HomeMy WebLinkAboutItem 12a - Coyote Management Plan UpdateCoyote Management Plan Update
September 4, 2018
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DATE: September 4, 2018
TO: Honorable Mayor and City Council
FROM: Dominic Lazzaretto, City Manager
By: Michael Bruckner, Assistant to the City Manager
Laena Shakarian, Management Aide
SUBJECT: CITY OF ARCADIA COYOTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE
Recommendation: Receive and File
SUMMARY
This report serves as a summary of all activities conducted within the parameters of the
City of Arcadia Coyote Management Plan (“Management Plan”) during the first year of
its implementation. Overall, the program has been successful in reducing the number of
concerns related to coyotes in Arcadia.
BACKGROUND
In early 2017, due to increasing coyote concerns in residential communities, the City
Council received a staff report regarding options available for coyote management and
approved a supplemental budget appropriation in the amount of $20,000 for coyote
trapping services and community education efforts. Shortly thereafter, in response to
litigation filed by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals and City of Arcadia
resident Sarah Rosenberg, the City Council reversed their decision to trap and instead
directed the City Manager to develop a Coyote Management Plan within 90 days. The
Coyote Management Plan was adopted at the June 20, 2017, City Council Meeting.
Since its adoption, the City’s Management Plan has been well received by the
community as well as other cities in the southland that were looking for a model for their
community, as the coyote issue appears to be nearly universal. This includes the Cities
of Covina, San Gabriel, and Glendora. Further, the City Manager was invited to speak
at the South Bay Cities Council of Governments Coyote Management Task Force
Meeting and the San Gabriel Valley Council of Governments Board Meeting regarding
the City’s Management Plan, best practices, and lessons learned from our
implementation.
Coyote Management Plan Update
September 4, 2018
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DISCUSSION
The intent of the City of Arcadia’s Coyote Management Plan is to provide guidance to
the community and City staff in response to human/coyote interactions in Arcadia. The
Management Plan is based on research and best practices that include a full spectrum
of tools to effectively respond to coyotes in an urban area. The goal of the Management
Plan is to discourage the habituation of coyotes in an urban environment by using
education, behavior modification, and a tiered response to address aggressive coyote
behavior. The recommended actions in the Management Plan are designed to increase
knowledge and understanding of how coyotes behave and to make clear how such
behavior can be managed or reduced to eliminate human conflicts with coyotes. The
approach for managing coyotes is based on balancing respect and protection of wildlife
without compromising public safety. The main strategy is a multi-focused approach
consisting of education, enforcement, and a safety response plan.
Education
Coyote awareness education is critical for residents to make informed decisions
regarding the safety of their family, pets, and property. Through the City’s ongoing
coyote awareness public information campaign, residents are continually informed of
ways to decrease attractants, modify coyote behavior, and create reasonable
expectations of normal coyote behavior. Information was disseminated to residents,
businesses, and schools through the use of the City of Arcadia website, City
Newsletters, Hot Sheet, social media, press releases, community forums, community
partnerships (Pasadena Humane Society, Parent/Teacher Associations, & Arcadia
Association of Realtors), coyote hazing training for Neighborhood Watch Captains, and
other direct and indirect public outreach efforts. There are a number of reporting
mechanisms Arcadia residents can use to report coyote activity, including the My PD
Mobile App, Twitter, email, and the Coyote Hotline at (626) 574-5463.
Through the City’s direct outreach, Arcadia residents are encouraged to contact the City
to report coyote sightings and any interactions that they have with coyotes. Through the
Coyote Hotline and other reporting tools, staff has tracked and plotted coyote activity
each quarter in Arcadia neighborhoods. Using GIS mapping of coyote reports, clusters
of coyote activities are identified and residents within a several block radius are sent a
“Coyote Hot Spot” letter in English and Mandarin informing them that there is
heightened coyote activity in their neighborhood. The letter also provides some
cautionary reminders on how best to discourage coyote activity, in addition to whatever
promotional item the City is sponsoring for residential use.
Further, as part of the City’s Management Plan, the City Council approved an
appropriation of $20,000 in the FY 2017-18 Budget for coyote outreach and education.
By the end of the fiscal year, $14,448 had been spent on various outreach efforts,
including:
Coyote Management Plan Update
September 4, 2018
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800 Coyote safety whistles distributed
Two citywide Coyote postcard mailers sent to each Arcadia residence
Coyote safety articles published in 8 Hot Sheets and 3 Newsletters
26 coyote warning signs placed near County wash entrances
“Coyote Hot Spot” letter mailed to nearby residents once per quarter
Coyote repellent distributed to residents in the “Coyote Hot Spot”
It is also worth noting that Supervisor Barger’s Office provided tremendous support to
the City regarding our coyote concerns. Through her efforts, the County took the lead
on refurbishing fencing and access points along the wash, particularly in south Arcadia
between Campus Drive and Las Tunas – near a known Coyote Hot Spot. Further, in
addition to repairing the fencing, County Public Works staff also furnished and installed
custom made coyote signage at the following access points: Duarte Rd, Le Roy, El
Monte, Camino Real, Norman, Lemon, Wisteria, Las Flores, Longden, Palm, Woodruff,
Sandra and Las Tunas. An example of the sign is below:
Enforcement
The City’s coyote awareness campaign continues to educate residents on preventative
measures such as removal of food attractants and the dangers of feeding coyotes. The
act of feeding coyotes is prohibited by law and can attract even more coyotes to an area
leading to an increased likelihood of human/coyote interactions. The Arcadia Police
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September 4, 2018
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Department and its Animal Control Services provider, the Pasadena Humane Society,
continue to strictly enforce state laws pertaining to this activity.
In addition, the City of Arcadia’s Unoccupied Residence Ordinance continues to serve
as a valuable tool to address resident concerns regarding coyote dens on unoccupied
properties. The Unoccupied Resident Registration Program is active and, to date, 107
homes have been registered. Code Enforcement routinely visits the homes on the list to
ensure, among other things, that coyotes are not denning on unoccupied properties. In
one area of heightened concern, City Staff and the Mayor met with residents to discuss
their experiences and provide options for decreasing negative interactions with the
animals.
Safety Response Plan
A detailed, tiered Safety Response Plan was developed to provide a mechanism for
identifying and classifying different levels of human/coyote interactions. The Safety
Response Plan serves as a guide for residents and the City to respond to reports of
coyote interactions in order of magnitude. Through continued education and outreach,
enforcement of existing ordinances, and a comprehensive approach to safety, the
Management Plan provides clear guidelines on acceptable coyote behavior, along with
a public safety response should a coyote’s behavior deviate outside of the norm.
Collecting data is a critical component of effectively administering the Coyote
Management Plan. As previously stated, the purpose of monitoring human/coyote
interactions is to document “Coyote Hot Spot” areas where human/coyote interactions
are frequent, and to understand the issues that are attracting coyotes to a particular
neighborhood. By tracking this information, the data allows for specific targeting and use
of education and mitigation efforts in affected neighborhoods. Attached (Attachment
No. 2) are maps showing the location of coyote sightings logged by quarter.
The City Manager’s Office has completed one full year of coyote reporting and the data
suggests that public outreach and coyote hazing have proven to be effective at
discouraging coyotes from residential neighborhoods in Arcadia. As indicted below, the
number of coyote reports has steadily decreased each quarter since the implementation
of the Management Plan.
Coyote Management Plan Update
September 4, 2018
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From July 2017 to June 2018, the City received 464 calls or emails regarding coyotes in
Arcadia neighborhoods from residents. As shown below, there are 257 Level 1 reports
(Green), 180 Level 2 reports (Yellow), 27 Level 3 reports (Orange), and 0 Level 4
reports on a four level scale. Furthermore, 94% of the total coyote reports fall within a
Level 1 (Green) and Level 2 (Yellow) activity, which is considered normal coyote
behavior. This includes coyote behavior that demonstrates the following:
Coyotes being seen, heard, resting or moving through a public area (Level 1)
Coyotes resting in public areas with people present, or entering a yard with or
without pets present (Level 2)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Reports by Intensity (FY 18)
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
211
117
79
57
0
50
100
150
200
250
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Number of Reports by Quarter (FY18)
Coyote Management Plan Update
September 4, 2018
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In addition, 6% of the total coyote reports fall within a Level 3 (Orange) activity, and no
Level 4 (Red) reports were received. Level 3 coyote behavior demonstrates the
following:
Coyote following or approaching a person and pet (Level 3)
Coyotes entering a yard and attacking an attended or unattended pet (Level 3)
Level 4 coyote behavior that is exceptionally aggressive toward humans. The City has
received no calls or reports that suggest this is occurring. Further, the small number of
Level 3 reports suggests that coyote hazing and public information techniques are
working to prevent the loss of pets.
In summary, the Management Plan is having the intended effect of reducing the
intensity and concern regarding human/coyote interactions. The evidence suggests that
human/coyote interactions are becoming less frequent, less concerning, and that fewer
residents are expressing concerns about how to interact with a coyote when one is seen
near a residential neighborhood.
The City will continue to be proactive in its approach to tracking and monitoring coyote
activity throughout the City. While there is no foolproof method for discouraging coyote
activity, and not every human/coyote interaction will be positive, the Management Plan
is yielding positive results. It is recommended that City staff continue coyote education
and outreach as indicated in the City’s Coyote Mana gement Plan in order to further
educate residents on appropriate human/coyote interactions and to continue ongoing
mitigation efforts, especially in known coyote hot spots.
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
The proposed action does not constitute a project under the California Environmental
Quality Act (“CEQA”), and it can be seen with certainty that it will have no impact on the
environment. Thus, this matter is exempt under CEQA.
FISCAL IMPACT
The City Council has appropriated $20,000 in the FY 2018-19 Budget for continued
coyote awareness public information activities. This will likely include two direct mailers
to each Arcadia household in addition to coyote deterrent devices or other pro motional
offerings for residential neighborhoods that are impacted by heightened coyote activity.
Coyote Management Plan Update
September 4, 2018
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RECOMMENDATION
It is recommended that the City Council receive and file the City of Arcadia Coyote
Management Plan Update.
Attachment No. 1 – Coyote Management Plan
Attachment No. 2 – Coyote Reports Maps 1 thru 4
Attachment No. 3 – Sample Community Letter
City of Arcadia
Coyote
Management Plan
Adopted June 2017
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 5
Background ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Guiding Principles ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Coyotes 101 .................................................................................................................................................. 7
Identifying Coyotes ................................................................................................................................... 7
Coyote Family Structure ........................................................................................................................... 7
Coyote Dens .............................................................................................................................................. 8
Ecosystems and Coyotes ........................................................................................................................... 8
The Human Element ................................................................................................................................. 8
Number of Coyotes in Arcadia .................................................................................................................. 9
Coyote Management Plan Goal .................................................................................................................. 10
Education ................................................................................................................................................ 10
Enforcement ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Safety Response Plan .............................................................................................................................. 11
Education – Discouraging Coyotes in Arcadia ............................................................................................. 11
Hazing and Behavior Change .................................................................................................................. 13
Foundation of Hazing .............................................................................................................................. 14
Goals of Hazing ....................................................................................................................................... 14
General Considerations ........................................................................................................................... 14
Training Program .................................................................................................................................... 16
Public Hazing Training ............................................................................................................................. 16
Enforcement ............................................................................................................................................... 18
Safety Response Plan .................................................................................................................................. 19
Coyote Reporting ........................................................................................................................................ 21
Sick/Injured Coyotes ............................................................................................................................... 21
Coyote Bites ............................................................................................................................................ 21
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MyPD Mobile App ................................................................................................................................... 21
City of Arcadia Website ........................................................................................................................... 22
Coyote Hotline – (626) 574-5463 ............................................................................................................ 22
Email Us – coyotes@arcadiaca.gov ........................................................................................................ 22
Requesting Information .............................................................................................................................. 22
Appendix A: Yard Audit Checklist ................................................................................................................ 23
Appendix B: Definition of Coyote Encounters ............................................................................................ 24
Appendix C: Coyote Deterrent Devices ....................................................................................................... 26
Appendix D: References .............................................................................................................................. 27
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Introduction
The intent of the City of Arcadia’s Coyote Management Plan (“Management Plan”) is to provide
guidance to the community and City staff in response to frequent human/coyote interactions in Arcadia.
These guidelines adhere to federal, state, and county regulations in regards to coyote management.
Provisions of this plan maintain the legal rights of Arcadia residents, businesses, and/or homeowner’s
associations in protecting private property relative to coyote management practices. The Management
Plan is based on research and best practices that include a full spectrum of tools to effectively respond
to coyotes in an urban area.
Background
Concerns regarding high numbers of coyotes in residential neighborhoods continue to be pervasive in
Arcadia and surrounding foothill communities. Previous efforts at coyote abatement have yielded little
results at controlling the coyote population.
Coyotes are wild animals and their behavior, by many accounts, is becoming bolder as they become
more accustomed to living near humans. The likelihood of these animals coming out of the adjacent
open space and into the City will always exist. This is particularly true because in addition to lushly
landscaped homes and parks, Arcadia is bordered by the Angeles National Forest and San Gabriel
Mountains where coyotes have a natural habitat. Issues of drought and significant fires within the
Angeles National Forest have also been contributing factors to the recent rise in coyote concerns.
Coyotes are opportunistic predators and clever scavengers. They primarily eat small mammals, including
rabbits, ground squirrels, and mice. Their diet also includes birds, snakes, lizards, deer, and some
livestock. The coyote will also prey on birds that nest on the ground, including peacocks. They will eat
fruits and vegetables during the fall and winter months when their natural prey is scarcer.
The coyote is a versatile animal, capable of easily adapting to its environment. As a result, the urban
coyote will often eat human garbage, pet food, road kill, and domestic pets, including cats and dogs. As
is more commonly the case in urbanized environments, coyotes have been known to actively hunt cats
and small dogs, and are able to leap fences as high as 8 feet to prey on domestic animals. Less
frequently, bolder packs of coyotes have been known to shadow joggers and even approach humans
while walking their pets on a leash. While extremely unusual, coyotes have been known to attack
humans, but this typically occurs when a human is trying to rescue a pet from an imminent coyote
attack. Rarely does a coyote engage and attack a human directly.
Even more uncommon are fatalities from a coyote attack, of which only two have been recorded in
North America. One occurred in 1981 in Glendale, California where a coyote attacked a toddler. The
second attack occurred in 2009 in Nova Scotia, Canada where a pair of coyotes attacked a hiker. As a
comparison, according to DogsBite.org, a non-profit organization that tracks dog bite fatalities in the
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United States, in 2015, 34 dog bite fatalities were recorded. Over an 11-year period from 2005 to 2015,
360 victims suffered death due to dog bite injury.
A study by the School of Environmental and Natural Resources at The Ohio State University entitled
“Coyote Attacks on Humans in the United States and Canada” found that the vast majority of coyote
attacks occur in California and are likely attributable to our moderate climate and close proximity to
urban-wildland interfaces. The data further suggests that many incidents are the result of accidental
feeding by humans, stating:
“Studies of coyote ecology in metropolitan
areas have reported a preference by coyotes
for natural or forested areas over urban or
otherwise disturbed areas and a shift to
nocturnal activity in urbanized areas of high
human use. This nocturnal behavior of coyotes
has been attributed to an effort to avoid
confrontations with people. The large number
of attacks occurring within daytime hours
suggests that in some cases the offending
coyotes were no longer avoiding humans, and
may become habituated to human activity,
likely due to intentional or accidental wildlife
feeding.”1
According to the research, human-related food constituted as much as 25% of a coyote’s diet in
Southern California whereas in Chicago, for example, human-related food was found in less than 2% of
scats analyzed. The data suggests that it is the availability of food sources that is the main factor driving
human/coyote interactions.
In response to the rise of more aggressive coyote activity in neighborhoods, City staff researched
responses from surrounding communities, reviewed existing Coyote Management Plans, sought input
from our local partners including the Pasadena Humane Society, and analyzed the Coyote Guidelines
from the Humane Society of the United States, to develop a comprehensive approach for the City of
Arcadia. To that end, the City’s approach will place an emphasis on education, hazing, and will consider
employing lethal means of removal when the safety of the public is at risk as determined by the
guidelines listed in this document.
Guiding Principles
The Coyote Management Plan is guided by the following principles:
1 School of Environmental and Natural Resources at The Ohio State University
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Human safety is the number one priority in managing human-coyote interactions.
Domestic pet safety is also principally important.
Coyotes serve an important role in our local ecosystem by helping to control the rodent
population.
Preventative measures such as reduction and removal of food attractants, habitat modification,
and responding appropriately when interacting with wildlife are key factors to minimizing
potential interactions with coyotes.
Solutions for coyote conflicts must address both problematic coyote behaviors (such as
aggression towards people and attacks on pets) and problematic human behaviors (such as
intentionally or unintentionally feeding coyotes) that contribute to conflicts.
Non-selective coyote removal programs are ineffective for reducing coyote population sizes or
preventing human-coyote conflicts and may actually increase the populations.
A community-wide program that involves residents is necessary for achieving coexistence
among people, coyotes, and pets.
The recommended actions in the Management Plan are designed to increase residents’ knowledge and
understanding of how coyotes behave and make clear how such behavior be managed to reduce or
eliminate conflicts with coyotes. The Management Plan requires ACTIVE participation on the part of the
entire community which includes residents, homeowner associations, neighborhood volunteers,
community partners (Pasadena Humane Society, etc.) and the City of Arcadia.
Coyotes 101
Coyotes are native to California and several other western states. Due to their intelligence, adaptability,
the decline in larger predatory animals, and urban sprawl, coyotes have successfully expanded their
range. As a result, coyotes are now found in all states except Hawaii and have established themselves in
every urban ecosystem across North America, including large metropolitan areas like Los Angeles,
Chicago, and New York. In short, coyotes are not just an Arcadia issue, but are found in neighborhoods
and communities throughout the United States.
Identifying Coyotes
On the upper parts of their body, coyote pelts vary from gray-brown to
yellow-gray. Their backs have tawny-colored fur and long overcoats
with black-tipped guard hairs. The latter forms a dorsal stripe and dark
band over their shoulders. Throat and bellies tend to be buff or white.
Forelegs, sides of the head, muzzle, and feet are reddish brown.
Coyotes have long legs, small paws, large pointed ears, and a pointed
snout. Weighing between 15 to 40 pounds, their long legs and thick fur
make them appear larger than they actually are.
Coyote Family Structure
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Coyotes may live alone, in pairs, or in family groups with one breeding pair, generally mating once a
year, usually December through February. Social organization and group size are highly correlated with
food availability. The rest of the group is comprised of multiple generations of offspring. Pups are born
March through May. The entire group protects the pups although pup mortality rate averages between
50% and 70% in the first year. Litter size depends on available resources and the number of coyotes in
the area. More available food resources, shelter, and unoccupied territories tend to result in larger litter
sizes. The converse is also true.
Although a litter varies from 2 to 12 pups, the average is 6 or 7. Pups remain in the den for the first six
weeks and then travel with adults. By the end of summer they are more independent but may still travel
with parents and siblings. This is what is often seen and described as “packs” of coyotes; however, this is
only indicative of the den’s hierarchy and social structure and does not necessarily lend itself to a small
or large coyote population in the surrounding area. Because coyotes are socially organized, the group
raises the young and defends their territory from other coyotes. Territories do not overlap and although
coyotes generally live in groups, they often travel alone or in pairs.
In urban areas, most coyotes live in large parks, golf courses, greenways, and natural open spaces where
food and shelter are abundant. Thus, their territory may follow the park or open space boundaries,
which are often along urban-wildland interfaces. Coyotes are extremely adaptive at creating territories
under a wide range of urban conditions.
Coyote Dens
Coyote dens are holes dug out in the ground or along the side of a hill. It can be a few feet in length or
up to about 50 feet. Coyotes often use ready-made “den-like” holes in an existing area, like a cave or
other enclosed space surrounded by trees or brush. They will also take over dens that were left by other
burrowing animals such as foxes or badgers.
As stated, coyotes are opportunistic animals and will use any hidden hole or cave like structure to
protect their young from fleas and vermin. Coyotes will often use sticks and other natural covers to hide
the entrances to their dens, allowing just enough space for them to move in and out with food they
have hunted for their young.
Ecosystems and Coyotes
Coyotes play an important role in the urban environment. They are predators of geese, peacocks,
squirrels, mice, rabbits, gophers, opossums, and other small animals. Rodents make up a majority of
their diet. Areas with resident coyotes often report a decrease in the rodent population.
The Human Element
People respond to coyotes in various ways. Some observe them with enjoyment, others with
indifference, and some with fear and concern. Personal experiences with coyotes may influence their
perceptions. Experiences range from animal sightings without incident to stalking, killing of pets, or, at
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the extreme, a violent interaction. Because wild animals can evoke fear, actual sightings and perceptions
may become exaggerated or misconstrued.
Number of Coyotes in Arcadia
It is very expensive and difficult to track coyotes given their relatively short life span and migratory
habits. A single coyote covering a relatively large territory may be seen three or four different times in a
24 hour period giving the impression that there are large numbers of coyotes. What is known is that
coyotes can become habituated if they are intentionally or unintentionally fed, which lead to bolder
behavior when coyotes lose their fear of people.
Coyotes, like all predators, will stabilize their populations if they are not constantly exploited. Coyotes
regularly roam an area of about 3 to 6 square miles. Normally, each pack is a territorial family group that
varies in numbers from 3 to 10 individuals. A portion of the area the pack inhabits is the pack’s territory,
which they defend from other coyotes. The number of mature coyotes in the pack is linked to the
amount of food resources in the territory. The pack system keeps coyotes from getting too numerous
because the packs defend the area they need to survive. Young coyotes may leave the pack at 9 to 11
months of age but dispersal patterns are highly variable. These coyotes become transients. Other types
of transients include older coyotes that can no longer defend their role as upper level pack members
and leave the pack. Transients move all over in narrow undefended zones that exist between pack
territories searching for an open habitat to occupy or a group to join. Transient coyotes often expire
before they succeed. It is largely because of these transients that indiscriminate coyote culling programs
are unsuccessful.
According to the Humane Society of United States, coyote culling programs are ineffective at reducing
the coyote population and in fact may actually help increase their reproductive rate. Coyotes removed
from an area will quickly be replaced by others. Coyote pairs hold territories, which leaves transient
coyotes constantly looking for new places to call home. If attractants in a neighborhood are not
removed (e.g., pet food, garbage, etc.) new coyotes in an area can quickly become “nuisance” coyotes.
Research suggests that when aggressively controlled, coyotes can increase their reproductive rate by
breeding at an earlier age and having larger litters, with a higher survival rate among young. This allows
coyote populations to quickly bounce back, even when as much as 70 percent of their numbers are
removed.
Further, it is nearly impossible to completely eradicate coyotes from an area. Despite bounties and
large-scale efforts to kill coyotes over the last 100 years, coyotes have expanded their range throughout
the U.S. and Canada tremendously. One study even found that killing 75% of a coyote population every
year for 50 years would still not exterminate the population.
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Coyote Management Plan Goal
The goal of the Coyote Management Plan is to discourage the habituation of coyotes in an urban
environment by using education, behavior modification, and development of a tiered response to
aggressive coyote behavior. The recommended actions in this Management Plan are designed to
increase knowledge and understanding of how coyotes behave and to make clear how such behavior
can be managed or reduced to eliminate human conflicts with coyotes. The ultimate goal of coyote
behavior modification is to encourage the natural relocation of coyotes to their native environment.
The strategy for managing coyotes is based on balancing respect and protection of wildlife without
compromising public safety. The main strategy is a multi-focused approach consisting of:
1. Education
2. Enforcement
3. Safety Response Plan
Education
Coyote awareness education is critical for residents to make informed decisions regarding their safety,
and that of their property and pets, by decreasing attractants, reshaping coyote behavior, and creating
reasonable expectations of normal coyote behavior. Dissemination of information to residents,
businesses, and schools will be accomplished through the use of the City of Arcadia website, City
Newsletter, Hot Sheet, social media, press releases, community forums, community partnerships
(Pasadena Humane Society, Parent/Teacher Associations, & Arcadia Association of Realtors), and other
direct and indirect public outreach campaigns.
Learning how to respond to a coyote encounter empowers residents and supports reshaping undesired
coyote behavior. The public should understand what normal coyote behavior is when living in close
proximity with coyotes. For example, vocalization (coyote calls) is normal, acceptable behavior and does
not indicate aggression.
Enforcement
The act of feeding wildlife is known to lead to an increase in wildlife activity. Feeding can attract coyotes
and their prey to an area leading to an increased likelihood of creating habituated coyotes and resulting
in increases in coyote-human interactions. California law prohibits feeding wildlife, including coyotes.
The Arcadia Police Department and its Animal Control services provider—Pasadena Humane Society—
will strictly enforce state laws pertaining to this activity.
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Safety Response Plan
A detailed, tiered Safety Response Plan has been developed to provide a mechanism for identifying and
classifying different levels of human coyote interactions. The Safety Response Plan serves as a guide for
residents and the City of Arcadia to respond to reports of coyote interactions in order of magnitude.
The tenets of Education, Enforcement, and the Safety Response Plan are more fully described in the
sections that follow.
Education – Discouraging Coyotes in Arcadia
While attacks on humans are very rare, urban landscape development, habituation through intentional
and unintentional feeding, pet related incidents, and media attention have led some residents to fear
coyotes. It is important to note that attacks on free-roaming and unattended small pets are normal
coyote behavior and do not necessarily indicate a danger for people.
Coyotes usually become habituated
when they learn and associate
people and/or neighborhoods with
sources of food. We reinforce this
behavior by not reacting
appropriately when we see a
coyote. Steps must be taken to
address safety concerns and
misconceptions and to ensure
appropriate responses to potential
threats to human safety. It’s
important to keep in mind that
coyotes have been in and around
Arcadia (and other parts of Southern California) since before we settled the area.
Coyotes are drawn to urban and suburban areas for the following reasons:
1. FOOD – Urban areas provide a bounty of natural food choices for coyotes that primarily eat
rodents such as mice and rats. However, coyotes can be further attracted into suburban
neighborhoods by human-associated food such as pet food, unsecured compost or trash, and
fallen fruit in yards. Intentional and unintentional feeding can lead coyotes to associate humans
with sources of food, which can result in negative interactions among coyotes, people, and pets.
To reduce food attractants in urban and suburban areas:
Never hand-feed or otherwise deliberately feed a coyote.
Avoid feeding pets outside. Remove sources of pet food and water. If feeding pets
outside is necessary, remove the bowl and any leftover food promptly.
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Never compost any meat or dairy products (unless the compost is fully secured).
Maintain good housekeeping, such as regularly raking areas around bird feeders, to help
discourage coyote activity near residences.
Remove fallen fruit from the ground.
Keep trash in high-quality containers with tight-fitting lids. Only place the cans curbside
the morning of collection. If left out overnight, trash cans are more likely to be tipped
over and broken into. If necessary, secured trash containers are available for purchase
from Waste Management, the City’s contracted refuse hauler.
Bag especially attractive food waste such as meat scraps or leftover pet food before
discarding.
2. WATER – Urban areas provide a year-round supply of water in the form of storm water
impoundments and channels, artificial lakes, irrigation, swimming pools, and pet water dishes,
which support both coyotes and their prey. In dry conditions, water can be as alluring as food,
so remove water bowls set outside for pets and make watering cans unavailable. Keep the gates
around your pool secured.
3. ACCESS TO SHELTER – Parks, greenbelts, open spaces, sumps, golf courses, buildings, sheds,
decks, and crawl spaces increase the amount and variability of cover for coyotes. They allow
coyotes to safely and easily remain close to people, pets, homes, and businesses without
detection. In the spring, when coyotes give birth and begin to raise their young, they
concentrate their activities around dens or burrows in which their young are sheltered. Coyotes
may take advantage of available spaces under sheds or decks for use as a den, bringing them
into close contact with people and pets.
4. UNATTENDED PETS – Coyotes primarily eat small mammals such as mice and rats, but will also
prey on slightly larger mammals such as rabbits and groundhogs. Animals that are
approximately the same size as a groundhog or rabbit, especially unattended outdoor cats and
small dogs, may attract coyotes into neighborhoods.
The best way to minimize risk to pets from coyotes (and the other dangers of outdoor
life such as cars, disease, and other wildlife) is to keep small pets indoors or only let
them outside in a secure enclosure or when accompanied by a person and under the
control of a leash and harness.
It is important to either keep dogs on a leash six feet long or shorter when outdoors or
to stay within six feet of them when outside. (Coyotes may view a dog on a leash longer
than six feet as an unattended pet.) Attacks on free-roaming small cats or dogs are
normal coyote behavior and do not indicate a danger for people. A free-roaming pet is
considered an unattended domestic pet outside of its enclosed yard or area.
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Although attacks on larger dogs are rare, coyotes will sometimes go after a large dog
when they feel that their territory is threatened. This generally occurs during the coyote
breeding season, which takes place from January through March. During this time, it is
especially important not to let dogs outside unattended and to keep them on leashes
(six feet long or less) when in public areas.
5. FERAL CATS –While people who feed feral cats are often concerned that coyotes might prey on
the cats, feeding feral cats may cause more harm than good as coyotes often frequent these
locations. Although there is no sure way to protect feral cats from coyotes, the following tips
can be helpful:
Do not feed feral cats.
If feral cats frequent your neighborhood, please contact the Pasadena Humane Society.
Haze coyotes seen near feral cat locations. Making them feel uncomfortable will
encourage them to stay out of the area.
Other domestic animals kept outside, such as rabbits, may also be viewed as prey by coyotes. Protect
outdoor animals from coyotes and other predators with protective fencing, ensuring that they are
confined in sturdy cages each evening.
Residents are encouraged to use the Yard Audit Checklist (Appendix A) as a tool to help recognize and
remove attractants in their yards and neighborhoods.
Hazing and Behavior Change
According to the Humane Society of the United States as well as numerous studies from major research
universities, coyote hazing is the most effective deterrent to discourage coyotes from residential
neighborhoods. Some coyotes have become too comfortable in the close proximity of people. To safely
manage coyote/human interactions, it’s important to modify this behavior and attitude in resident
coyote populations. Habituated coyote behavior needs to be reshaped to encourage coyotes to avoid
contact with humans and pets.
Hazing – also known as “fear conditioning” – is the process that facilitates this change and is by necessity
a community response to negative encounters with coyotes. The more often an individual animal is
hazed, the more effective hazing is in changing coyote behavior.
Hazing employs immediate use of deterrents to move an animal out of an area or discourage
undesirable behavior or activity. Deterrents include loud noises, spraying water, bright lights, throwing
objects, and shouting. Hazing can help maintain a coyote’s fear of humans and discourage them from
neighborhoods such as backyards and play areas. Hazing does not harm or damage animals, humans, or
property. Behavioral change also involves human activities such as how to identify and remove
attractants and how to responsibly protect pets.
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Foundation of Hazing
1. It is not economically, ecologically, or in other ways efficient to try and eradicate coyotes from
the urban ecosystem.
2. Hazing is one piece of a long-term plan in creating safe and acceptable living situations, increase
understanding, and reduce conflict between coyotes and people.
Goals of Hazing
1. To reshape coyote behavior to avoid human contact in an urban setting. Human behavior can
shape animal behavior, in either a negative or positive manner. People living in close proximity
to coyotes can remove coyote attractants, identify potentially dangerous situations for their
pets and themselves, and respond in a manner designed to change coyote behavior.
2. To provide residents information and tools to actively engage in reshaping coyote behavior and
to support feeling safe in their parks and neighborhoods. This can be accomplished by teaching
residents hazing techniques.
3. To model hazing behavior and
share accurate information about
coyotes among other residents,
friends, and family.
4. Monitor hazing to assess its
effectiveness and determine if
further action or more aggressive
hazing is needed.
5. Develop long-term community
based hazing programs.
General Considerations
1. Levels of hazing need to be appropriately relevant to coyote activity.
Coyotes are best left alone. Ignore them if they are ignoring you. As with any wild
animal, maintaining personal safety should be the first goal.
Coyotes are often out late at night when few people are present. This is normal
acceptable behavior. Hazing may not be necessary.
Exceptions: In early stages of hazing, programs should still engage animals. Coyotes that
associate danger in the presence of people under all circumstances will be reinforced to
avoid contact.
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2. Hazing must be more exaggerated, aggressive, and consistent when first beginning a program of
hazing. As coyotes “learn” appropriate responses to hazing, it will take less effort from hazers.
Early in the process, it is extremely common for coyotes not to respond to hazing techniques.
Without a history of hazing, they do not have the relevant context to respond in the desired
outcome (to leave).
3. Techniques and tools can be used in the same manner for one or multiple coyotes. Usually there
is a dominant coyote in a group who will respond - others will follow its lead. DO NOT ignore,
turn your back, or avoid hazing because there are multiple coyotes instead of a single individual
coyote.
4. The more often an individual coyote is hazed by a variety of tools and techniques and a variety
of people, the more effective hazing will be in changing that animal’s future behavior.
5. Hazing must be directly associated with the person involved in the hazing actions. The coyote
must be aware of where the potential threat is coming from and identify the person.
6. Coyotes can and do recognize individual people and animals in their territories. They can learn
to avoid or harass specific individuals in response to behavior of the person and/or pet.
7. Coyotes can be routine in habit. Identifying their normal habits can help target which habits to
change. For example, the coyote patrols the same bike path at the same time in the morning
three to five days a week. Hazers should concentrate on that time and place to encourage the
animal to adapt its routine to decrease contact with people.
8. Certain levels of hazing must always be maintained so that future generations of coyotes do not
learn or return to unacceptable habits related to habituation to people.
9. Human behavior must change to support hazing and continued identification and, if necessary,
remove possible attractants.
10. Education about exclusion techniques including how to identify and remove attractants,
personal responsibility in pet safety, and having reasonable expectations are critical parts of a
coyote hazing plan.
11. Coyotes are skittish by nature. Habituated behavior is learned and reinforced by human
behavior. Coyotes as a rule DO NOT act aggressively towards aggressive people. The one
exception is a sick or injured animal. Engaging a sick or injured animal can result in
unpredictable behavior. If this is suspected, people should not engage and instead remove
themselves from the situation, then immediately contact the Arcadia Police Department at (626)
574-5151 or the Pasadena Humane Society at (626) 792-7151.
Page | 16
12. Individuals involved in hazing need to be trained in explaining hazing to residents who witness
the process. They also need to explain the difference between hazing and harassment of wildlife
and goals of appropriate behavior for coexistence.
Training Program
Because coexisting with wildlife involves the community, initiating the hazing training programs and
hazing activities by volunteers must be supervised by experts. Without this support, the programs will
ultimately fail. Information should include basic training on background, coyote ecology, overview of
hazing, and examples of techniques. Materials should be provided such as handouts, contact
information, and resources when questions, comments, and concerns come up relating to coyotes.
Volunteers need to learn about coyote behavior and be aware of realistic expectations, understanding
normal versus abnormal coyote behavior and having a consistent response to residents’ concerns and
comments.
Behavioral change and hazing includes the following:
Pet owners need to protect pets. Off-leash, unattended, and free-roaming cats and dogs
attract coyotes (as well as pet food).
Residents need to learn hazing effectiveness and techniques. A hazing program must be
instituted and maintained on a regular basis.
Hazing needs to be active for a sustained period of time to achieve the desired change
for the highest possible long-term success.
Hazing requires monitoring to assess its effectiveness and to determine if further action
or more aggressive hazing is needed.
Public Hazing Training
Hazing requires community involvement, understanding, and support. Residents are best equipped to
respond consistently and at the most opportune times in their own neighborhoods, parks, and open
spaces.
1. Locations of trainings offered should be based on data accumulated from the public on coyote
activity in specific neighborhoods, parks, or open space or proactively when requested by
neighborhood community or volunteer groups.
2. Trainings will be free to the public.
3. Topics to be covered include but are not limited to:
Basic coyote information
Page | 17
Discussion on why coyotes are in the City
Normal and abnormal coyote behavior
Seasonal behavior changes (breeding season, pups, denning behavior)
Reality of dangers towards people vs. danger towards pets
Children and coyotes
How human behavior influences coyote behavior
Attractants
Tips on deterring animals from entering private property
Appropriate responses when encountering a coyote
What is hazing, goals, how to engage
Appropriate hazing techniques and tools
Pet safety tips
4. Updates, additional coyote information, electronic flyers, and handouts will be distributed to
participants. Information should be encouraged to be passed on to others.
5. Participants will be notified of “hot spots” and asked to haze in the area.
6. Ask for feedback on hazing training and use of hazing techniques.
7. Participants will be asked to email detailed accounts of encounters and hazing (Hazing
Interaction Reports) to the City of Arcadia for program evaluation purposes which should
include successful tools and techniques being used, and techniques and tools needed to
effectively haze coyotes. The Hazing Interaction Reports should include the following
information:
Date, location, time of day, number of coyotes
Initial coyote behavior, hazing behavior, coyote response
Effectiveness ratings – i.e. was the method used successful or not
Tools and techniques used
Additional details/comments
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For more information about how to set-up an educational seminar in your neighborhood, please contact
the City Manager’s Office at (626) 574-5401.
Enforcement
The act of feeding wildlife can attract coyotes and their prey to an area, leading to an increased
likelihood of creating habituated coyotes and increased coyote-human interactions. California law
prohibits feeding wildlife, and the Arcadia Police Department, Pasadena Humane Society, and City Code
Enforcement Officers will strictly enforce applicable state statutes pertaining to this activity. The
following are some of the applicable regulations that may be utilized as enforcement tools to discourage
coyotes from proliferating in urbanized Arcadia.
CALIFORNIA CODE OF REGULATIONS TITLE 14. SECTION 251.1.
HARASSMENT OF ANIMALS
Except as otherwise authorized in these regulations or in the Fish and Game Code, no
person shall harass, herd, or drive any game nongame bird or mammal or furbearing
mammal. For the purposes of this section, harass is defined as an intentional act which
disrupts an animal’s normal behavior patterns, which includes, but is not limited to,
breeding, feeding, or sheltering.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY CODE TITLE 10. SECTION 10.84.010.
PROVIDING FOOD FOR CERTAIN RODENTS OR PREDATOR ANIMALS PROHIBITED
Except as otherwise provided herein, no person shall feed or in any manner provide
food to a non-domesticated rodent or non-domesticated mammalian predator.
For the purposes of this chapter:
“Rodent” includes ground squirrels
“Mammalian predators” includes coyote, raccoon, fox, and opossum.
ARCADIA MUNICIPAL CODE ARTICLE IV PUBLIC WELFARE, MORALS, AND POLICY.
CHAPTER 1. ANIMALS. PART 3. OTHER ANIMALS. DIVISION 7. KEEPING, FEEDING, AND
RUNNING AT LARGE. SECTION 4137. PUBLIC FEEDING PROHIBITED
No person shall feed or make any food or edible thing available to any animal or fowl in,
on, or upon any public street, sidewalk or parkway.
ARCADIA MUNICIPAL CODE ARTICLE IX DIVISION OF LAND USE. ORDINANCE 2346
ESTABLISHING REQUIREMENTS AND REGULATIONS FOR REGISTRATION OF
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES FOR UNOCCUPIED RESIDENCES IN THE CITY OF ARCADIA AND
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TO REORGANIZE AND UPDATE THE CITY’S PROPERTY MAINTENANCE AND NUISANCE
ABATEMENT REGULATIONS
It is the purpose and intent of the City of Arcadia, through the establishment of an
unoccupied residence registration program to protect neighborhoods from becoming
blighted by the lack of adequate maintenance and security of unoccupied residences
and to prevent unoccupied residences from becoming substandard properties.
Unoccupied properties shall be maintained so as not to become a refuge for coyotes,
vermin, or other wildlife.
Failure to adhere to the maintenance standards for unoccupied properties shall be a
public nuisance, subject to abatement or summary abatement in accordance with [City]
code.
Safety Response Plan
The Safety Response Plan below is intended to serve as a mechanism for identifying and classifying
different levels of human/coyote interactions. The Plan also includes guidelines for resident and City
responses to different levels of coyote/human interactions up to and including the use of force to
lethally remove coyotes from Arcadia neighborhoods. It is important to note the use of force may
include other measures such as forcefully eradicating coyote dens or access denial improvements to
areas where coyotes frequent to deter future interactions. Each interaction warranting the use of force
will be thoroughly investigated to determine the appropriate response. Definitions of coyote
encounters are listed in Appendix B.
If a human is attacked and physically injured by a coyote(s), the City of Arcadia will employ all
necessary force to remove the offending animal(s) and/or contact the California Department of Fish
and Wildlife for their removal services.
COYOTE BEHAVIOR RESPONSE
LEVEL RECOMMEDNED ACTION
Coyote heard 1 Provide educational materials and info on normal
coyote behavior.
Coyote seen moving in
public area 1 Provide education materials and info on normal
coyote behavior.
Coyote seen resting in
public area 1 Educate on hazing techniques, what to do tips.
Coyote seen resting in
public area with humans
present
2
If area frequented by people, educate on normal
behavior and haze to encourage coyote to leave.
Look for and eliminate attractants.
Page | 20
Coyote entering a yard to a
home without pets 2 Educate on coyote attractants, yard audit, provide
hazing info.
Coyote entering a yard to a
home with pets 2 Educate on coyote attractants, yard audit, hazing
info, pet safety.
Coyote entering a yard and
injuring or killing attended
or unattended pet
3
Develop hazing team in area, gather info on
specific animals involved, report on
circumstances, educate on coyote attractants,
yard and neighborhood audits, and pet safety.
Coyote biting or injuring a
unattended pet/pet on a
leash longer than 6 feet
3
Gather info on specific animals involved, report
circumstances, educate on coyote attractants,
yard/neighborhood audits, hazing, and pet safety.
Coyote following or
approaching a person and
pet (Stalking)
3
Educate on hazing techniques and what to do tips
and pet safety.
Coyote following or
approaching a person
without a pet (Stalking)
4
Educate on hazing techniques and what to do tips.
Use of force may be considered.
Coyote biting or injuring
attended pet/pet on a
leash 6 feet or less
4
Gather info on specific animals involved,
document circumstances, educate on coyote
attractants, yard/neighborhood audits, hazing, pet
safety. Use of force may be considered.
Coyote behaving
aggressively; showing
teeth, back fur raised,
lunging, nipping without
contact and/or with or
without pet present
4
Gather info on specific animals involved, report
circumstances, educate on coyote attractants,
yard/neighborhood audits, aggressive hazing, pet
safety. Use of force will be recommended.
Coyote entering a home;
biting or injuring a human 4
Identify and gather information on specific animal
involved, report circumstances, educate on coyote
attractants, yard/neighborhood audits, hazing,
and pet safety. City staff will inform the California
Department of Fish and Wildlife. Use of force will
be recommended.
Since coyotes are considered “non-game wildlife” any resident of Homeowners’ Association can
initiate, at their own expense, action to protect themselves and their private property from coyote
attacks.
Page | 21
Protecting person and property is of the utmost concern to the City of Arcadia. As such, this plan
includes a list of Coyote Deterrent Devices (Appendix C) that may help discourage coyotes from entering
your property, approaching your pet, or, in extreme cases, initiating contact with a human. Although the
City is suggesting these devices, we are not endorsing any particular device, brand, model, or service.
Further, while these devices market themselves as coyote deterrents, the City does offer any assurance
that any device will deter every coyote in any instance. It is up the individual to decide which device is
appropriate for them.
Coyote Reporting
The City of Arcadia encourages Arcadia residents to report coyote sightings. This will allow the City to
identify potential trouble areas where coyotes are frequently sighted and allow the City to focus
resources where they are needed most.
There are several options to choose from and Arcadia residents are encouraged to use the tool that
works best for them. Please keep in mind that these are only coyote reporting tools. Depending on the
format, you may receive acknowledgement of your submission; however, you will not be contacted by
the City of Arcadia. If you or your pet has been involved in a coyote attack, please dial 9-1-1.
Sick/Injured Coyotes
If you see a sick or injured coyote, please contact the Pasadena Humane Society at (626) 792-7151.
Coyote Bites
If you have been bitten by a coyote and are in distress, please dial 9-1-1. Coyote bites can be extremely
hazardous to your health. PLEASE SEEK MEDICAL CARE IMMEDIATELY. Arcadia first responders are
available to assist you 24/7. A police report will be taken to document the incident.
If the bite is mild in nature, residents are encouraged to report the
incident to the Pasadena Humane Society at (626) 792-7151. All animal
bites to people are legally reportable in Los Angeles County except for
rodent and rabbit bites. For more information, please visit the County of
Los Angeles Public Health Department website at
http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/vet/biteintro.htm.
MyPD Mobile App
The Arcadia Police Department mobile app (MyPD) has an online
reporting tool for coyote sightings. Residents can download the app from
the Apple or Google Play stores free of charge. After selecting the
Arcadia Police Department as their primary agency, users can send
coyote sightings through the “Submit Tip” function and select Coyote
Page | 22
Reporting from the Topic menu.
City of Arcadia Website
Please visit www.arcadiaca.gov/coyotes to access the reporting tools available through the website. The
City of Arcadia has partnered with the University of California Cooperative Extension, which is collecting
information on coyote encounters throughout California. You can report a coyote encounter to the UC
Coyote Cacher through the link on the website or by submitting your request at
https://geodata.ucanr.edu/coyoteCacher/form/.
Coyote Hotline – (626) 574-5463
The City of Arcadia has created a coyote hotline to report coyote sightings around the City. When
submitting your sighting, please include the following information in your message: your name, address,
telephone number, approximate time and location of the coyote encounter, and description of the
encounter. This information will be logged for future analysis of coyote sightings in Arcadia. Unless
specifically requested, you will not be contacted by City staff.
Email Us – coyotes@arcadiaca.gov
For your convenience, the City of Arcadia has created an email address for residents to submit
questions, concerns, tips, sightings, or general information related to coyotes in Arcadia neighborhoods.
When submitting your sighting, please include the following information in your message: your name,
address, telephone number, approximate time and location of the coyote encounter, and description of
the encounter. This information will be logged for future analysis of coyote sightings in Arcadia.
Requesting Information
For general information regarding the Coyote Management Plan, please contact the City Manager’s
Office at (626) 574-5401.
Page | 23
Appendix A: Yard Audit Checklist
OK FIX RECOMMENDED ACTION
FOOD NEVER intentionally feed a coyote.
Pet Food NEVER feed pets outdoors; store all pet food in secure containers.
Water Remove water attractants (such as fountains) in dry climates.
Bird Feeders Remove bird feeders or clean fallen seed to reduce the presence
of small mammals that coyotes prefer to eat.
Fallen Fruit Clean up fallen fruit around trees.
Compost Do not include meat or dairy products among compost contents
unless fully enclosed.
BBQ Grills Clean up food around barbeque grills after each use.
Trash &
Rodents
Secure all trash containers with locking lids and place curbside the
morning of trash pickup. Periodically clean cans to reduce residual
odors. Rid property of rodents (coyotes eat rodents).
LANDSCAPING Trim vegetation to reduce hiding places and potential denning
sites.
STRUCTURES &
OUTBUILDINGS
Restrict access under decks and sheds, around woodpiles, or any
other structure that can provide cover or denning sites for
coyotes or their prey.
FENCING
Enclose property with a 6-foot fence (or a 6-foot fence with an
additional extension or roller-top) to deter coyotes. Ensure that
there are no gaps and that the bottom of the fence extends
underground six (6) inches or is fitted with a mesh apron to deter
coyotes from digging underneath. *Must comply with Arcadia
Municipal Code(s).
PETS
NEVER leave pets unattended outside.
NEVER allow pets to “play” with coyotes.
Fully enclose outdoor pet kennels.
Walk pets on a leash no longer than 6 feet in length.2
Residents are encourage to take steps to eliminate attractants on their property and to share
this information with friends and neighbors, as minimizing conflicts with coyotes in the most
effective when the entire neighborhood and community works together.
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Appendix B: Definition of Coyote Encounters
Active coexistence – Humans and coyotes exist together. Communities decide on community
space, such as open spaces, where coyotes are appropriate and do not haze, feed, or interact
with them in these areas. Humans take an active role in keeping coyotes wild by learning about
coyote ecology and behavior, removing attractants, taking responsibility for pet safety, and
hazing coyotes in neighborhood or community spaces (except for predetermined coyote
appropriate areas).
Attack – A human is injured or killed by a coyote.
Provoked – A human-provoked attack or incident where the human involved encourages
the coyote to engage. Examples include dog off-leash in an on-leash area; dog on leash
longer than 6’ in length, or a human intentionally approaches or feeds the coyote.
Unprovoked – An unprovoked attack or incident where the human involved does not
encourage the coyote to engage.
Encounter – An unexpected, direct meeting between a human and a coyote that is without
incident.
Feeding – A coyote is fed intentionally or unintentionally by humans.
Intentional feeding – A resident or business actively and purposefully feeds coyotes
including deliberately providing food for animals in the coyote food chain.
Unintentional feeding – A resident or business is inadvertently providing access to food.
Examples such as accessible compost, fallen fruit from trees, left open sheds and doors,
and pet food left outdoors.
Unintentional feeding (bird feeders) – A resident or business with bird feeders that may
provide food for coyotes, e.g. birds, bird food, rodents, squirrels. Bird feeders must be
kept high enough from the ground so a coyote is unable to reach the feeding animals.
The area under the bird feeder must be kept clean and free of residual bird food.
Hazing – Training method that employs immediate use of deterrents to move an animal out of
an area or discourage an undesirable behavior or activity. Hazing techniques include loud
noises, spraying water, bright lights, throwing objects, and shouting. Hazing can help maintain a
coyote’s fear of humans and deter them from neighborhood spaces such as backyards and play
spaces. Hazing does not damage animals, humans, or property.
Page | 25
Observation – The act of noticing or taking note of tracks, scat, or vocalizations.
Pet Attack – A pet is injured or killed by a coyote.
Attended animal loss or injury – When a person is within 6’ of the pet and the pet is on
leash and is attacked and injured by a coyote.
Domestic animal loss or injury – A coyote injures or kills a pet. Also includes
“depredation” - predation on domestic pets. Free-roaming animal loss or injury is
normal behavior for a coyote.
Stalking Incident – A conflict between a human and a coyote where the coyote exhibits the
following behavior: follows a person with or without an attended pet on leash. A human is not
injured.
Sighting – A visual observation of a coyote(s). A sighting may occur at any time of the day or
night.
Threat Incident – A conflict between a human and a coyote where the coyote exhibits the
following behavior: approaches a human and growls, bares teeth, or lunges; injures or kills an
attended domestic animal. A human is not injured.
Unsecured Trash – Trash that is accessible to wildlife (e.g., individual garbage cans, bags, or
uncovered or open dumpsters or trash cans over-flowing or where trash scattered is outside
the receptacle).
Use of Force – This action uses coercion to force aggressive coyotes from Arcadia
neighborhoods. This action may include non-lethal measures such as eradication of coyote
dens or access denial improvements or lethal measures like trapping.
Vocalization – Coyote communications vary and may consist of the following: woof, growl,
howl, bark, yelp, or whine by a single coyote or by groups.
Page | 26
Appendix C: Coyote Deterrent Devices
1. Coyote Rollers – A coyote roller is a 4-foot, aluminum extruded ribbed roller designed to
prevent animals from getting the foothold they need to climb over a fence.
https://coyoteroller.com/
2. Predator Control Lights – A constant flash of light to all animals that hunt or feed at
night that they have been “discovered” or are being watched.
http://www.niteguard.com/
3. Eliminator Outdoor Animal Repeller – T he Eliminator Animal Repeller blasts a range of
powerful ultrasonic sounds and flashing LED strobe lights to scare away a wide variety of
pests. Equipped with an infrared motion sensor, the pest repeller is activated as soon as
a pest animal is detected.
Available on Amazon
4. Synthetic Wolf Urine – Coyotes are natural prey of wolves. Using synthetic wolf urine
around the perimeter of your yard may help deter coyotes from entering. http://www.thepeemart.com/
Page | 27
Appendix D: References
Baker, Rex O., “A Review of Successful Urban Coyote Management Programs Implemented to Prevent or
Reduce Attacks on Humans and Pets in Southern California” Cal Poly Pomona, 2007
City of Long Beach Coyote Management Plan
http://www.longbeach.gov
City of Torrance Coyote Management Plan
http://www.torranceca.gov
City of Huntington Beach Coyote Management Plan
http://www.huntingtonbeachca.gov
City of Calabasas Coyote Management Plan
http://www.cityofcalabasas.com
The Humane Society of the United States
http://www.humanesociety.org
Pasadena Humane Society
http://pasadenahumane.org/
Poessel, Sharon A., “Ecology and Behavior of Coyotes in Urban Environments at Varying Spatial Scales”
Utah State University, 2015
Poessel, Sharon A., et. al., “Patterns of Human-Coyote Conflicts in the Denver Metropolitan Area”
Utah State University, 2013
Siber, Katie S., “Coyotes and the City” National Parks Conservation Association, 2016
White, Lynsey A., & Ashely C. Delaup, “A New Technique in Coyote Conflict Management: Changing
Coyote Behavior through Hazing in Denver Colorado” Proceedings of the 14th WDM Conference,
2012
White, Lynsey A., & Stanley D. Gehrt, “Coyote Attacks on Humans in the United States and Canada”
Ohio State University, 2009
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Highland Oaks
E.S.
Foothill
M.S.
F.S. 107
First Ave.M.S.
Library
Arcadia
H.S.
Methodist
Hospital
Police
Department
City Hall
Chamber of
Commerce
Community
Center
Holly Ave.
E.S.
Dana
M.S.CaminoGrove
E.S.
Hugo
Reid
E.S.
HugoReid
P.S.
Baldwin
Stocker E.S.
Longley
WayE.S.
PUBLIC WORKSDEPARTMENT
Wilderness
Park
Eisenhower
Park
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å
å
ñ
ñ
US Forestry
Department
Newcastle
Park
ñ Orange
Grove Park
ñ
Tripolis
Park
Huntington
H.S.
å
ñ
å
å
å
Bonita
Park
ñ
å
å å
ñ Tierra Verde
Park
ñ
å
ñ
Fairview
Ave. Parkñ
å
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ArcadiaChristian
Pre-K to M.S.
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Santa
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FOOTHILL BLVD
LONGDEN AV
PALM DR
NORMAN AV
COLORADO ST
LAS TUNAS DR
LEMON AV
LAS FLORES AV
CAMPUS DR
WALNUT AV
COLORADO BLVD
NAOMI AV
D
ORANGE GROVE AV
GENOA ST
ARBOLADA DR
ALICE ST
WOODRUFF AV
A
SANTA CLARA ST
GRANDVIEW AV
N A T I O N A L
F O R E S T
ALTA ST
CALIFORNIA ST
ELKINS AV
FANO ST
LE ROY AV
PAMELA RD
LAUREL AV
SHARON RD
BONITA ST
DO
FOOTHILL FRWY
LA SIERRA DR
WISTARIA AV
EL DORADO ST
LA PORTE ST
ALSTER AV
SIERRA MADRE BLVD
FLORAL AV
WINNIE WY
%&g(
SANDRA AV
FOREST AV
ARTHUR AV
ESTRELLA AV
KI
LOS ALTOS AV
WHEELER AV
MAGNA VISTA AV
SANTA ANITA TER
EL SUR ST
LUCILLE ST
DANIMERE AV
WORKMAN AV
SAINT JOSEPH ST
LN
FOOTHILL BLVD
HAMPTON RD
FALLEN LEAF RD
SINGING WOOD DR
MAGNA VISTA AV
T LA D
ANOAKIA LN
ROSEMARIE DR
WOODLAND AV
FOREST AV
NAOMI AV
NORMAN AV
PALM DR
WALNUT AV
LONGDEN AV
LEMON AV
CAMINO GROVE AV
BUN GALO W PLELLENWY
SYCAMORE AV
LEMON AV
A AV
RODELL PL
ARTHUR AV
WISTARIA AV
LE ROY AV
LAS FLORES AV
CAMINO REAL
LEDA LN
RODELL PL
LAS FLORES AV
WOODRUFF AV
FOOTHILL BLVD
CHRISTINA ST
LA ROSA RD
LEMON AV
CO V
O
DIAMOND ST
FOOTHILL FRWY
WINNIE WY
CAMINO REAL
NORMAN AV
FOREST AV
NAOMI AV
LEMON AV
PAMELA RDPAMELA RD
WISTARIA AV
S OR V
FLORAL AV
WISTARIA AV
WINNIE WY
LE ROY AV
SHARON RD
FLORAL AV
HAVEN AV
NEWMAN AV
BIRCHCROFT ST
E N A
CATALPA RD
S I E R R A M A D R E
M O N R O V I A
I R W I N D A L E
E L M O N T E
T E M P L E
C I T Y
HUNTINGTON DR
ONTARE RD
ANDREA LN
DR BONITA ST
ADR
CAMBRIDGE DR
REID REID
ENCANTO DR
E
D
R
SIERRA MADRE BLVD
GRANDVIEW AV
ORANGE GROVE AV
HILLCREST BLVD
FOOTHILL BLVD
COLORADO BLVD
HUNTINGTON DR
Los Angeles
County
Arboretum
and
Botanic Garden Santa Anita
Park
Westfield
Santa Anita
Shopping Mall
Arcadia
County Park
Santa Anita
County
Golf Course
A N G E L E S
Arcadia
Par 3 Golf
Course Peck Rd
County
Park
!(
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Ü00.5
Miles Data Sources: City of Arcadia, 2017.
Coyote Reporting Map
City of Arcadia, California
Levels
!(1
!(2
!(3
Arcadia City Boundary
1
Highland Oaks
E.S.
FoothillM.S.
F.S. 107
First Ave.
M.S.
Library
ArcadiaH.S.
MethodistHospital
Police
Department
City Hall
Chamber of
Commerce
CommunityCenter
Holly Ave.
E.S.
DanaM.S.Camino
GroveE.S.
Hugo
ReidE.S.
Hugo
ReidP.S.
Baldwin
Stocker E.S.
Longley
WayE.S.
PUBLIC WORKS
DEPARTMENT
Wilderness
Park
Eisenhower
Park
ñ
å
å
ñ
ñ
US Forestry
Department
Newcastle
Park
ñ OrangeGrove Park
ñ
Tripolis
Park
Huntington
H.S.
å
ñ
å
å
å
Bonita
Park
ñ
å
å å
ñ Tierra Verde
Park
ñ
å
ñ
Fairview
Ave. Parkñ
å
å
å
ñ
Arcadia
ChristianPre-K to M.S.
Bicentennial
Park
ñ
Santa
AnitaPark
ñ
ñ
FOOTHILL BLVD
LONGDEN AV
PALM DR
FAIRVIEW AV
NORMAN AV
COLORADO ST
LAS TUNAS DR
ARCADIA AV
LEMON AV
LAS FLORES AV
CAMPUS DR
WALNUT AV
COLORADO BLVD
NAOMI AV
R
ORANGE GROVE AV
GENOA ST
ARBOLADA DR
ALICE ST
WOODRUFF AV
L
SANTA CLARA ST
GRANDVIEW AV
N A T I O N A L
F O R E S T
ALTA ST
CALIFORNIA ST
FANO ST
LE ROY AV
PAMELA RD
LAUREL AV
SHARON RD
BONITA ST
DO
FOOTHILL FRWY
WISTARIA AV
LA PORTE ST
ALSTER AV
SIERRA MADRE BLVD
FLORAL AV
WINNIE WY
%&g(
SANDRA AV
FOREST AV
ARTHUR AV
ESTRELLA AV
KI
LOS ALTOS AV
WHEELER AV
MAGNA VISTA AV
SANTA ANITA TER
EL SUR ST
LUCILLE ST
DANIMERE AV
WORKMAN AV
SAINT JOSEPH ST
LN
FOOTHILL BLVD
HAMPTON RD
FALLEN LEAF RD
SINGING WOOD DR
MAGNA VISTA AV
O TO L R
ANOAKIA LN
WOODLAND AV
FOREST AV
NAOMI AV
NORMAN AV
PALM DR
WALNUT AV
LONGDEN AV
LEMON AV
CAMINO GROVE AV
BUNGALO W PLELLENWY
SYCAMORE AV
LEMON AV
A A
RODELL PL
ARTHUR AV
WISTARIA AV
LE ROY AV
LAS FLORES AV
CAMINO REAL
LEDA LN
RODELL PL
LAS FLORES AV
WOODRUFF AV
FOOTHILL BLVD
CHRISTINA ST
LA ROSA RD
LEMON AV
CO V
O
FOOTHILL FRWY
WINNIE WY
CAMINO REAL
NORMAN AV
FOREST AV
NAOMI AV
LEMON AV
PAMELA RDPAMELA RD
WISTARIA AV
S MOR V
FLORAL AV
WISTARIA AV
WINNIE WY
LE ROY AV
SHARON RD
FLORAL AV
I
HAVEN AV
NEWMAN AV
BIRCHCROFT ST
D E N A
CATALPA RD
S I E R R A M A D R E
M O N R O V I A
I R W I N D A L E
E L M O N T E
T E M P L E
C I T Y
HUNTINGTON DR
ONTARE RD
ANDREA LN
HUGO DR
AV
BONITA ST
AR DR
CAMBRIDGE DR
REID REID
ENCANTO DR
RIE
E RD
N R
SIERRA MADRE BLVD
GRANDVIEW AV
ORANGE GROVE AV
HILLCREST BLVD
FOOTHILL BLVD
COLORADO BLVD
HUNTINGTON DR
Los Angeles
County
Arboretum
and
Botanic Garden Santa Anita
Park
Westfield
Santa Anita
Shopping Mall
Arcadia
County Park
Santa Anita
County
Golf Course
A N G E L E S
Arcadia
Par 3 Golf
Course Peck Rd
County
Park
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
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Ü00.5
Miles Data Sources: City of Arcadia, 2018.
Coyote Reporting Map
City of Arcadia, California
Level
!(1
!(2
!(3
!(4
Arcadia City Boundary
2
Highland Oaks
E.S.
FoothillM.S.
F.S. 107
First Ave.
M.S.
Library
ArcadiaH.S.
MethodistHospital
Police
Department
City Hall
Chamber of
Commerce
CommunityCenter
Holly Ave.
E.S.
DanaM.S.Camino
GroveE.S.
Hugo
ReidE.S.
Hugo
ReidP.S.
Baldwin
Stocker E.S.
Longley
WayE.S.
PUBLIC WORKS
DEPARTMENT
Wilderness
Park
Eisenhower
Park
ñ
å
å
ñ
ñ
US Forestry
Department
Newcastle
Park
ñ OrangeGrove Park
ñ
Tripolis
Park
Huntington
H.S.
å
ñ
å
å
å
Bonita
Park
ñ
å
å å
ñ Tierra Verde
Park
ñ
å
ñ
Fairview
Ave. Parkñ
å
å
å
ñ
Arcadia
ChristianPre-K to M.S.
Bicentennial
Park
ñ
Santa
AnitaPark
ñ
ñ
FOOTHILL BLVD
LONGDEN AV
PALM DR
FAIRVIEW AV
NORMAN AV
COLORADO ST
LAS TUNAS DR
ARCADIA AV
LEMON AV
LAS FLORES AV
CAMPUS DR
WALNUT AV
COLORADO BLVD
NAOMI AV
R
ORANGE GROVE AV
GENOA ST
ARBOLADA DR
ALICE ST
WOODRUFF AV
L
SANTA CLARA ST
GRANDVIEW AV
N A T I O N A L
F O R E S T
ALTA ST
CALIFORNIA ST
FANO ST
LE ROY AV
PAMELA RD
LAUREL AV
SHARON RD
BONITA ST
DO
FOOTHILL FRWY
WISTARIA AV
LA PORTE ST
ALSTER AV
SIERRA MADRE BLVD
FLORAL AV
WINNIE WY
SANDRA AV
FOREST AV
ARTHUR AV
ESTRELLA AV
KI
LOS ALTOS AV
WHEELER AV
MAGNA VISTA AV
SANTA ANITA TER
EL SUR ST
LUCILLE ST
DANIMERE AV
WORKMAN AV
SAINT JOSEPH ST
LN
FOOTHILL BLVD
HAMPTON RD
FALLEN LEAF RD
SINGING WOOD DR
MAGNA VISTA AV
O TO L R
ANOAKIA LN
WOODLAND AV
FOREST AV
NAOMI AV
NORMAN AV
PALM DR
WALNUT AV
LONGDEN AV
LEMON AV
CAMINO GROVE AV
BUNGALO W PLELLENWY
SYCAMORE AV
LEMON AV
A A
RODELL PL
ARTHUR AV
WISTARIA AV
LE ROY AV
LAS FLORES AV
CAMINO REAL
LEDA LN
RODELL PL
LAS FLORES AV
WOODRUFF AV
FOOTHILL BLVD
CHRISTINA ST
LA ROSA RD
LEMON AV
CO V
O
FOOTHILL FRWY
WINNIE WY
CAMINO REAL
NORMAN AV
FOREST AV
NAOMI AV
LEMON AV
PAMELA RDPAMELA RD
WISTARIA AV
S MOR V
FLORAL AV
WISTARIA AV
WINNIE WY
LE ROY AV
SHARON RD
FLORAL AV
I
HAVEN AV
NEWMAN AV
BIRCHCROFT ST
D E N A
CATALPA RD
S I E R R A M A D R E
M O N R O V I A
I R W I N D A L E
E L M O N T E
T E M P L E
C I T Y
HUNTINGTON DR
ONTARE RD
ANDREA LN
HUGO DR
AV
BONITA ST
AR DR
CAMBRIDGE DR
REID REID
ENCANTO DR
RIE
E RD
N R
SIERRA MADRE BLVD
GRANDVIEW AV
ORANGE GROVE AV
HILLCREST BLVD
FOOTHILL BLVD
COLORADO BLVD
HUNTINGTON DR
Los Angeles
County
Arboretum
and
Botanic Garden Santa Anita
Park
Westfield
Santa Anita
Shopping Mall
Arcadia
County Park
Santa Anita
County
Golf Course
A N G E L E S
Arcadia
Par 3 Golf
Course Peck Rd
County
Park
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
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Ü00.5
Miles Data Sources: City of Arcadia, 2018.
Text
Coyote Reporting Map
City of Arcadia, California
Level
!(1
!(2
!(3
!(4
Arcadia City Boundary
Coyote Reportings:
January - March 2018
3
Highland Oaks
E.S.
FoothillM.S.
F.S. 107
First Ave.
M.S.
Library
ArcadiaH.S.
MethodistHospital
Police
Department
City Hall
Chamber of
Commerce
CommunityCenter
Holly Ave.
E.S.
DanaM.S.Camino
GroveE.S.
Hugo
ReidE.S.
Hugo
ReidP.S.
Baldwin
Stocker E.S.
Longley
WayE.S.
PUBLIC WORKS
DEPARTMENT
Wilderness
Park
Eisenhower
Park
ñ
å
å
ñ
ñ
US Forestry
Department
Newcastle
Park
ñ OrangeGrove Park
ñ
Tripolis
Park
Huntington
H.S.
å
ñ
å
å
å
Bonita
Park
ñ
å
å å
ñ Tierra Verde
Park
ñ
å
ñ
Fairview
Ave. Parkñ
å
å
å
ñ
Arcadia
ChristianPre-K to M.S.
Bicentennial
Park
ñ
Santa
AnitaPark
ñ
ñ
FOOTHILL BLVD
LONGDEN AV
PALM DR
FAIRVIEW AV
NORMAN AV
COLORADO ST
LAS TUNAS DR
ARCADIA AV
LEMON AV
LAS FLORES AV
CAMPUS DR
WALNUT AV
COLORADO BLVD
NAOMI AV
R
ORANGE GROVE AV
GENOA ST
ARBOLADA DR
ALICE ST
WOODRUFF AV
L
SANTA CLARA ST
GRANDVIEW AV
N A T I O N A L
F O R E S T
ALTA ST
CALIFORNIA ST
FANO ST
LE ROY AV
PAMELA RD
LAUREL AV
SHARON RD
BONITA ST
DO
FOOTHILL FRWY
WISTARIA AV
LA PORTE ST
ALSTER AV
SIERRA MADRE BLVD
FLORAL AV
WINNIE WY
SANDRA AV
FOREST AV
ARTHUR AV
ESTRELLA AV
KI
LOS ALTOS AV
WHEELER AV
MAGNA VISTA AV
SANTA ANITA TER
EL SUR ST
LUCILLE ST
DANIMERE AV
WORKMAN AV
SAINT JOSEPH ST
LN
FOOTHILL BLVD
HAMPTON RD
FALLEN LEAF RD
SINGING WOOD DR
MAGNA VISTA AV
O TO L R
ANOAKIA LN
WOODLAND AV
FOREST AV
NAOMI AV
NORMAN AV
PALM DR
WALNUT AV
LONGDEN AV
LEMON AV
CAMINO GROVE AV
BUNGALO W PLELLENWY
SYCAMORE AV
LEMON AV
A A
RODELL PL
ARTHUR AV
WISTARIA AV
LE ROY AV
LAS FLORES AV
CAMINO REAL
LEDA LN
RODELL PL
LAS FLORES AV
WOODRUFF AV
FOOTHILL BLVD
CHRISTINA ST
LA ROSA RD
LEMON AV
CO V
O
FOOTHILL FRWY
WINNIE WY
CAMINO REAL
NORMAN AV
FOREST AV
NAOMI AV
LEMON AV
PAMELA RDPAMELA RD
WISTARIA AV
S MOR V
FLORAL AV
WISTARIA AV
WINNIE WY
LE ROY AV
SHARON RD
FLORAL AV
I
HAVEN AV
NEWMAN AV
BIRCHCROFT ST
D E N A
CATALPA RD
S I E R R A M A D R E
M O N R O V I A
I R W I N D A L E
E L M O N T E
T E M P L E
C I T Y
HUNTINGTON DR
ONTARE RD
ANDREA LN
HUGO DR
AV
BONITA ST
AR DR
CAMBRIDGE DR
REID REID
ENCANTO DR
RIE
E RD
N R
SIERRA MADRE BLVD
GRANDVIEW AV
ORANGE GROVE AV
HILLCREST BLVD
FOOTHILL BLVD
COLORADO BLVD
HUNTINGTON DR
Los Angeles
County
Arboretum
and
Botanic Garden Santa Anita
Park
Westfield
Santa Anita
Shopping Mall
Arcadia
County Park
Santa Anita
County
Golf Course
A N G E L E S
Arcadia
Par 3 Golf
Course Peck Rd
County
Park
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
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Ü00.5
Miles Data Sources: City of Arcadia, 2018.
Coyote Reporting Map
City of Arcadia, California
Level
!(1
!(2
!(3
!(4
Arcadia City Boundary
Coyote Reportings:
April - June 2018
4
City of
Arcadia
Office of the
City Manager
July 31, 2018
Dear Arcadia Resident,
Over the past several months, the City of Arcadia has continued to closely monitor coyote reports in
your neighborhood since it was identified as a priority area for coyote activity. While the majority of
reports continue to fall within the normal range of coyote behavior, please keep in mind that coyotes
are more likely to enter residential areas in search of food and water during warmer weather. In
response to this, the City of Arcadia is providing residents who receive this letter a free bottle of
coyote repellent spray made from wolf urine. In the wilderness, coyotes fear just about only one
animal-the wolf. The smell of wolf urine triggers the natural fear instinct in the coyote, making it an
effective coyote deterrent. If you are interested in picking up a bottle of repellent, please bring this
letter with you to City Hall in exchange for the repellent during our normal business hours.
In addition, included in this mailing is a map of coyote reports for your neighborhood over the past
three months. As shown on the map, most reports of coyote sightings fall within a Level 1 (Green) or
Level 2 (Yellow) activity which is considered normal coyote behavior, with one Level 3 report
(Orange), on a four level scale. This includes coyote behavior that demonstrates the following:
Coyotes being seen, heard, resting or moving through a public area (Level 1)
Coyotes resting in public areas with people present, or entering a yard with or without pets
present (Level 2)
Coyotes entering a yard and attacking an attended or unattended pet (Level 3)
In order to ensure your safety, City of Arcadia recommends that you take the following actions:
Maintain fences so coyotes cannot slip underneath. Add deterrents such as coyote rollers to
the tops of fences to reduce a coyote’s ability to grab on and pull themselves up and over.
Eliminate access to water on your property, such as standing water and bird baths.
Trim overgrown landscaping, clear brush, and close off crawl spaces under decks and around
buildings.
Remove attractants, pick up trash, secure garbage containers, and feed pets inside. Do not
leave food or pets outside overnight.
We also encourage you to keep reporting coyote encounters using the methods listed below to help
us better assist you.
My PD Mobile App-Use the Submit Tip feature
Twitter-Follow us on Twitter. Use the #Coyote
Email – coyotes@ArcadiaCA.gov
Coyote Hotline – 574-5463
For more information about deterring coyotes from your neighborhood and to review the City’s
Coyote Management Plan, please visit ArcadiaCA.gov/coyotes. If you have any questions or
concerns, please contact the City Manager’s Office at (626) 574-5401.
City of
Arcadia
Office of the
City Manager
2018 年 7 月 31 日
尊敬的阿凯迪亚居民：
在过去几个月内，自从您所在社区被视为郊狼活动的主要地区以来，阿凯迪亚市一直在持续密
切监控您所在社区的郊狼报告。虽然大多数报告仍然在郊狼行为的正常范围内，请记住，郊狼
在暖和的天气里更容易进入居民区寻找食物。因此，阿凯迪亚市目前向收到本函的居民免费提
供一瓶用狼尿液制作的防郊狼喷雾剂。郊狼在野外唯一害怕的动物是狼。狼尿液的气味会触发
郊狼天然的恐惧本能，使之成为有效的郊狼威慑剂。如果您想要领取喷雾剂，请在我们的正常
办公时间内携带本函前往市政厅，领取喷雾剂。
此外，本函随附一份您所在社区过去三个月内的郊狼报告图。如图所示，大多数发现郊狼的报
告处于四级标准中的一级（绿色）和二级（黄色）活动范围内，该活动范围被视为正常郊狼行
为，只有一次三级（橘黄色）报告。这包括以下郊狼行为：
• 在公共区域看到、听到郊狼，郊狼在公共区域停留或活动（一级）
• 郊狼在有人出现的公共区域停留，或进入有或没有宠物的庭院（二级）
• 郊狼进入庭院，并攻击有人看管或无人看管的宠物（三级）
为了确保您的安全，阿凯迪亚市建议您采取以下行动：
• 维护栅栏，使郊狼无法从栅栏下方钻入。在栅栏上方增设障碍物（例如郊狼滚筒），降
低郊狼抓住栅栏、跳上栅栏并翻过栅栏的能力。
• 清除您的物业上的水源，例如积水和鸟浴池。
• 修剪过度生长的园林植物、清理灌木、封闭凉台和建筑物周围的低矮爬行空间。
• 清除有吸引力的物体、收捡垃圾、盖紧垃圾桶、在室内喂食宠物。切勿将食物或宠物留
在户外过夜。
我们还鼓励您使用下列方法报告遇到郊狼的情况，帮助我们更好地协助您。
• MyPD 移动应用程序 — 使用“提交线索”（Submit Tip）功能
• 推特（Twitter）— 在推特上关注我们。使用 #Coyote
• 电子邮件 – coyotes@ArcadiaCA.gov
• 郊狼热线电话 – 574-5463
如需了解有关阻止郊狼进入您所在社区的更多信息，并查看本市的郊狼管理计划，请访问网站
ArcadiaCA.gov/coyotes。如果您有任何疑问或担忧，请与市执行长办公室联系，电话号码 (626)
574-5401。