Updating the City's Urban Water Management Plan to ensure water supply in the future • Funding Capital Improvement Projects to improve the reliability and sustainability of the City's water distribution system • Develop and implement a Tiered Water Rate Pricing Structure Coordinating Organization: Public Works Services Department Funding Source: Water Fund (revenue generated from billing for water service) Timeline: Short Term (within the next five years) Constraints: Limited staff time, resistance from public and lack of public participation. 1 -�-> a CD c; m c. n m � LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 PLAN MAINTENANCE PROCESS The plan maintenance section of this document details the formal process that will ensure that the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation PIan remains an active and relevant document. The plan maintenance process includes a schedule for monitoring and evaluating the Plan annually and producing a plan revision every five years. This section describes how the city will integrate public participation throughout the plan maintenance process. Finally, this section includes an explanation of how City of Arcadia's government intends to incorporate the mitigation strategies outlined in this Plan into existing planning mechanisms such as the City General Plan, Capital Improvement Plans and Building and Safety Codes. , Monitoring and Implementing the Plan Plan Adoption The City Council will be responsible for adopting the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan. This governing body has the authority to promote sound public policy regarding natural hazards. Once the plan has been adopted, the City Manager will be responsible for submitting it to the State Hazard Mitigation Officer at The California Emergency Services Agency ( CALEMA). CALEMA will then submit the plan to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for review. This review will address the federal criteria outlined in FEMA Interim Final Rule 44 CFR Part 201. Upon acceptance by FEMA, City of Arcadia will gain eligibility for Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funds. Coordinating Body A City Manager or designee will be responsible for coordinating implementation of plan action items and undertaking the formal review process. Convener The City Council will adopt the City of Arcadia's Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan, and the City Manager will take responsibility for plan implementation. The City Manager will serve as a convener to facilitate the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee meetings, and will assign tasks such as updating and presenting the Plan to the members of the committee Implementation through Existing Programs The City of Arcadia addresses statewide planning goals and legislative requirements through its General Plan, Capital Improvement Plans, City Building and Safety Codes and other city documents. The Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan provides a series of recommendations - many of which are closely related to the goals and objectives of existing planning programs. The City of Arcadia will have the opportunity to implement recommended mitigation action items through existing programs and procedures. The goals and action items in the mitigation plan may be achieved through activities recommended in the city's Capital Improvement Plans (CIP). Various city departments develop CIP plans, and review them on an annual basis. 16 -1 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 PLAN MAINTENANCE PROCESS Economic Analysis of Mitigation Projects FEMA's approaches to identify the costs and benefits associated with natural hazard mitigation strategies, measures, or projects fall into two general categories: benefit /cost analysis and cost - effectiveness analysis. Conducting benefit /cost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a project is worth undertaking now. in order to avoid disaster - related damages later. Cost - effectiveness analysis evaluates how best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a specific goal. Determining the economic feasibility of mitigating natural hazards can provide decision - makers with an understanding of the potential benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis upon which to compare alternative projects. Given federal funding, the City of Arcadia will use a FEMA- approved benefit/cost analysis approach to identify and prioritize mitigation action items. For other projects and funding sources, the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will use other approaches to understand the costs and benefits of each action item and develop a prioritized list. For more information regarding economic analysis of mitigation action items, please see Appendix C of the Plan. Evaluating and Updating the Plan Formal Review Process The City of Arcadia's Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan will be evaluated on an annual basis to determine the effectiveness of programs, and to reflect changes in land development or programs that may affect mitigation priorities. The evaluation process includes a firm schedule and time line, and identifies the local agencies and organizations participating in plan evaluation. The convener or designee will be responsible for contacting the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee members and organizing the annual meeting. The committee will review the goals and action items to determine their relevance to changing situations in the city, as well as changes in State or Federal policy, and to ensure they are addressing current and expected conditions. The committee will also review the risk assessment portion of the Plan to determine if this information should be updated or modified, given any new available data. The coordinating organizations responsible for the various action items will report on the status of their projects, the success of various implementation processes, difficulties encountered, success of coordination efforts, and which strategies should be revised. Continued Public Involvement The City of Arcadia is dedicated to involving the public directly in review and updates of the Hazard Mitigation Plan. The public will also have the opportunity to provide feedback about the Plan. Copies of 16 -? LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 PLAN MAINTENANCE PROCESS the Plan will be catalogued and kept at all of the appropriate agencies in the city. The existence and location of these copies will be publicized in the quarterly city newsletter "Arcadia News ", which reaches every household in the city In addition, copies of the plan and any proposed changes will be posted on the city website. This site will also contain an email address and phone number to which people can direct their comments and concerns. A public meeting will also be held after each annual evaluation or when deemed necessary by the City Manager. The meetings will provide the public a forum for which they can express its concerns, opinions, or ideas about the Plan. 16 -3 a z X i LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 20 10 RESOURCE DIRECTORY APPENDIX A The Resource Directory provides contact information for local, regional, state, and federal programs that are currently involved in hazard mitigation activities. The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Committee may look to the organizations on the following pages for resources and technical assistance. The Resource Directory provides a foundation for potential partners in action item implementation. The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Committee will continue to add contact information for organizations currently engaged in hazard mitigation activities. This section may also be used by various community members interested in hazard mitigation information and projects. American Public Works Association Level: National Hazard: Multi httP: / /vv�� ap`va net 2345 Grand Boulevard Suite 500 Kansas City, MO 64108 -2641 Ph: 816 -472 -6100 Fx: 816 -472 -1610 Notes: The American Public Works Association is an international educational and professional association of public agencies, private sector companies, and individuals dedicated to providing high quality public works goods and services. Association of State Floodplain Managers Level: Federal Hazard: Flood www.floods.or<, 2809 Fish Hatchery Road FMadison, WI 53713 Ph: 608- 274 -0 123 Fx: Association of State Floodplain Managers is an organization of professionals floodplain management, flood hazard mitigation, the National Flood Insurance Program, and flood preparedness, warning and recovery Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC) Level: National tNW azard: Earthquake www.bssconline.org 1090 Vermont Ave., Suite 700 Washington, DC 200 Ph: 202 -289 -7800 Fx: 202- 289 -109 Notes: The Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC) develops and promotes building earthquake risk mitigation regulatory provisions for the nation. Appendix A -1 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 RESOURCE DIRECTORY APPFNnIX A California Department of Transportation (CalTrans) Level: State Hazard: Multi http: / /NAn «� .dot.ca.aov;/ 120 S. Spring Street Los Angeles, CA 90012 Ph: 213- 897 -3656 Fx: Notes: CalTrans is responsible for the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of the California State Highway System, as well as that portion of the Interstate Highway System within the state's boundaries. Alone and in partnership with Amtrak, Caltrans is also involved in the support of intercity passenger rail service in California. California Resources Agency Level: State Hazard: Multi http: / /resources.ca.Qov/ 1416 Ninth Street Suite 1311 Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916 - 653 -5656 Fx: Notes: The California Resources Agency restores, protects and manages the state's natural, historical and cultural resources for current and future generations using solutions based on science, collaboration and respect for all the communities and interests involved. California Division of Forestry (CDF) Level: State Hazard: Multi http:// wvvw .fire.ca.gov /tihp /indgx.phtp� 210 W. San Jacinto Perris CA 92570 Ph: 909 -940 -6900 Fx: Notes: The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection protects over 31 million acres of California's privately -owned wildlands. CDF emphasizes the management and protection of California's natural resources. California Division of Mines and Geology (DMG) Level: State Hazard: Multi ww«- .consrv.ca._( jov /cis /index.htin 801 K Street MS 12 -30 Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916 - 445 -1825 Fx: 916 - 445 -5718 Notes: The California Geological Survey develops and disseminates technical information and advice on California "s geology, geologic hazards, and mineral resources. Appendix A -2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 RESOURCE DIRECTORY APPENDIX A California Environmental Resources Evaluation System (CERES) Level: State Hazard: Multi lift n- / /ceres ca <7ov/ 900 N St. I Suite 250 Sacramento, Ca. 95814 I Ph: 916 -653 -2238 Fx. Notes: CERES is an excellent website for access to environmental information and websites. California Department of Water Resources (DWR) Level: State Hazard: Flood http : / /wwwdwr.water.ca.gov 1416 9th Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916 -653 -6192 1 Fx: Notes: The Department of Water Resources manages the water resources of California in cooperation with other agencies, to benefit the State's people, and to protect, restore, and enhance the natural and human environments. California Department of Conservation: Southern California RegionalOffice Level: State I Hazard: Multi www.consrv.ca.gov 655 S. Hope Street #700 Los Angeles, CA 90017 -2321 Ph: 213 -239 -0878 1 Fx: 213- 239 -0984 Notes: The Department of Conservation provides services and information that promote environmental health, economic vitality, informed land -use decisions and sound management of our state's natural resources. California Planing Information Network Level: State I Hazard: Multi I www.calpin.ca.gov Ph: Fx: Notes: The Governor's Office of Planning and Research (OPR) publishes basic information on local planning agencies, known as the California Planners' Book of Lists. This local planning information is available on -line with new search capabilities and up -to- the - minute updates. Appendix A -3 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 RESOURCE DIRECTORY APPENDIX A EPA, Region 9 Level: Regional Hazard: Multi http: / /www.epa.gov /region09 75 Hawthorne Street San Francisco, CA 94105 Ph: 415- 947 -8000 Fx: 415- 947 -3553 Notes: The mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment through the themes of air and global climate change, water, land, communities and ecosystems, and compliance and environmental stewardship. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region IX Level: Federal Hazard: Multi ,"vA7.fema.2ov 1111 Broadway Suite 1200 Oakland, CA 94607 Ph: 510 -627 -7100 Fx: 510- 627 -7112 Notes: The Federal Emergency Management Agency is tasked with responding to, planning for, recovering from and mitigating against disasters. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Mitigation Division Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www .fema.gov /fima/plal-Alowto.shtm 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202 -566 -1600 Fx: Notes: The Mitigation Division manages the National Flood Insurance Program and oversees FEMA's mitigation programs. It has of a number of programs and activities of which provide citizens Protection, with flood insurance; Prevention, with mitigation measures and Partnerships, with communities throughout the country. Floodplain Management Association Level: Federal Hazard: Flood www.floodplain.org P.O. Box 50891 Sparks, NV 89435 -0891 Ph: 775 -626 -6389 Fx: 775 -626 -6389 Notes: The Floodplain Management Association is a nonprofit educational association. It was established in 1990 to promote the reduction of flood losses and to encourage the protection and enhancement of natural floodplain values. Members include representatives of federal, state and local government agencies as well as private firms. Appendix A -4 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 RESOURCE DIRECTORY APPENDIX A Gateway Cities Partnership Level: Regional H Multi «�� - Qatewavcities ors, 7300 Alondra Boulevard Paramount, CA 90723 Suite 202 Ph: 562 -817 -0820 1 Fx: Notes: Gateway Cities Partnership is a 501 C 3 non -profit Community Development Corporation for the Gateway Cities region of southeast LA County. The region comprises 27 cities that roughly speaking extends from Montebello on the north to Long Beach on the South, the Alameda Corridor on the west to the Orange County line on the east. Governor's Office of Emergency Services (OES) Level: State I Hazard: Multi I www.oes.ca.Lyov P.O. Box 419047 Rancho Cordova, CA 95741 -9047 [EPht: 916 845- 8911 I Fx 916 845 8910 Notes: The Governor's Office of Emergency Services coordinates overall state agency response to major disasters in support of local government. The office is responsible for assuring the state's readiness to respond to and recover from natural, manmade, and war - caused emergencies, and for assisting local governments in their emergency preparedness, response and recovery efforts. Greater Antelope Valley Economic Alliance Level: Regional I Hazard: Multi 142060 N. Tenth Street West I Lancaster, CA 93534 I Ph: 661- 945 -2741 I Fx: 661- 945 -7711 Notes: The Greater Antelope Valley Economic Alliance, (GA VEA) is a 501 (c)(6) nonprofit organization with a 501(c)(3) affiliated organization the Antelope Valley Economic Research and Education Foundation. GA VEA is a public - private partnership of business, local governments, education, non - profit organizations and health care organizations that was founded in 1999 with the goal of attracting good paying jobs to the Antelope Valley in order to build a sustainable economy. Appendix A -5 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 RESOURCE DIRECTORY APPENDIX A Landslide Hazards Program, USGS Level: Federal Hazard: Landslide http: / /landslides.us Rs.aov /index.html 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive MS 906 Reston, VA 20192 Ph: 703 -648- 4000 Fx: Notes: The NLIC website provides good information on the programs and resources regarding landslides. The page includes information on the National Landslide Hazards Program Information Center, a bibliography, publications, and current projects. USGS scientists are working to reduce long -term losses and casualties from landslide hazards through better understanding of the causes and mechanisms of ground failure both nationally and worldwide. Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation Level: Regional Hazard: Multi www.laedc.org 444 S. Flower Street 34th Floor Los Angeles, CA 90071 Ph: 213- 236 -4813 Fx: 213- 623 -0281 Notes: The LAEDC is a private, non - profit 501 (c) 3 organization established in 1981 with the mission to attract, retain and grow businesses and jobs in the Los Angeles region. The LAEDC is widely relied upon for its Southern California Economic Forecasts and Industry Trend Reports. Lead by the renowned Jack Kyser (Sr. Vice President, Chief Economist) his team of researchers produces numerous publications to help business, media and government navigate the LA region's diverse economy. Los Angeles County Public Works Department Level: County --FH Multi http: / /Iadpw.orL 900 S. Fremont Ave. Alhambra, CA 91803 Ph: 626 - 458 -5100 Fx. Notes: The Los Angeles County Department of Public Works protects property and promotes public safety through Flood Control, Water Conservation, Road Maintenance, Bridges, Buses and Bicycle Trails, Building and Safety, Land Development, Waterworks, Sewers, Engineering, Capital Projects and Airports National Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Program Level: Federal Hazard: Wildfire www.firewise.orR/ 1 Batterymarch Park Quincy, MA 02169 -7471 Ph: 617- 770 -3000 Fx: 617 770 -0700 Notes: Firewise maintains a Website designed for people who live in wildfire- prone areas, but it also can be of use to local planners and decision makers. The site offers online wildfire protection information and checklists, as well as listings of other publications, videos, and conferences. Appendix A -6 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 RESOURCE DIRECTORY APPENDIX A National Resources Conservation Service Level: Federal I Hazard: Multi 14th and Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20250 http: / /www.nres.usda. gov/ Room 5105 -A Ph: 202 - 720 -7246 I Fx: 202 -720 -7690 Notes: NRCS assists owners of America's private land with conserving b their soil, water, and other natural resources, by delivering technical assistance based on sound science and suited to a customer's specific needs. Cost shares and financial incentives are available in some cases. National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) Level: Federal Hazard: Wildfire 3833 S. Development Ave. Boise, Idaho 83705 -5354 MAIV.nife. gov Ph: 208 -387- 5512 1 Fx: Notes: The NIFC in Boise, Idaho is the nation's support center for wildland firefighting. Seven federal agencies work together to coordinate and support wildland fire and disaster operations. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Level: National 1 Batterymarch Park Hazard: Wildfire Quincy, MA 02169 -7471 http://wxN,,w.nfpa.org /catalog/liome/index.asr) Ph: 617- 770 -3000 1 Fx: 617 770 -0700 Notes: The mission of the international nonprofit NFPA is to reduce the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating scientifically -based consensus codes and standards, research, training and education National Floodplain Insurance Program (NFIP) Level: Federal Hazard: Flood www.fema.gov /nfip/ 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202- 566 -1600 1 Fx: Notes: The Mitigation Division manages the National Flood Insurance Program and oversees FEMA's mitigation programs. It has of a number of programs and activities of which provide citizens Protection, with flood insurance; Prevention, with mitigation measures and Partnerships, with communities throughout the countn,. Appendix A -7 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 RESOURCE DIRECTORY APPFNnIX A National Oceanic /Atmospheric Administration Level: Federal Hazard: Multi ww,%v.noaa.aov 14th Street & Constitution Ave NW Rm 6013 Washington, DC 20230 Ph: 202- 482 -6090 Fx. 202 -482 -3154 Notes: NOAA's historical role has been to predict environmental changes, protect life and property, provide decision makers with reliable scientific information, and foster global environmental stewardship. National Weather Service, Office of Hydrologic Development Level: Federal Hazard: Flood http: / /w\vw.nws.noaa.aov/ 1325 East West Highway SSMC2 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Ph: 301 -713 -1658 TFx: 301 -713 -0963 Notes: The Office of Hydrologic Development (ORD) enhances National Weather Service products by: infusing new hydrologic science, developing hydrologic techniques for operational use, managing hydrologic development by NWS field office, providing advanced hydrologic products to meet needs identified by NWS customers National Weather Service Level: Federal Hazard: Multi http: / /www.nws.noaa.gov/ 520 North Elevar Street Oxnard, CA 93030 Ph: 805 -988- 6615 FFx-- Notes: The National Weather Service is responsible for providing weather service to the nation. It is charged with the responsibility of observing and reporting the weather and with issuing forecasts and warnings of weather and floods in the interest of national safety and economy. Briefly, the priorities for service to the nation are: 1. protection of life, 2. protection of property, and 3. promotion of the nation's welfare and economy. San Gabriel Valley Economic Partnership Level: Regional Hazard: Multi www.vallevnet.ora 4900 Rivergrade Road Suite A310 Irwindale, CA 91706 Ph: 626 -856 -3400 TFx- 626- 856 -5115 Notes: The San Gabriel Valley Economic Partnership is a non - profit corporation representing both public and private sectors. The Partnership is the exclusive source for San Gabriel Valley - specific information, expertise, consulting, products, services, and events. It is the single organization in the Valley with the mission to sustain and build the regional economy for the mutual benefit of all thirty cities, chambers of commerce, academic institutions, businesses and residents. Appendix A -8 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 RESOURCE DIRECTORY APPENDIX A Sanitation Districts of Los Aneles County Level: County H 1955 Workman Mill Road Whittier, CA 90607 http: / / "A7 lacsd ora/ Ph:562- 699 -7411 x2301 I Fx: Notes: The Sanitation Districts provide wastewater and solid waste management for over half the population of Los Angeles County and turn waste products into resources such as reclaimed water, energy, and recyclable materials. Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy Level: Regional Hazard: Multi http: / /snunc.ca novi 570 West Avenue Twenty -Six Suite 100 Los Angeles, CA 90065 Ph: 323 -221 -8900 Fx: Notes: The Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy helps to preserve over 55,000 acres of parkland in both wilderness and urban settings, and has improved more than 114 public recreational facilities throughout Southern California. South Bay Economic Development Partnership Level: Regional Hazard: Multi www.southbaypartnership com 3858 Carson Street Suite 110 I Torrance, CA 90503 1 Ph: 310 -792 -0323 I Fx: 310 -543 -9886 Notes: The South Bay Economic Development Partnership is a collaboration of business, labor, education and government. Its primary goal is to plan an implement an economic development and marketing strategy designed to retain and create jobs and stimulate economic growth in the South Bay of Los Angeles County. South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD) Level: Regional Hazard: Multi Nv\ tN .agmd. g7ov 21865 E. Copley Drive Diamond Bar, CA 91765_ I Ph: 800 - CUT -SMOG I Fx: Notes: AQMD is a regional government agency that seeks to achieve and maintain healthful air quality through a comprehensive program of research, regulations, enforcement, and communication. The AQMD covers Los Angeles and Orange Counties and parts of Riverside and San Bernardino Counties. Appendix A -9 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 RESOURCE DIRECTORY APPENDIX A Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) Level: Regional Hazard: Earthquake www.scec.orgJ 3651 Trousdale Parkway Suite 169 Los Angeles, CA 90089 -0742 Ph: 213- 740 -5843 Fx: 213/740 -0011 Notes: The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) gathers new information about earthquakes in Southern California, integrates this information into a comprehensive and predictive understanding of earthquake phenomena, and communicates this understanding to end -users and the general public in order to increase earthquake awareness, reduce economic losses, and save lives. Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) Level: Regional I Hazard: Multi www.scag.ca.gov 818 W. Seventh Street 12th Floor Los Angeles, CA 90017 Ph: 213- 236 -1800 Fx: 213 - 236 -1825 Notes: The Southern California Association of Governments functions as the Metropolitan Planning Organization for six counties: Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, Riverside, Ventura and Imperial. As the designated Metropolitan Planning Organization, the Association of Governments is mandated by the federal government to research and draw up plans for transportation, growth management, hazardous waste management, and air quality. State Fire Marshal (SFM) Level: State Hazard: Wildfire http: / /osfm.fire.ca.gov 1131 "S" Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916- 445 -8200 Fx: 916- 445 -8509 Notes: The Office of the State Fire Marshal (SFM) supports the mission of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF) by focusing on fire prevention. SFM regulates buildings in which people live, controls substances which may, cause injuries, death and destruction by fire; provides statewide direction for fire prevention within wildland areas; regulates hazardous liquid pipelines; reviews regulations and building standards; and trains and educates in fire protection methods and responsibilities. Appendix A -10 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 RESOURCE DIRECTORY APPENDIX A The Community Rating System (CRS) Level: Federal I Hazard: Flood 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 htti ): / /W ,"RA%.fema.ciovinfip /crs.siitm Ph: 202 -566 -1600 1 Fx: Notes: The Community Rating System (CRS) recognizes community floodplain management efforts that go beyond the minimum requirements of the NFIP. Property owners within the County would receive reduced NFIP flood insurance premiums if the County implements floodplain management practices that qualify it for a CRS rating. For further information on the CRS, visit FEMA's website. United States Geological Survey Level: Federal Hazard: Multi 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 http: / /www.uses aovi Ph: 650- 853 -8300 1 Fx: Notes: The USGS provides reliable scientific information to describe and understand the Earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources; and enhance and protect our quality of life. US Army Corps of Engineers Level: Federal I Hazard: Multi P.O. Box 532711 http://www.usace.ami�,.mil Los Angeles CA 90053- 2325 I Ph: 213 -452- 3921 Fx: Notes: The United States Army Corps of Engineers work in engineering and environmental matters. A workforce of biologists, engineers, geologists, hydrologists, natural resource managers and other professionals provide engineering services to the nation including planning, designing, building and operating water resources and other civil works projects. USDA Forest Service Level: Federal Hazard: Wildfire http://Nk'NAw.fs.fed.us 1400 Independence Ave. SW Washington, D.C. 20250 -0002 Ph: 202 -205 -8333 Fx: Notes: The Forest Service is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Forest Service manages public lands in national forests and grasslands. Appendix A- 1. l LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 RESOURCE DIRECTORY APPFNI-)IX A USGS Water Resources Level: Federal Hazard: Multi ,N %v .water.usgs.�jov 6000 J Street Placer Hall Sacramento. CA 95819 -6129 Ph: 916 -278 -3000 Fx: 916 -278 -3070 Notes: The USGS Water Resources mission is to provide water information that benefits the Nation's citizens: publications, data, maps, and applications software. Western States Seismic Policy Council (WSSPQ Level: Regional —7H;;ard: Earthquake ik��v.i- ,,ssz)c.orLJhome.html 125 California Avenue Suite D201, #1 Palo Alto, CA 94306 Ph: 650 - 330 -1101 Fx: 650- 326 -1769 Notes: WSSPC is a regional earthquake consortium funded mainly by FEMA. Its website is a great resource, with information clearly categorized - from policy to engineering to education. Westside Economic Collaborative C/O Pacific Western Bank Level: Regional Hazard: Multi http: / /w�vv,.westside -la.or 120 Wilshire Boulevard Santa Monica, CA 90401 Ph: 310 - 458 -1521 Fx: 310- 458 -6479 Notes: The Westside Economic Development Collaborative is the first Westside regional economic development corporation. The Westside EDC functions as an information gatherer and resource center, as well as a forum, through bringing business, government, and residents together to address issues affecting the region: Economic Diversity, Transportation, Housing, Workforce Training and Retraining, Lifelong Learning, Tourism, and Embracing Diversity. Appendix A -12 c a W LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS APPENDIX B Benefit /cost analysis is a key mechanism used by the CalEMA, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and other state and federal agencies in evaluating hazard mitigation projects, and is required by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Public Law 93 -288, as amended. This appendix outlines several approaches for conducting economic analysis of natural hazard mitigation projects. It describes the importance of implementing mitigation activities, different approaches to economic analysis of mitigation strategies, and methods to calculate costs and benefits associated with mitigation strategies. Information in this section is derived in part from: The Interagency Hazards Mitigation Team, State Hazard Mitigation Plan, (Oregon State Police — Office of Emergency Management, 2000), and Federal Emergency Management Agency Publication 331, Report on Costs and Benefits of Natural Hazard Mitigation. This section is not intended to provide a comprehensive description of benefit/cost analysis, nor is it intended to provide the details of economic analysis methods that can be used to evaluate local projects. It is intended to one (1) raise benefit /cost analysis as an important issue, and two (2) provide some background on how economic analysis can be used to evaluate mitigation proj ects. Why Evaluate Mitigation Strategies? Mitigation activities reduce the cost of disasters by minimizing property damage, injuries, and the potential for loss of life, and by reducing emergency response costs, which would otherwise be incurred. Evaluating the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan provides decision - makers with an understanding of the potential benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis upon which to compare alternative projects. Evaluating mitigation projects is a complex and difficult undertaking, which is influenced by many variables. First, natural disasters affect all segments of the communities they strike, including individuals, businesses, and public services such as fire, police, utilities, and schools. Second, while some of the direct and indirect costs of disaster damages are measurable, some of the costs are non - financial and difficult to quantify in dollars. Third, many of the impacts of such events produce "ripple- effects" throughout the community, greatly increasing the disaster's social and economic consequences. While not easily accomplished, there is value. from a public policy perspective, in assessing the positive and negative impacts from mitigation activities, and obtaining an instructive benefit /cost comparison. Otherwise, the decision to pursue or not pursue various mitigation options would not be based on an objective understanding of the net benefit or loss associated with these actions. Appendix B -1 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS APPENDIX B What are Some Economic Analysis Approaches for Mitigation Strategies? The approaches used to identify the costs and benefits associated with natural hazard mitigation strategies, measures, or projects fall into two general categories: benefit /cost analysis and cost - effectiveness analysis. The distinction between the two methods is the way in which the relative costs and benefits are measured. Additionally, there are varying approaches to assessing the value of mitigation for public sector and private sector activities. Benefit /Cost Analysis Benefit /cost analysis is used in local hazard mitigation to show if the benefits to life and property protected through mitigation efforts exceed the cost of the mitigation activity. Conducting benefit /cost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a project is worth undertaking now, in order to avoid disaster related damages later. Benefit /cost analysis is based on calculating the frequency and severity of a hazard, avoided future damages, and risk. In benefit /cost analysis, all costs and benefits are evaluated in terms of dollars, and a net benefit/cost ratio is computed. to determine whether a project should be implemented (i.e., if net benefits exceed net costs, the project is worth pursuing). A project must have a benefit/cost ratio greater than one in order to be pursued. Cost - Effectiveness Analysis Cost - effectiveness analysis evaluates how best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a specific goal. This type of analysis, however, does not necessarily measure costs and benefits in terms of dollars. Determining the economic feasibility of mitigating hazards can also be organized according to the perspective of those with an economic interest in the outcome. Hence, economic analysis approaches are covered for both public and private sectors as follows. Investing in public sector mitigation activities Evaluating mitigation strategies in the public sector is complicated because it involves estimating all of the economic benefits and costs regardless of who realizes them, and potentially to a large number of people and economic entities. Some benefits cannot be evaluated monetarily, but still affect the public in profound ways. Economists have developed methods to evaluate the economic feasibility of public decisions that involve a diverse set of beneficiaries and nonmarket benefits. Investing in private sector mitigation activities Private sector mitigation projects may -occur on the basis of one of two approaches: it may be mandated by a regulation or standard, or it may be economically justified on its own merits. A building or landowner, whether a private entity or a public agency, required to conform to a mandated standard may consider the following options: Request cost sharing from public Appendix B -2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS APPENDIX B agencies; Dispose of the building or land either by sale or demolition; Change the designated use of the building or land and the hazard mitigation compliance requirement; Evaluate the most Estimating the costs and benefits of a hazard mitigation strategy can be a complex process. Employing the services of a specialist can assist in this process. feasible alternatives and initiate the most cost effective hazard mitigation alternative. The sale of a building or land triggers another set of concerns. For example, real estate disclosure laws can be developed which require sellers of real property to disclose known defects and deficiencies in the property, including earthquake weaknesses and hazards to prospective purchasers. Correcting deficiencies can be expensive and time consuming, but their existence can prevent the sale of the building. Conditions of a sale regarding the deficiencies and the price of the building can be negotiated between a buyer and seller. How can an Economic Analysis be Conducted? Benefit /cost analysis and cost - effectiveness analysis are important tools in evaluating whether or not to implement a mitigation activity. A framework for evaluating alternative mitigation activities is outlined below: 1. Identify the Alternatives: Alternatives for reducing risk from natural hazards can include structural projects to enhance disaster resistance, education and outreach, and acquisition or demolition of exposed properties, among others. Different mitigation project can assist in minimizing risk to hazards, but do so at varying economic costs. 2. Calculate the Costs and Benefits: Choosing economic criteria is essential to systematically calculating costs and benefits of mitigation projects and selecting the most appropriate alternative. Potential economic criteria to evaluate alternatives include: - Determine the project cost: This may include initial project development costs, and repair and operating costs of maintaining projects over time. - Estimate the benefits: Projecting the benefits or cash flow resulting from a project can be difficult. Expected future returns from the mitigation effort depend on the correct specification of the risk and the effectiveness of the project, which may not be well known. Expected future costs depend on the physical durability and potential economic obsolescence of the investment. This is difficult to project. These considerations will also provide guidance in selecting an appropriate salvage value. Future tax structures and rates must be projected. Appendix B -3 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS APPENDIX B Financing alternatives must be researched, and they may include retained earnings, bond and stock issues, and commercial loans. Consider costs and benefits to society and the environment: These are not easily measured, but can be assessed through a variety of economic tools including existence value or contingent value theories. These theories provide quantitative data on the value people attribute to physical or social environments. Even without hard data, however, impacts of structural projects to the physical environment or to society should be considered when implementing mitigation projects. - Determine the correct discount rate: Determination of the discount rate can just be the risk -free cost of capital, but it may include the decision maker's time preference and also a risk premium. Inflation should also be considered. 3. Analyze and Rank the Alternatives: Once costs and benefits have been quantified, economic analysis tools can rank the alternatives. Two methods for determining the best alternative given varying costs and benefits include: net present value and internal rate of return. - Net present value: Net present value is the value of the expected future returns of an investment minus the value of expected future cost expressed in today's dollars. If the net present value is greater than the project costs, the project may be determined feasible for implementation. Selecting the discount rate, and identifying the present and future costs and benefits of the project calculates the net present value of projects. - Internal Rate of Return: Using the internal rate of return method to evaluate mitigation projects provides the interest rate equivalent to the dollar returns expected from the project. Once the rate has been calculated, it can be compared to rates earned by investing in alternative projects. Projects may be feasible to implement when the internal rate of return is greater than the total costs of the project. Once the mitigation projects are ranked on the basis of economic criteria, decision - makers can consider other factors, such as risk; project effectiveness; and economic, environmental, and social returns in choosing the appropriate project for implementation. Hove are Benefits of Mitigation Calculated? Economic Returns of Local Hazard Mitigation The estimation of economic returns, which accrue to building or land owners as a result of Appendix B -4 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS APPENDIX B natural hazard mitigation, is difficult. Owners evaluating the economic feasibility of mitigation should consider reductions in physical damages and financial losses. A partial list follows: - Building damages avoided - Content damages avoided - Inventory damages avoided - Rental income losses avoided - Relocation and disruption expenses avoided - Proprietor's income losses avoided These parameters can be estimated using observed prices, costs, and engineering data. The difficult part is to correctly determine the effectiveness of the hazard mitigation project and the resulting reduction in damages and losses. Equally as difficult is assessing the probability that an event will occur. The damages and losses should only include those that will be borne by the owner. The salvage value of the investment can be important in determining economic feasibility. Salvage value becomes more important as the time horizon of the owner declines. This is important because most businesses depreciate assets over a period of time. Additional Costs of Disasters Property owners should also assess changes in a broader set of factors that can change as a result of a large natural disaster. These are usually termed "indirect" effects, but they can have a very direct effect on the economic value of the owner's building or land. They can be positive or negative, and include changes in the following: - Commodity and resource prices - Availability of resource supplies - Commodity and resource demand changes - Building and land values - Capital availability and interest rates - Availability of labor - Economic structure - Infrastructure - Regional exports and imports - Local, state, and national regulations and policies - Insurance availability and rates Changes in the resources and industries listed above are more difficult to estimate and require models that are structured to estimate total economic impacts. Total economic impacts are the sum of direct and indirect economic impacts. Total economic impact models are usually not combined with economic feasibility models. Many models exist to estimate total economic impacts of changes in an economy. Decision makers should understand the total economic impacts of natural disasters in order to calculate the benefits of a mitigation activity. This suggests that understanding the local economy is an important first step in being able to understand the potential impacts of a disaster, and the benefits of mitigation activities. Appendix B -5 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS APPENDIX B Additional Considerations Conducting an economic analysis for potential mitigation activities can assist decision - makers in choosing the most appropriate strategy for their community to reduce risk and prevent loss from natural hazards. Economic analysis can also save time and resources from being spent on inappropriate or unfeasible projects. Several resources and models are listed on the following page that can assist in conducting an economic analysis for hazard mitigation activities. Benefit/cost analysis is complicated, and the numbers may divert attention from other important issues. It is important to consider the qualitative factors of a project associated with mitigation that cannot be evaluated economically. There are alternative approaches to implementing mitigation projects. Many communities are looking towards developing multi- objective projects. With this in mind, opportunity rises to develop strategies that integrate local hazard mitigation with projects related to watersheds, environmental planning, community economic development, and small business development, among others. Incorporating natural hazard mitigation with other community projects can increase the viability of project implementation. Assessed Values of City of Arcadia The total assessed value for the City of Arcadia is $10,203,490,662.00. The eight hazards that could impact the City of Arcadia, would affect the city in various ways. Of all the hazards, only two would impact a specific area. Wildfire and Flooding. Four separate impact areas were looked at. One for the wildfire impact area and three separate dam inundation areas. Windstorm, Drought, Terrorism, Landslide, and Hazardous Materials Release hazards have the potential to impact any or all areas of the City of Arcadia so there was no separate study completed for those areas. The chart below indicated the assessed value in the City of Arcadia broken into entire city, residential property, commercial property and other. The chart also displays the assessed valuation in the dam inundation areas and the wildfire hazard area. Area Assessed Valuation Entire City 10,203,490,662 Residential 8,397,783,499 Commercial 1,165,398,807 Other 640,302,356 Sawpit Dam Inundation Area 217,488,397 Sierra Madre & Santa Anita Dam Inundation Area 549,060,735 Morris S. Jones Reservoir Inundation Area 213,780,843 Wildland Interface 653,977,937 Appendix B -6 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS APPENDIX B Resources CUREe Kajima Project, Methodologies For Evaluating The Socio- Economic Consequences Of Large Earthquakes, Task 7.2 Economic Impact Analysis, Prepared by University of California, Berkeley Team, Robert A. Olson, VSP Associates, Team Leader; John M. Eidinger, G &E Engineering Systems; Kenneth A. Goettel, Goettel and Associates Inc.; and Gerald L. Horner, Hazard Mitigation Economics Inc., 1997. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Benefit/Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects, Riverine Flood, Version 1.05, Hazard Mitigation Economics Inc., 1996. Federal Emergency Management Agency Report on Costs and Benefits of Natural Hazard Mitigation. Publication 331, 1996. Goettel & Homer Inc., Earthquake Risk Analysis Volume III: The Economic Feasibility of Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings in The City of Portland, Submitted to the Bureau of Buildings, City of Portland, August 30, 1995. Goettel & Horner Inc., Benefit /Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects Volume V, Earthquakes, Prepared for FEMA's Hazard Mitigation Branch, October 25, 1995. Horner, Gerald, Benefit /Cost Methodologies for Use in Evaluating the Cost Effectiveness of Proposed Hazard Mitigation Measures, Robert Olson Associates, Prepared for Oregon State Police, Office of Emergency Management, July 1999. Interagency Hazards Mitigation Team, State Hazard Mitigation Plan, (Oregon State Police — Office of Emergency Management, 2000). Risk Management Solutions, Inc., Development of a Standardized Earthquake Loss Estimation Methodology, National Institute of Building Sciences, Volume I and II, 1994. VSP Associates, Inc., A Benefit/Cost Model for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, Volumes 1 & 2, Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, Publication Numbers 227 and 228, 1991. VSP Associates, Inc., Benefit/Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects: Section 404 Hazard Mitigation Program and Section 406 Public Assistance Program, Volume 3: Seismic Hazard Mitigation Projects. 199' ). VSP Associates, Inc., Seismic Rehabilitation of Federal Buildings: A Benefit /Cost Model, Appendix B -7 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS APPENDIX B Volume 1, Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, Publication Number 255, 1994. Appendix B -8 a E. x n LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 ACRONYMS Federal Acron ms APPENDIX C AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ATC Applied Technology Council b /ca benefit /cost analysis BFE Base Flood Elevation BLM Bureau of Land Management BSSC Building Seismic Safety Council CDBG Community Development Block Grant CFR Code of Federal Regulations CRS Community Rating System EDA Economic Development Administration EPA Environmental Protection Agency ER Emergency Relief EWP Emergency Watershed Protection (MRCS Program) FAS Federal Aid System FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map FMA Flood Mitigation Assistance (FEMA Program) FTE Full Time Equivalent GIs Geographic Information System GNS Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (International) GSA General Services Administration HAZUS Hazards U.S. HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant Program HMST Hazard Mitigation Survey Team HUD Housing and Urban Development. (United States, Department of) IBHS Institute for Business and Home Safety ICC Increased Cost of Compliance IHMT Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team NCDC National Climate Data Center NFIP National Flood Insurance Program NFPA National Fire Protection Association NHMP Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan (also known as "409 Plan") NIBS National Institute of Building Sciences NIFC National Interagency Fire Center NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPS National Park Service NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service NWS National Weather Service SBA Small Business Administration SEAO Structural Engineers Association of Oregon SHMO State Hazard Mitigation Officer TOR Transfer of Development Rights UGB Urban Growth Boundan, Appendix C -1 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 ACRONYMS APPENDIX C URM Unreinforced Masonry USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers USBR United States Bureau of Reclamation USDA United States Department of Agriculture USFA United States Fire Administration USFS United States Forest Service USGS United States Geological Survey WSSPC Western States Seismic Policy Council California Acronyms A &W Alert and Warning AA Administering Areas AAR After Action Report ARC American Red Cross ARP Accidental Risk Prevention ATC20 Applied Technology Council20 ATC21 Applied Technology Council21 BCP Budget Change Proposal BSA California Bureau of State Audits CAER Community Awareness & Emergency Response CaIARP California Accidental Release Prevention CalBO California Building Officials CaIEMA California Emergency Management Agency CaIEPA California Environmental Protection Agency CalFire California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection CaIREP California Radiological Emergency Plan CALSTARS California State Accounting Reporting System CaITRANS California Department of Transportation CBO Community Based Organization CD Civil Defense CDMG California Division of Mines and Geology CEC California Energy Commission CEPEC California Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council CESRS California Emergency Services Radio System CHIP California Hazardous Identification Program CHMIRS California Hazardous Materials Incident Reporting System CHP California Highway Patrol CLETS California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System CSTI California Specialized Training Institute CUEA California Utilities Emergency Association CUPA Certified Unified Program Agency DAD Disaster Assistance Division (of the state Office of Emergency Svcs) DFO Disaster Field Office DGS California Department of General Services DHSRHB California Department of Health Services, Radiological Health Branch Appendix C -2 Appendix C -3 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 ACRONYMS APPENDIX C DO Duty Officer DOC Department Operations Center DOE Department of Energy (U.S.) DOF California Department of Finance DOJ California Department of Justice DPA California Department of Personnel Administration DPIG Disaster Preparedness Improvement Grant DR Disaster Response DSA Division of the State Architect DSR Damage Survey Report DS W Disaster Service Worker D WR California Department of Water Resources EAS Emergency Alerting System EDIS Emergency Digital Information System EERI Earthquake Engineering Research Institute EMA Emergency Management Assistance EMI Emergency Management Institute EMMA Emergency Managers Mutual Aid EMS Emergency Medical Services EOC Emergency Operations Center EOP Emergency Operations Plan EPA Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.) EPEDAT Early Post Earthquake Damage Assessment Tool EPI Emergency Public Information EPIC Emergency Public Information Council ESC Emergency Services Coordinator FAY Federal Award Year FDAA Federal Disaster Assistance Administration FEAT Governor's Flood Emergency Action Team FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FFY Federal Fiscal Year FIR Final Inspection Reports FIRESCOPE Firefighting Resources of So. Calif Organized for Potential Emergencies FMA Flood Management Assistance FSR Feasibility Study Report FY Fiscal Year GIS Geographical Information System HAZMAT Hazardous Materials HAZMIT Hazardous Mitigation HAZUS Hazards United States (an earthquake damage assessment prediction tool) HAD Housing and Community Development HEICS Hospital Emergency Incident Command System HEPG Hospital Emergency Planning Guidance HIA Hazard Identification and Analysis Unit HMEP Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Appendix C -3 Appendix C -4 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 ACRONYMS APPENDIX C IDE Initial Damage Estimate IA Individual Assistance IFG Individual & Family Grant (program) IRG Incident Response Geographic Information System IPA Information and Public Affairs (of CaIEMA) LAN Local Area Network LEMMA Law Enforcement Master Mutual Aid LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee MARAC Mutual Aid Regional Advisory Council MHID Multihazard Identification MOU Memorandum of Understanding NBC Nuclear, Biological, Chemical NEMA National Emergency Management Agency NEMIS National Emergency Management Information System NFIP National Flood Insurance Program NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association NPP Nuclear Power Plant NSF National Science Foundation NWS National Weather Service OA Operational Area OASIS Operational Area Satellite Information System OCC Operations Coordination Center OCD Office of Civil Defense OEP Office of Emergency Planning OSHPD Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development OSPR Oil Spill Prevention and Response PA Public Assistance PC Personal Computer PDA Preliminary Damage Assessment PIO Public Information Office POST Police Officer Standards and Training PPA/CA Performance Partnership Agreement/Cooperative Agreement (FEMA) PSA Public Service Announcement PTAB Planning and Technological Assistance Branch PTR Project Time Report RA Regional Administrator (CalEMA) RADEF Radiological Defense (program) RAMP Regional Assessment of Mitigation Priorities RAPID Railroad Accident Prevention & Immediate Deployment RDO Radiological Defense Officer RDMHC Regional Disaster Medical Health Coordinator REOC Regional Emergency Operations Center REPI Reserve Emergency Public Information RES Regional Emergency Staff RIMS Response Information Management System PIMP Risk Management Plan Appendix C -4 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 Appendix C -5 ACRONYMS APPENDIX C RPU Radiological Preparedness Unit (CaIEMA ) RRT Regional Response Team SAM State Administrative Manual SARA Superfund Amendments & Reauthorization Act SAVP Safety Assessment Volunteer Program SBA Small Business Administration SCO California State Controller's Office SEMS Standardized Emergency Management System SEPIC State Emergency Public Information Committee SLA State and Local Assistance SONGS San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station SOP Standard Operating Procedure S WEPC Statewide Emergency Planning Committee TEC Travel Expense Claim TRU Transuranic TTT Train the Trainer UPA Unified Program Account UPS Uninterrupted Power Source USAR Urban Search and Rescue USGS United States Geological Survey WC California State Warning Center WAN Wide Area Network WIPP Waste Isolation Pilot Project Appendix C -5 a a �' LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 GLOSSARY APPENDIX D Acceleration The rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity at the earth's surface is 9.8 meters per second squared. That means that every second that something falls toward the surface of earth its velocity increases by 9.8 meters per second. Asset Any manmade or natural feature that has value, including, but not limited to people; buildings; infrastructure like bridges, roads, and sewer and water systems; lifelines like electricity and communication resources; or environmental, cultural, or recreational features like parks, dunes, wetlands, or landmarks. Base Flood Flood that has a 1 percent probability of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. Also known as the 100 -year flood. Base Flood Elevation of the base flood in relation to a specified datum, such as the Elevation (BFE) National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. The Base Flood Elevation is used as the standard for the National Flood Insurance Program. Bedrock The solid rock that underlies loose material, such as soil, sand, clay, or gravel. Building A structure that is walled and roofed, principally above ground and permanently affixed to a site. The term includes a manufactured home on a permanent foundation on which the wheels and axles carry no weight. Coastal High Area, usually along an open coast, bay, or inlet, that is subject to Hazard Area inundation by storm surge and, in some instances, wave action caused by storms or seismic sources. Coastal Zones The area along the shore where the ocean meets the land as the surface of the land rises above the ocean. This land /water interface includes barrier islands, estuaries, beaches, coastal wetlands, and land areas having direct drainage to the ocean. Community Rating An NFIP program that provides incentives for NFIP communities to System (CRS) complete activities that reduce flood hazard risk. When the community completes specified activities, the insurance premiums of policyholders in these communities are reduced. Computer -Aided A computerized system enabling quick and accurate electronic 2 -D and Design And 3 -D drawings, topographic mapping, site plans, and profile /cross- Drafting (CADD) section drawings. Contour A line of equal ground elevation on a topographic (contour) map. Critical Facility Facilities that are critical to the health and welfare of the population and that are especially important following hazard events. Critical facilities include, but are not limited to, shelters, police and fire stations, and hospitals. Appendix D -1 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 GLOSSARY APPENDIX D Debris The scattered remains of assets broken or destroyed in a hazard event. Debris caused by a wind or water hazard event can cause additional damage to other assets. Digitize To convert electronically points, lines, and area boundaries shown on maps into x, y coordinates (e.g., latitude and longitude, universal transverse mercator (UTM), or table coordinates) for use in computer applications. Displacement Time The average time (in days) which the building's occupants typically must operate from a temporary location while repairs are made to the original building due to damages resulting from a hazard event. Duration How long a hazard event lasts. Earthquake A sudden motion or trembling that is caused by a release of strain accumulated within or along the edge of earth's tectonic plates. Erosion Wearing away of the land surface by detachment and movement of soil and rock fragments, during a flood or storm or over a period of years, through the action of wind, water, or other geologic processes. Erosion Hazard Area anticipated to be lost to shoreline retreat over a given period of Area time. The projected inland extent of the area is measured by multiplying the average annual long -term recession rate by the number of years desired. Essential Facility Elements that are important to ensure a full recovery of a community or state following a hazard event. These would include: government functions, major employers, banks, schools, and certain commercial establishments, such as grocery stores, hardware stores, and gas stations. Extent The size of an area affected by a hazard or hazard event. Fault A fracture in the continuity of a rock formation caused by a shifting or dislodging of the earth's crust, in which adjacent surfaces are differentially displaced parallel to the plane of fracture. Federal Emergency Independent agency created in 1978 to provide a single point of Management accountability for all Federal activities related to disaster mitigation and Agency (FEMA) emergency preparedness, response and recovery. Fire Potential Index Developed by USGS and USFS to assess and map fire hazard potential (FPI) over broad areas. Based on such geographic information, national policy makers and on- the - ground fire managers established priorities for prevention activities in the defined area to reduce the risk of managed and wildfire ignition and spread. Prediction of fire hazard shortens the time between fire ignition and initial attack by enabling fire managers to pre - allocate and stage suppression forces to high fire risk areas. Appendix D -2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 GLOSSARY APPENDIX D Flash Flood A flood event occurring with little or no warning where water levels rise at an extremely fast rate. Flood A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from (1) the overflow of inland or tidal waters, (2) the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source, or (3) mudflows or the sudden collapse of shoreline land. Flood Depth Height of the flood water surface above the ground surface. Flood Elevation Elevation of the water surface above an established datum, e.g. National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, North American Vertical Datum of 1988, or Mean Sea Level. Flood Hazard Area The area shown to be inundated by a flood of a given magnitude on a map. Flood Insurance Map of a community, prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Rate Map (FIRM) Agency, that shows both the special flood hazard areas and the risk premium zones applicable to the community. d Insurance A study that provides an examination, evaluation, and determination of y (FIS) flood hazards and, if appropriate, corresponding water surface F elevations in a community or communities. plain Any land area, including watercourse, susceptible to partial or complete inundation by water from any source. ency A measure of how often events of a particular magnitude are expected to occur. Frequency describes how often a hazard of a specific magnitude, duration, and /or extent typically occurs, on average. Statistically, a hazard with a 100 -year recurrence interval is expected to occur once every 100 years on average, and would have a 1 percent chance — its probability — of happening in any given year. The reliability of this information varies depending on the kind of hazard being considered. Fujita Scale of Rates tornadoes with numeric values from FO to F6 based on tornado Tornado Intensity windspeed and damage sustained. An FO indicates minimal damage such as broken tree limbs or signs, while and F6 indicated severe damage sustained. Functional The average time (in days) during which a function (business or Downtime service) is unable to provide its services due to a hazard event. Geographic Area The physical area in which the effects of the hazard are experienced. Impacted Appendix D -3 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 GLOSSARY APPENDIX D Geographic A computer software application that relates physical features on the Information earth to a database to be used for mapping and analysis. Systems (GIs) Ground Motion The vibration or shaking of the ground during an earthquake. When a fault ruptures, seismic waves radiate, causing the ground to vibrate. The severity of the vibration increases with the amount of energy released and decreases with distance from the causative fault or epicenter, but soft soils can further amplify ground motions Hazard A source of potential danger or adverse condition. Hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, windstorms, wildfires, drought, haz- mat, and terrorism that strike populated areas. An event is a hazard when it has the potential to harm people or property. Hazard Event A specific occurrence of a particular type of hazard. Hazard The process of identifying hazards that threaten an area. Identification Hazard Mitigation Sustained actions taken to reduce or eliminate long -term risk from hazards and their effects. Hazard Profile A description of the physical characteristics of hazards and a determination of various descriptors including magnitude, duration, frequency, probability, and extent. In most cases, a community can most easily use these descriptors when they are recorded and displayed as maps. HAZUS (Hazards A GIS -based nationally standardized earthquake loss estimation tool U.S.) developed by FEMA. Hurricane An intense tropical cyclone, formed in the atmosphere over warm ocean areas, in which wind speeds reach 74- miles- per -hour or more and blow in a large spiral around a relatively calm center or "eye." Hurricanes develop over the north Atlantic Ocean, northeast Pacific Ocean, or the south Pacific Ocean east of 160 °E longitude. Hurricane circulation is counter - clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Hydrology The science of dealing with the waters of the earth. A flood discharge is developed by a hydrologic study. Appendix D -4 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 GLOSSARY APPENDIX D Appendix D -5 Infrastructure Refers to the public services of a community that have a direct impact on the quality of life. Infrastructure includes communication technology such as phone lines or Internet access, vital services such as public water supplies and sewer treatment facilities, and includes an area's transportation system such as airports, heliports; highways, bridges, tunnels, roadbeds, overpasses, railways, bridges, rail yards, depots; and waterways, canals, locks, seaports, ferries, harbors, drydocks, piers and regional dams. Intensity A measure of the effects of a hazard event at a particular place. Landslide Downward movement of a slope and materials under the force of gravity. Lateral Spreads Develop on gentle slopes and entail the sidelong movement of large masses of soil as an underlying layer liquefies in a seismic event. The phenomenon that occurs when ground shaking causes loose soils to lose strength and act like viscous fluid. Liquefaction Results when the soil supporting structures liquefies. This can cause structures to tip and topple. Liquefaction causes two types of ground failure: lateral spread and loss of bearing strength. Lowest Floor Under the NFIP, the lowest floor of the lowest enclosed area (including basement) of a structure. Magnitude A measure of the strength of a hazard event. The magnitude (also referred to as severity) of a given hazard event is usually detemlined using technical measures specific to the hazard. Mitigation Plan A systematic evaluation of the nature and extent of vulnerability to the effects of natural hazards typically present in the state and includes a description of actions to minimize future vulnerability to hazards. National Flood Federal program created by Congress in 1968 that makes flood Insurance Program insurance available in communities that enact minimum floodplain (NFIP) management regulations in 44 CFR §60.3. National Geodetic Datum established in 1929 and used in the NFIP as a basis for Vertical Datum of measuring flood, ground, and structural elevations, previously referred 1929 (NGVD) to as Sea Level Datum or Mean Sea Level. The Base Flood Elevations shown on most of the Flood Insurance Rate Maps issued by the Federal Emergency Management Agency are referenced to NGVD. National Weather Prepares and issues flood, severe weather, and coastal storm warnings Service (NWS) and can provide technical assistance to Federal and state entities in preparing weather and flood warning plans. Outflow Follows water inundation creating strong currents that rip at structures and pound them with debris, and erode beaches and coastal structures. Appendix D -5 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 GLOSSARY APPENDIX D Planimetric Describes maps that indicate only man-made features like buildings. Planning The act or process of making or carrying out plans; the establishment of goals, policies and procedures for a social or economic unit. Probability A statistical measure of the likelihood that a hazard event will occur. Recurrence Interval The time between hazard events of similar size in a given location. It is based on the probability that the given event will be equaled or exceeded in any given year. Repetitive Loss A property that is currently insured for which two or more National Property Flood Insurance Program losses (occurring more than ten days apart) of at ]east $1000 each have been paid within any 10 -year period since 1978. Replacement Value The cost of rebuilding a structure. This is usually expressed in terms of cost per square foot, and reflects the present -day cost of labor and materials to construct a building of a particular size, type and quality. Richter Scale A numerical scale of earthquake magnitude devised by seismologist C.F. Richter in 1935. Risk The estimated impact that a hazard would have on people, services, facilities, and structures in a community; the likelihood of a hazard event resulting in an adverse condition that causes iuiiury or damage. Risk is often expressed in relative terms such as a high, moderate or low likelihood of sustaining damage above a particular threshold due to a specific type of hazard event. It also can be expressed in terms of potential monetary losses associated with the intensity of the hazard. Riverine Of or produced by a river. Scale A proportion used in determining a dimensional relationship; the ratio of the distance between two points on a map and the actual distance between the two points on the earth's surface. Scarp A steep slope. Scour Removal of soil or fill material by the flow of flood waters. The term is frequently used to describe storm- induced, localized conical erosion around pilings and other foundation supports where the obstruction of flow increases turbulence. Seismicity Describes the likelihood of an area being subject to earthquakes. Special Flood An area within a floodplain having a 1 percent or greater chance of Hazard Area flood occurrence in any given year (100 -year floodplain); represented (SFHA) on Flood Insurance Rate Maps by darkly shaded areas with zone designations that include the letter A or V. Appendix D -6 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 GLOSSARY APPENDIX D Stafford Act The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, PL 100 -107 was signed into law November 23, 1988 and amended the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, PL 93 -288. The Stafford Act is the statutory authority for most Federal disaster response activities, especially as they pertain to FEMA and its programs. State Hazard The representative of state government who is the primary point of Mitigation Officer contact with FEMA, other state and Federal agencies, and local units of (SHMO) government in the planning and implementation of pre- and postdisaster mitigation activities. Storm Surge Rise in the water surface above normal water level on the open coast due to the action of wind stress and atmospheric pressure on the water surface. Structure Something constructed. (See also Building) Substantial Damage of any origin sustained by a structure in a Special Flood Damage Hazard Area whereby the cost of restoring the structure to its before - damaged condition would equal or exceed 50 percent of the market value of the structure before the damage. Surface Faulting The differential movement of two sides of a fracture — in other words, the location where the ground breaks apart. The length, width, and displacement of the ground characterize surface faults. Tectonic Plate Torsionally rigid, thin segments of the earth's lithosphere that may be assumed to move horizontally and adjoin other plates. It is the friction between plate boundaries that cause seismic activity. Topographic Characterizes maps that show natural features and indicate the physical shape of the land using contour lines. These maps may also include marinade features. Tornado A violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. Tropical Cyclone A generic term for a cyclonic, low- pressure system over tropical or subtropical waters. Tropical A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of less than 39 mph. Depression Tropical Storm A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds greater than 39 mph and less than 74 mph. Tsunami Great sea wave produced by submarine earth movement or volcanic eruption. Appendix D -7 Appendix D -8 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2010 GLOSSARY APPENDIX D Typhoon A special category of tropical cyclone peculiar to the western 7North Pacific Basin, frequently affecting areas in the vicinity of Guallorth Mariana Islands. Typhoons whose maximum sustained attain or exceed 150 mph are called super typhoons. Vulnerability Describes how exposed or susceptible to damage an asset is. Vulnerability depends on an asset's construction, contents, and the economic value of its functions. Like indirect damages, the vulnerability of one element of the community is often related to the vulnerability of another. For example, many businesses depend on uninterrupted electrical power — if an electric substation is flooded, it will affect not only the substation itself, but a number of businesses as well. Often, indirect effects can be much more widespread and damaging than direct ones. Vulnerability The extent of injury and damage that may result from a hazard event of Assessment a given intensity in a given area. The vulnerability assessment should address impacts of hazard events on the existing and future built environment. Water When a large mass of earth on the ocean bottom sinks or uplifts, the Displacement column of water directly above it is displaced, forming the tsunami wave. The rate of displacement, motion of the ocean floor at the epicenter, the amount of displacement of the rupture zone, and the depth of water above the rupture zone all contribute to the intensity of the tsunami. Wave Runup The height that the wave extends up to on steep shorelines, measured above a reference level (the normal height of the sea, corrected to the state of the tide at the time of wave arrival). Wildfire An uncontrolled fire spreading through vegetative fuels, exposing and possibly consuming structures. Zone A geographical area shown on a Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) that reflects the severity or type of flooding in the area. Appendix D -8